IMesopotamiya ibalwa njengenye yezona mpucuko zakuqala ukuvela kwihlabathi. Oku kunikeze lonke uluntu igalelo elingenasiphelo ngokunxulumene nesayensi nenkcubeko, enye yazo yayibubuchule bokwakhiwa kwayo. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nayo malunga nembali ye Uyilo lweMesopotamiya, hlala kwaye ufunde kunye nathi.
Yintoni iMesopotamian Architecture?
Xa sithetha malunga nokwakhiwa kweMesopotamiya, sibhekisela kwezo zakhiwo ezineempawu eziqhelekileyo, eziphuhliswe phakathi kwemilambo yaseTigris ne-Euphrates ukususela ekusekweni kwabemi bayo bokuqala kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe BC. C. de kwawa uBukhosi baseBhabhiloni.
Amafa kunye negalelo abalishiyayo kwimpucuko yamva yahluke kakhulu, njengeemosaics ezinemibala eqaqambileyo, umzekelo. Owona mqondiso wezakhiwo zabo yayikukuba zazingenalo naluphi na uhlobo lweentsika okanye iifestile, ukukhanya ababekusebenzisa emini kwakuvela eluphahleni.
Abantu baseMesopotami babesakha bengasebenzisi daka. Enyanisweni, xa babecinga ukuba esinye sezakhiwo zabo asisakhuselekanga ngokwaneleyo okanye asisawufezi umsebenzi waso, sasidilizwa. Emva koko, yaphinda yakhiwa kwindawo enye okanye nayo yazaliswa, kwaye enye yakhiwe phezu kwendawo yangaphambili.
Kangangamawaka amaninzi eminyaka, uqheliselo olunjalo lwaphumela ekubeni uninzi lwezixeko ezazibumba lo mmandla zimi kwiinduli ezipholileyo ezijikeleze loo mmandla. Ngelo xesha, ezi zinyuko zazibizwa ngokuba "zixela".
Kwakhona, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba impucuko yaseMesopotamiya yayinomdla ophakamileyo kubomi basemhlabeni ngokuchasene nowabafileyo. Yiyo loo nto eyona nto yayiqhelekile yayikukuba babesakha zonke iintlobo zeetempile namabhotwe rhoqo. Ngokubhekiselele kwesi sihloko, i-civil architecture yendawo yayithathwa njengexesha langoku.
Le ngongoma inokubonwa kwiinzame zakhe zoyilo lwezakhiwo kulo lonke ixesha leProthonotary. Kwindawo ngoku indawo ye-archaeological Tell Abu Shahrein, isixeko samandulo sase-Eridu, ukwakhiwa kwakhona kokugqibela kwenye yeendawo zayo ezingcwele kwenziwa, iziseko zayo zokuqala zibuyela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesine ye-BC.
Le tempile ikhankanywe ngasentla yayijongene nokulindela iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zokwakhiwa kweMesopotamiya. Yayakhiwe ngezitena zodaka phezu kweplinth ephakanyisiweyo, kunye neendonga ezihonjiswe ngaphandle ngee-buttresses kunye nezinye izithintelo.
Ngokubanzi, abahlali baseMesopotamiya babengazisebenzisi kangako izinto ezifana nelitye nemithi, kuba zazifumaneka kuphela kwimimandla ekufutshane. Ngenxa yokuba umhlaba wabo wawunodaka nodaka, basebenzisa udaka rhoqo njengesona sixhobo siphambili sokwakha.
Ekuqaleni, kwakusetyenziswa iibhloko ezininzi okanye izitena zodaka, kunye nemixube yeendiza ezazifakelwe ukuze zifuthaniswe ngokuthe ngcembe udonga lonke. Kamva, zomiswa elangeni, nge-adobe, de ekugqibeleni bakwazi ukwenza izitena zodongwe ezisulungekileyo ezibekwe eziko.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ukuze kugcinwe ngcono ukufuma, izixhobo zabo bazifaka kwiinkqubo zokuhombisa i-enameling kunye ne-glazing. Kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba izitena ezindongeni zidityaniswe nekalika okanye iasphalt. Ukongezelela, eluphahleni bathabathel’ indawo inkqubo yokwaleka edumileyo yaseYiputa baza bafaka igumbi elingaphantsi komhlaba elenziwe ngamacangci adibanayo.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeMesopotamian Architecture
Ukuthetha malunga noyilo lweMesopotamiya, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphanda iimpawu zayo kunye nolwakhiwo oluphambili kwiminikelo yokuqala yabantu baseSumeriya ukusuka kwi-III leminyaka BC. Okulandelayo, siya kuphuhlisa nganye ngexesha ngendlela:
Izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-architecture yaseMesopotamiya
Xa kwakusakhiwa izindlu zaseMesopotamiya, izinto ezazikhethwa ukuze zenziwe zazifana ncam nezo zisetyenziswa namhlanje. Ngokusisiseko zazibandakanya izitena zodaka, udaka kunye neengcango zomthi, ezafunyanwa ngokwemvelo kwindawo ejikeleze isixeko.
Ukongeza koku, malunga ne-5 lamawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, abantu baseMesopotamiya baba ngabantu bokuqala ukusebenzisa ioyile njengesixhobo sokwakha ukuze bayiguqule ibe yi-asphalt. Ngokufanayo, abantu baseSumeri baqala ukusebenzisa udaka lwebhituminous kwizakhiwo zabo. Ngokomzekelo, eUre, izitena zodaka zazidla ngokusetyenziswa kunye netela.
Laa nto imnyama incangathi yaba noxanduva lokunceda ngokubonakalayo ugcino lwezakhiwo ezifana neZiggurat yaseUre Ngokunxulumene netela, ithathwa njengenye yezandulela ekusetyenzisweni kwayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeoyile namhlanje namhlanje yi-Iraq esemazantsi.
Zombini iinkuni namatye azizange zisetyenziswe kwizakhiwo zakudala zaseMesopotamiya. Oku kwakubangelwa kukuba ezi zixhobo aziqhelekanga ukwenzeka kwizixeko ezithile zalo mmandla, njengoko yayiyindawo yentlenga. Umhlaba wayo onodongwe nodaka wabangela ukunqongophala kwamatye, kodwa abemi bakhangela enye indawo eneadobe njengeyona nto iphambili kwizindlu zabo.
Inxalenye enkulu yezindlu zabo yayinegumbi elisikweri esisembindini kunye namanye amagumbi ameleneyo. Emva phayaa, bekukho ukuhluka okungapheliyo kobukhulu bokudala. Umdibaniso weendiza kunye neebhloko zodaka ezibekwe elangeni ukuze zome ixesha elide zaziphezulu kuluhlu lwezinto zokwakha ezaziwa kakhulu ngaloo mini.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuveliswa kwangethuba kwezitena (ibhloko yodongwe ebhakiweyo) yafika, kwaye yayisetyenziselwa uphuhliso lwezona zakhiwo zayo ezinemifuziselo, nayo iphantsi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuhombisa, ezinje: ukudubula, ukufakwa kwe-enameling kunye nokukhanya. Uphahla lwezindlu lwalusetyenziswa ngamasundu kuphela, ngoko amagumbi azo ayedla ngokuba made aze agqunywe ngamaplanga.
Elements
Kwindawo yokuqala, kufuneka sithethe malunga nezinto ezixhasiweyo, ezazisebenzisa iileyili ezinemiqadi yokhuni njengesigqubuthelo. Ukongeza, ivaulting yasetyenziswa okokuqala, eyenziwe kwizitena zezo ngcango zesikhumbuzo kunye namagumbi afuna iindawo ezinkulu kakhulu.
I-arch esetyenziswe kwi-architecture yaseMesopotamiya yaseSumeriya yayiyeyona ilula, i-semicircular, kwaye ngaphezu kwayo yayibekwe i-barrel vault kunye ne-hemispherical dome. Isizathu salokhu kukuba isitena savumela ukuba olu hlobo lolwakhiwo lwenziwe lula.
Ilitye elilingana nelitye lesikhumbuzo, elidumileyo kwizakhiwo zase-Egypt, alizange liziboleke kwindalo enqabileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ukusetyenziswa kwee-arches, i-vaults kunye ne-domes kuye kwaba ukususela kumaxesha amandulo njengelifa elicacileyo lezindlu zodongwe zakudala ze-prehistory.
Ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezixhasayo, iindonga ze-adobe ezinezivulo ezincinci zaziyinto ephambili yokuxhasa izakhiwo. Iindonga ezishinyeneyo kunye nokunqongophala kweendawo ezivulekileyo kuthanda ukusekwa kwendawo engaphakathi egcina ubushushu bangaphandle.
Kwakunqabile kakhulu ukuba iikholomu zifakwe kwiiplani, zimbalwa kakhulu kwiinjongo zokuhlobisa ngoncedo lwezitena. Ngasinye kwisakhiwo esingaphaya kobuso bendalo kwafuneka siphakanyiswe kwiqonga okanye ithafa, ukwenzela ukuba ukufuma kunye nezikhukula zamaxesha onyaka zingadiliki.
Iitempile
Emva kokuba sele sithethile malunga nezixhobo kunye neempawu zezakhiwo zaseMesopotamiya, sinokuqhubela phambili kwezona zakhiwo zibalaseleyo, iitempile zayo. Begqala ubomi basemhlabeni bubaluleke ngakumbi kunobomi basemva kokufa, abemi baloo lali banikela amandla abo onke kwizakhiwo ezibangqongileyo.
Ezi zavela ekudalweni kweendawo zokuhlala ezidolophini, kwaye ukukhula kwazo kwenzeka ukusuka kwizakhiwo ezidibeneyo kunye negumbi elinye, ukuya kwindawo yokuphumeza ii-complex ezineehektare ezininzi. Kuyo, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchule kunye nemathiriyeli yangaphambili yayisetyenzisiwe, njengee-buttresses, i-recesses kunye ne-half columns.
Injongo yetempile yayiziintlobo ngeentlobo, yayithathwa njengeziko lenkolo, lezoqoqosho kunye neemvakalelo. Le yona yayithande ukuba kwindawo ezingcwele nezikufutshane. Ukongezelela, zenziwe ngenani elihle lamagumbi anqamlekileyo aqhekeza kuphela i-ziggurats emele ngokuthe nkqo.
IZiggurats, inxalenye ebalulekileyo yeetempile, zaphuhliswa ikakhulu kwixesha leNeo-Sumerian. Kwesi sithuba kwakukho itempile encinane apho uThixo wabo wayedibana nabantu. Ngelo xesha, babethetha uphawu olucacileyo lwentaba yasentsomini yehlabathi.
Ngokubanzi, zenziwe ngamaqonga axhonywe phezulu abancinci njengoko benyuka kwaye bafikelela kubude obunomtsalane. Baye bafaka ngaphakathi kwezicwangciso zabo iipatios ezininzi kunye nokulandelelana kwamagumbi ngendlela ye-labyrinth okanye ihlelwe ngokulandelelana malunga ne-patio.
Ezona zikhulu zazakhiwe ngaphakathi kweendawo ezibiyelweyo kunye nezinye izakhiwo, njengee-ziggurats kunye namagumbi athile abahambi ngezonqulo. Itempile nganye yayisetyenziselwa ukuchaneka konqulo lothixo othandwayo weqela lentlalontle.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukwakhiwa kwee-ziggurats kwenzeka kwinani elingaqhelekanga lamaqonga, kunye nomda we-7. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-ziggurat yaseMarduk eBhabhiloni ichongiwe kwiminyaka njengeNqaba yeBhayibhile yaseBhabheli. Ngamaxesha athile, la maqonga ayeyipolychrome, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kwavela uhlaza kwiindawo ezikufutshane.
Ukufikelela kweyona ndawo iphakamileyo yayisenziwa ngezinyuko okanye iirempu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, zazibizwa ngokuba "zizindlu eziphakamileyo" okanye "iintaba eziqaqambileyo", kwaye amaxesha ngamaxesha zazisetyenziswa njengeendawo zokujonga iinkwenkwezi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kuzo zonke yayiyeyenziwe kwixesha lama-neo-Sumeri, iZiggurat yaseUre.
Kuphela indawo engaphantsi kwayo eseleyo, efikeleleke ngamanyathelo amathathu: enye phakathi kunye nezinye ezimbini zibekwe emacaleni. Phakathi kwezi zinyuko kusekho amathafa apho mhlawumbi bekukho uhlaza ngaphambili. Ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX BC. C., eli lalinamaqonga amabini angakumbi yaye lalithweswe isithsaba yitempile.
Kwelinye icala, i-pavilion yayifikelelwa zizitebhisi ezitsha ezazikukuqhubela phambili kwesembindini, emva kokudlula kuhlobo lweholo edityanisiweyo apho bonke babekwazi ukujoyina. Njenge-bandstand, yayineminyango ye-arch esemicircular kunye neetops zomdaniso. Iindonga zayo zeza nokuthambeka okuncinci.
Iipalacios
Amabhotwe aseMesopotamiya ayenesakhiwo esifana neso sezindlu zommi oqhelekileyo, kodwa ngokuphindaphinda okuphawulekayo ngokumalunga neepatio kunye namagumbi abo. Ngoko ke, ngamanye amaxesha ngokukhawuleza baba yidolophu-ibhotwe, apho kungekuphela nje ukumkani, kodwa kunye nabo bonke i-aristocracy kunye nabo baphethe ulawulo lommandla.
Kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba amabhotwe abekwe ecaleni kweetempile, yaye abiyelwe ngokupheleleyo ngamanqwanqwa neenqaba. Noko ke, ngenxa yohlaselo oluninzi lwezixeko zabo, ookumkani nababingeleli banyanzeleka ukuba bazishiye iindawo zabo zokuhlala rhoqo.
Imizi
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, kuye kwafunyanwa amathambo amaninzi, ingakumbi kwiisilinda zetywina zaseSumeri, apho kuboniswa iikhabhinethi ezakhiwe ngeengcongolo. Zonke ezi zigobile ngendlela ye-parabola eguquliweyo ngenjongo yokusebenza njenge-porticos, kwaye isebenze njengesiseko sokubopha ezinye iingcongolo ezithe tye ezizibambayo.
Esi sakhiwo siphakamileyo, sigqunywe ngeengcongolo okanye ngeemethi zodaka, phezu kwako nje oko abaninzi bakucingayo, sisasetyenziswa zezinye izizwe zama-Arabhu ezingoonothwal’ impahlana. Ngokwenxalenye yalo, kwakukho elinye ithambeka elibizwa ngokuba yindlu yeehive, eyayidla ngokwenziwa ngeadobe okanye ngelitye.
Izindlu ezidumileyo zeenyosi zenziwe ngamacandelo amabini, isetyhula okanye i-conical central enye, ehamba kunye neyesibini, eninzi kakhulu yesikwere enye ezantsi. Kolu hlobo lolwakhiwo lolwakhiwo longezwa indlu yentendelezo, indawo yokuhlala yakudala yempucuko yaseMesopotamiya ukusukela ngexesha lobugorha baseUre.
Ngokusisiseko le yindlu ekumgangatho ophantsi elungiselelwe ukujikeleza intendelezo. Kwimeko ekucingelwa ukuba ziyisetyhula, zakhiwe kwelinye okanye kumacala omabini kwaye i-patios yahlelwa ngokuqhubeka neendonga zecandelo langaphandle. Ngale ndlela, iindonga ezivaliweyo zepatio zenziwe.
Eyona nto iqhelekileyo kukuba zakhiwe ngokupheleleyo nge-adobe kunye nemiqadi yokhuni, ukongeza kwi-orthogonal ephawulekayo yamagumbi. Ekungeneni kwayo kwakukho uhlobo lokufikelela kwiholo enxibelelana nepatio, ukuze umgangatho ophantsi wabelwe kunye nekhitshi, iindawo zokugcina iimpahla kwaye, ngezihlandlo ezithile, kunye neekhamera ezincinci.
Kwafunyanwa amagumbi kumgangatho ongasentla nowokugqibela. Kunqabile kakhulu ukuba sifumane negumbi elikhulu maxa wambi elisebenza njengesaluni. Uphahla lwayo lwaluthambile yaye luthe tyaba, yaye kwakubekwa izityalo kulo ukuze lome okanye lifumane umoya.
Kwakhona, iindawo ezivaliweyo ezaziyinxalenye yalo zaphakama zaya kutsho apho zenza uhlobo lweparapet eyenzelwe ukuthintela ukuwa eluphahleni. Okokugqibela, sinokukhankanya izindlu zesikwere, ezazinayo ipatio kwaye zazithathwa njengezahlulo zasezidolophini zendlu ejikelezayo.
Izixhobo
Ngokubhekiselele kwimisebenzi yobunjineli yempucuko yaseMesopotamiya, kubalulekile ukugqamisa uthungelwano lwamandulo kunye nolubanzi lwemijelo eyakha yadibanisa imilambo yaseTigris neEuphrates kunye neentlupheko zabo, njengoko babefuna ukwandisa ukuchuma kwezolimo kunye nokuhamba kwindawo. . .
Abantu baseMesopotamiya yaMandulo babenoxanduva lokubuyela ekwakhiweni kwezokuqala ngaphambi kwexesha loMkhukula wendalo yonke, xa uMhlaba wawusahlala uthixo "Enki". Ukongeza koku, kufanelekile ukubalaselisa eminye imisebenzi enjengamazibuko omlambo esixeko saseUre kunye neebhulorho ezidibanisa amacala amabini eBhabhiloni yamaKaledi.
Ukuba eli nqaku belithanda, musa ukuphuma ngaphandle kokufunda kuqala: