El Ubugcisa bale mihla Yimbonakaliso ezama ukubamba ukucinga koluntu lwanamhlanje ngento igcisa eliyibonayo kwinyani yalo kwaye liyidlulisele kumsebenzi wobugcisa. Ukuze uluntu lukwazi ukubamba okwenzekayo. Yiyo loo nto ubugcisa bube sisenzo sokwandiswa kweemvakalelo ezihlala zijonge izinto ezintsha ezivuselelayo. Qhubeka ufunda kwaye ufumanise ngakumbi!
ubugcisa bale mihla
I-Contemporary Art bubugcisa obuqala ukuzibonakalisa ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, kwaye loo nto inento yokwenza noluntu lwanamhlanje, nangona iingcali ezininzi zisithi yimbonakaliso yengcamango yoluntu. Yiyo loo nto kunokuthiwa ubugcisa bale mihla buvela kwimisebenzi eyenziwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Kodwa ingcamango yobugcisa inxulumene kakhulu ngenxa yokuba yahlulwa ngexesha elikuyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubugcisa bale mihla buveliswa ngamagcisa ngeli xesha langoku.Umzekelo ocace gca yayiyimizobo eyenziwe nguLeonardo Da Vinci ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kolo luntu lwelo xesha, olwaluyimizobo yalo yelo xesha.
Iikhrayitheriya zobuGcisa bexesha eli
Ukuze kubonwe ukuba ngaba umsebenzi wobugcisa ungowobugcisa bale mihla, iindlela ezininzi zisetyenziselwa ukumisela ukuba umsebenzi uyahambelana na nobugcisa bale mihla kunye nemiboniso yobugcisa belo xesha, ezi zilandelayo:
Umzobo wangoku kunye ne-avant-garde: Ingongoma evelele kakhulu yokwazi ukuba umsebenzi ochaphazelekayo ukubonakaliswa kobugcisa bexesha langoku yizo zenzo eziye zenziwa ukusuka kwi-avant-garde ukuqhuma okwenzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Imisebenzi yobugcisa eyenziwe kwi-avant-garde ukuqhuma yayinoluhlu lweempawu eziya kuhluke kwezinye izinto ezenziwe ngaphambili, ekubeni zibonise umgangatho ongaphezulu kunye nomthetho.
Ukongezelela, amagcisa ayeneengcamango ezicacileyo ezenza uguquko kubugcisa ekubeni baphula imifuziselo yemveli ukuba imizobo yenziwe ukongeza kwindalo yovavanyo ababenayo.
Iintshukumo ezenzeke kakhulu ngelo xesha kwaye ziyinxalenye yobugcisa bale mihla yi-expressionism, i-surrealism, i-fauvism, i-Dadaism, i-cubism, i-futurism kunye ne-neoplasticism.
Ubugcisa kunye nobudala bangoku: Enye ikhrayitheriya esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukumisela ukuba umsebenzi wobugcisa ngowobugcisa kukuba unxulumene nobudala bangoku ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-1789, kunye neNguqulelo yesiFrentshi, ephakathi kweminyaka ye-1799-XNUMX.
Yiyo loo nto ubugcisa bale mihla bunxulunyaniswa nentshukumo ye-romanticism kuba le ntshukumo ibonakala ngenkululeko, iimvakalelo, ukuzithoba kunye nobuntu.
Ubugcisa bexesha langoku kunye ne-postmodernity: Umlinganiselo wesithathu omele ukwazi ukuba umsebenzi wobugcisa unxulumene nobugcisa kukuthathela ingqalelo indawo yokuqala ye-postmodernism, ekubeni iingcali ezininzi zobugcisa ziyibeka phakathi kwamashumi eminyaka yama-60 kunye nama-70 enkulungwane yama-1945. Ngelixa abanye besithi ubugcisa bale mihla baqala xa iMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi yaphela ngowe-XNUMX.
Ubugcisa bexesha langoku bukwabonakaliswa ngokubuya kwe-avant-garde wave ehambelana nentshukumo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-pop art kunye nenyani entsha yesiFrentshi. Ukongeza, ezinye iintshukumo zobugcisa zivela, ezinje ngengcinga yobugcisa, i-minimalism kunye ne-abstract expressionism, kunye ne-hyperrealism, i-neofiguration, ukufakelwa, ukwakhiwa kunye nobugcisa basezidolophini.
Imvelaphi
Ubugcisa bexesha langoku bunezinto ezininzi ezifanayo kunye nobugcisa bale mihla okanye into ebizwa ngokuba yi-avant-garde art, ekubeni izithethe kunye nezithethe eziqulunqwe kwingcinga ye-postmodern ziyabuzwa. Ngale ndlela, iqala kwithiyori ye-poststructuralist apho ugxininiso lubekwe kwi-postmodern art ngokuchasene nobugcisa bale mihla ngenxa yenyaniso elula yokuba ngubani owenza umsebenzi wobugcisa.
Ngale ndlela, imvelaphi kunye nokuzithoba kwamagcisa kubugcisa bale mihla kuthathwa njengentloko yomkhonto, kuba isondliwa zezinye iindlela zobugcisa ezenziwe ngamagcisa ngamanye amaxesha. Kodwa into eyenziwa ligcisa kubugcisa bale mihla kukuyitolika kwakhona kwaye inike enye intsingiselo kumsebenzi.
Ngokunika enye imbono yomsebenzi wobugcisa, igcisa lisebenzisa ezinye iimpawu kwimisebenzi efana nenkcubeko, ezopolitiko, ezentlalo kunye neempawu zokunxibelelana kwixesha langoku. Oku kunye nenjongo yokukwazi ukoyisa iminqweno yothando kunye ne-subjective yendalo yobugcisa.
Olona phawu lubalaseleyo kubugcisa bale mihla bubudlelwane obusondeleleneyo obunabo namaziko kunye nezakhiwo eziqinisekisa imisebenzi yobugcisa, efana neegalari zobugcisa, iimyuziyam kunye nezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yimiboniso yobugcisa okanye iminyaka emibini yobugcisa. La maziko asetyenziswa ngamagcisa ahlukeneyo ukwenza umsebenzi owenziwe ube semthethweni kwaye ke ngoko akwazi ukuwubiza njengobugcisa bale mihla.
Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo ezandulelayo kubugcisa beli xesha ligcisa lemvelaphi yaseFrentshi elaziwa ngokuba nguMarcel Duchamp kunye nomsebenzi walo owaziwa ngokuba ngumchamo owaboniswa njengomsebenzi omkhulu wobugcisa bexesha langoku ngonyaka we-1917.
Lo msebenzi uye waziwa njengento efunyenweyo ethi ngesiNgesi inokuthiwa yinto esele yenziwe kwaye ibe yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zobugcisa benkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Le ndlela yokwenza ubugcisa bale mihla yaqala kwingcinga yokuba nayiphi na into inokuba bubugcisa. Ngeli binzana kugxininiswa ukuba imisebenzi yobugcisa ibaluleke kakhulu ngokwembono yesakhiwo sayo sobugcisa kwinkqubo ekufuneka umsebenzi wobugcisa udlule kuyo ukuze ube nokuqinisekiswa.
Kwakhona, ngokuqhawula ingcamango yokuba umsebenzi wobugcisa, uba ngumzekelo omtsha kwaye umzobi uyasuka kubuchwephesha obuqhubeka ngokuphula izicwangciso zomsebenzi. Ngomsebenzi owenziwa nguMarcel Duchamp, uyaphula ngeseti yeeparadigms ezikhoyo, kuba lowo wangaphambili unikezela ngawo wonke umsebenzi wezandla ukwenza umsebenzi wobugcisa kwaye azibonakalise njengomlawuli womsebenzi wakhe.
Ukongezelela, yaqala ukuguqula iingcamango ezazifanele zenze ubugcisa bexesha langoku, kwanamagcisa obugcisa be-avant-garde ayithatha njengeengcamango zangaphambili. Ekubeni banike ukubaluleka kokucinga okanye oko kubizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi wengqondo kunento yobugcisa ngokwayo.
Enye yeemeko ekufuneka igcisa elivela kubugcisa bokuqonda kufuneka lihlangabezane ukuze lizise umsebenzi walo wobugcisa kubugcisa bexesha langoku kukutshintsha kweparadigm.Ngale ndlela, kuye kwathiwa onke amagcisa ale mihla ngamagcisa asemva kokuqonda.
Enye ngaphambili kwaye enye emva
Ubugcisa bexesha langoku bunesiqalo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, kwaye bazalwa ngenxa yeseti yeendlela ezazisetyenziswa kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Nangona iingcali ezininzi zobugcisa ziqinisekisa ukuba ubugcisa bexesha langoku buzalwa bubuchule be-impressionism kunye nento ebizwa ngokuba yi-Post-Impressionism.
Kukwabangwe ngabagxeki bezobugcisa ukuba ezi ntshukumo zazikwaluphuhliso kubugcisa be-avant-garde ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Phakathi kwazo ezi ntshukumo zobugcisa zilandelayo ziya kubonakala, ezifana neFauvism, Constructivism, Neoplasticism, Cubism, Expressionism, Surrealism, Futurism kunye neDadaism.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba zonke ezi ntshukumo zobugcisa zineseti yezinto eziza kuxhaphaka kakhulu, enye yezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu yingcamango. Kodwa ngokwesitayile abahambelani kwaye xa kufikwa ekuqaliseni izinto ezintsha kukho ukuthanda ubugcisa bale mihla obungakhange buzibonakalise.
Yiyo loo nto kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba ubugcisa bexesha langoku bubonakaliswa kuba ngaphakathi kwentshukumo nganye yobugcisa kukho ulwazi olubhekiselele kubugcisa bale mihla apho inkalo nganye okanye iintshukumo ezininzi zobugcisa zinokubonakaliswa. Ekubeni ngentshukumo nganye imalunga nokukhangela ingcamango entsha ngaphakathi kobugcisa bexesha langoku ukuze ukwazi ukukhanyela ixesha elidlulileyo kwaye uhlale ukhangele imodeli entsha yobugcisa.
Apho amagcisa amaninzi obugcisa bale mihla azama ukufumana intsingiselo entsha kwimisebenzi yobugcisa ngombono owahlukileyo wenyani kuba engafuni ukuxelisa amanye amagcisa. Yiyo loo nto behlala bejonge into entsha apho balinga khona ngombala, ukwakheka kunye neemilo.
Ngale ndlela igcisa liya kuhlala likhangela ubugcisa obutsha bale mihla obushiya umbukeli womsebenzi wobugcisa enomdla. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye ayihambelani neseti yemisebenzi yobugcisa ephindaphindwayo. Ukongezelela ekuzinikeleni kwisethi yeefom ezintsha, uya kuhlala enethuba lokuqalisa ngokutsha kubugcisa bexesha langoku, ukufumana iifom ezintsha kumbala kunye nokumelwa komsebenzi.
UbuGcisa bexesha langoku kwiNkulungwane ye-XNUMX
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, ubugcisa bexesha langoku buya kuqhawuka nazo zonke iinkcazo ezaziwayo kwaye ziya kubonakaliswa yinto yokuba umzobi uya kuba nako ukunandipha inkululeko epheleleyo ekudaleni umsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa. Nangona kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ubugcisa bexesha langoku bongeza iimbongi kunye neengcinga ezikhululekileyo ukuze aba bantu banike imbono ecacileyo yenyani kwaye bafundise oko kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo.
Ngokuphathelele ubuchule obusetyenziswa ngamagcisa kubugcisa bexesha langoku, baya kuba nako ukutolika okwenzekayo ngokwenyani, ukuyilungisa kumsebenzi wabo wobugcisa okanye ukuvakalisa iingcinga zabo ngokungaphumli nokunganeliseki.
Nangona ubugcisa bale mihla busekelwe ukuze igcisa libambe kumsebenzi walo wobugcisa inkululeko ayivayo. Kodwa ngaphandle kokuhamba ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokubeka uthotho lwezinto ezigqithisiweyo kumsebenzi wobugcisa osuka kwizinto zokudala ukuya kwezona zilula. Noko ke, ngokuzalisa umsebenzi wobugcisa ngokugqith’ emgceni, iingcali ezininzi ziye zawubiza ngokuba bubugcisa obuwohlokayo.
Amagcisa amaninzi athe akhusela iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa baye baqinisekisa ukuba xa imisebenzi yobugcisa bale mihla ihlawuliswa kakhulu inokubangela ukungonwabi phakathi kwababukeli abaye bafaneleka ukuba bafanelekele ukuba yimisebenzi yencasa embi kakhulu.
Iintshukumo ze-Avant-garde kwi-Contemporary Art
Kubugcisa bale mihla, amagcisa ebesoloko efuna awona maqhinga kunye neendlela zokwenza umsebenzi wobugcisa otsalela ingqalelo yababukeli, ebonisa ubunyani okanye ubuchule bomzobi, yiyo loo nto igcisa lixuba ubuchule beentshukumo ezahlukeneyo. okona kulungileyo kwaye ke kuqulunqwe umsebenzi wobugcisa osebenzayo njengobugcisa bexesha langoku ngale ndlela siya kucacisa iingqikelelo zeentshukumo ezahlukeneyo ze-avant-garde ezikhoyo phakathi kwazo:
Umbono: kule ntshukumo sifuna ukuxabisa izimo zengqondo ezivezwa ligcisa ngokusebenzisa imibala eyomeleleyo kunye nobundlobongela ngakumbi kodwa enentsingiselo eninzi yokomfuziselo ukuvusa umdla wombukeli.
UbuFauvism: Ichongwa yinto yokuba umzobi uthatha indawo yamathoni endalo kwaye asebenzise imibala enamandla kakhulu kwaye i-stroke kumzobo iphawulwe kakhulu ukudala ugxininiso kwiindawo zomsebenzi.
IFuturism: kwifuturism igcisa lizama ukongeza kumsebenzi wobugcisa uhlobo oluthile lwentshukumo okanye isantya ngokusebenzisa imigca kunye nemifanekiso ukuze umsebenzi wobugcisa ube nentshukumo enesingqi xa ujongwa luluntu.
I cubism: le ntshukumo yobugcisa iye yaqatshelwa ngenxa yokuba amagcisa asebenzise i-dimensionality-two-dimensionality kumsebenzi wobugcisa ngokongeza umphezulu osicaba. Ngale ndlela, ufuna ukubola kweemilo zejometri ukunika umsebenzi ubunzulu kunye nokunyakaza.
UbuDadaism. Yintshukumo eyazalwa njengohlobo loqhanqalazo lokujongana neecanon eziye zanyanzeliswa kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa kubuhle. Ekubeni le ntshukumo ifuna ukumela inkululeko kunye nobuchule bomculi. Omnye wemigaqo yakhe kukubhukuqa ingqiqo kwaye abeke iikhonsepthi ezingabonakaliyo kubugcisa bale mihla.
Neoplasticism: Isekelwe ekusetyenzisweni kwemigca ethe tye ukucanda amanani ejometri, usebenzisa imibala ephambili kunye ne-dimensionality emibini ukubonisa ubunyulu kunye namandla obugcisa beli xesha.
I-surrealism: Le ntshukumo yobugcisa igxile ekudluleni ngaphaya kokwenyani ngokusebenzisa ingqiqo yegcisa ukwenza umsebenzi wobugcisa otsala umdla woluntu olubukeleyo.
Ulwakhiwo: Le ntshukumo yazalelwa eRashiya, yaza yaqala ukusasazeka kulo lonke ilizwekazi laseYurophu kwaye ibonakala ngokusetyenziswa kwezibalo zejometri ezichazwe kakuhle kwaye zichazwe kumsebenzi wobugcisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemibala emininzi.
Izigaba zobuGcisa bexesha eli.
Ubugcisa bunemvelaphi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, kodwa ngenxa yeentshukumo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa budlule kwizigaba ezininzi ezikhokelele ekuvezeni izinto eziyinyani ezininzi kunye nendalo yamagcisa, phakathi apho sinezi zilandelayo:
Ngokungekho sikweni: Eli nqanaba liqondwa ukusuka kunyaka we-1945 ukuya kunyaka ka-1960, lenzeka ngokuhambelana nentshukumo yokubonisa eUnited States, kwaye igxile kubugcisa obungabonakaliyo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye imisinga yobugcisa emininzi iyahlukaniswa njenge-lyrical abstraction, umba wokupeyinta.
Ipop: ukusuka ngo-1960 ukuya ku-1975 kwaye isekwe kusetyenziso lwemifanekiso yenkcubeko edumileyo efana nezibhengezo kunye neencwadi ezihlekisayo. Ide yanempembelelo kwihlabathi le-cinema ngokugxila ekufuneni i-banal ngokusebenzisa i-rony.
Ukudilizwa kunye ne-Postmodernity: Ibonakala ngokuchasa ubugcisa bale mihla kwaye izama ukwenza umfanekiso woluntu lwanamhlanje. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye uyayigatya yonke intshukumo yobugcisa kuba ecinga ukuba zonke ezi ntshukumo zisilele kuba ubugcisa buthetha ngobugcisa ngokwabo ngaphandle kokuba ibe ngumsebenzi wentlalontle.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku malunga nobugcisa bexesha langoku libalulekile, ndiyakumema ukuba undwendwele amakhonkco alandelayo: