La uyilo lwesimanjemanje ugxininise ukusebenza, ukulula kunye nokuba nengqiqo, ukudala iindlela ezintsha zokuthetha ngobuhle obahlukileyo kunye nokuvuselelayo. Isitayile esitsha ngokupheleleyo sexesha, esamkelwa zizizwe kwaye ungasifumana ngezantsi kweli nqaku.
Uyilo lwesimanjemanje
I-Modernism yintshukumo yehlabathi yoyilo kunye noyilo olwavela kwi-XNUMXs njengempendulo kushishino olukhawulezayo kunye notshintsho lwentlalo olwalusenzeka.
Ukulandela umyalelo kunye nemithetho yendalo yonke yolu buchule, i-modernism architecture isebenzise izinto ezintsha kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ukugatya imibono kunye nezitayela zakudala, zendabuko kunye nezembali, kodwa ngaphezu kwayo yonke imihlobiso egqithisileyo. Olu buhle butsha bubangele izakhiwo zanamhlanje, ezihluke ngemigca ecocekileyo, iimilo zejometri ezilula, iifom ze-cubic ezicocekileyo, iifestile ezinkulu, uphahla olusicaba, kunye neendawo zangaphakathi ezivulekileyo, ezisebenzayo kunye neziguquguqukayo.
Izakhiwo zayo ezigudileyo eziveziweyo zazigqalwa njengezifanelekileyo kuzo zonke izizwe kunye neenkcubeko, njengoko ingeyiyo imvakalelo yolwakhiwo, njengoko kunjalo ngezitayile zokuvuselela, ngokuchaseneyo, yinto entsha, yovavanyo kwaye incinci.
Ukuzalwa kobugcisa bale mihla bafika ngexesha apho ubugcisa, yonke into eyenziwa ngesandla, yayithatyathelw’ indawo yimizi-mveliso, yonke into eyenziwa ngoomatshini. Abayili bezakhiwo bale mihla basebenzele ukuphinda baqulunqe iifomu zokwakha ezijolise ngakumbi kwindlela abantu ababephila ngayo, hayi izinto abazifumene zintle.
Yintoni i-architecture yanamhlanje?
I-architecture yanamhlanje yindlela yokwakha egxininisa umsebenzi kunye nefom elungelelanisiweyo phezu kokuhlobisa. Kuthathwa njengokuhamba kwizindlu ezinobugocigoci kunye nezihonjisiweyo ezinje ngeQueen Anne, iVictorian, okanye izitayile zeGothic Revival.
Uyilo lweModernism ngokubanzi lubandakanya imigca ebukhali, ecocekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zezakhiwo zanamhlanje. Ukususela ngowe-1930 ukusa kowe-1970, izimbo zale mihla ezibizwa ngokuba yi- Expressionist, Constructivist, nezaseMid-Century zinokubonwa, xa sikhankanya nje ezimbalwa.
imbali yoyilo lwemodernism
Intshukumo yanamhlanje yayingengoyexeshana kwaye yayibandakanya izitayile ezincinci ezigqiba iminyaka engamashumi amathandathu. Oku kunokwenza kube nzima ukufumana eyona ndawo iqalayo yesimbo. Ukuzalwa kwamaziko oyilo lwale mihla kwingcamango yokuba ifom kufuneka ilandele umsebenzi kwaye umxhasi oyintloko kunye nomxhasi wale nkcazo yayingumakhi wezakhiwo uLouis Sullivan owayila izakhiwo ze-World's Fair yaseChicago ngo-1893. abayili bezakhiwo.
Ubume boyilo lwangoku babukwinguqu epheleleyo malunga no-1930 kwaye yaziwa ngokuba yiModernism yaMazwe ngaMazwe okanye iSitayile saMazwe ngaMazwe, igama elavela kumboniso woyilo wePhilip Johnson ngo-1932. Ngokubanzi, ukunyuka koyilo lwezakhiwo lwale mihla kugqiba malunga nombindi wenkulungwane. , kodwa isimbo soyilo sisaphembelela izakhiwo kude kube sekupheleni kwayo.
Nangona ukunyuka kwemodernism kuyilo lwezakhiwo kwenzeka phakathi kwe-1920 kunye ne-1950s, imvelaphi yayo ibuyela emva koKhanyo kunye nokwandiswa kwayo kuphuhliso lobuchwepheshe.
Nangona kunjalo, imbali yayo ihlala yahlulahlulwe yangamaxesha amathathu, okuqala, anamhlanje kunye nasemva kwexesha, apho iimotto ezidumileyo zezokwakha zayilwa. Masisazi ezinye zezona nkalo zibalulekileyo zesimanjemanje:
Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo
Imodernism yaphenjelelwa kuKhanya okanye njengoko iXesha leNgqiqo lalisaziwa, elazisa iRevolution Revolution. Ikakhulu yayisekelwe kwi-rationalism, ibuyela kwi-Descartes, imbono yakhe yehlabathi yayiyeyomatshini, osebenza ngemithetho yomatshini. I-Modernism yathatha imibono ye-rationalism kwaye yaseka ukuchaneka kuyilo kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweemeko zezakhiwo kwishishini.
Enye yeemotto zolwakhiwo lwale mihla nguLe Corbusier ngo-1921, yathi "indlu ngumatshini wokuhlala", ebhekisa kwinto yokuba isakhiwo kufuneka sibe nobunyulu bemo yomatshini oyilwe kakuhle kwaye sisebenze njengeziqwenga. okufanayo. Ingcamango "yoomatshini aesthetics" evela kwi-Descartes ichaza enye yeengcamango eziphambili ze-modernism.
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba
Umsasazi wamandulo uAdolf Loos naye waba nempembelelo enkulu kwimodemism, isincoko sakhe sapapashwa ngo-1908 savelisa intetho ethi, “Isihombiso sibulwaphulo-mthetho”, ebhekisa kwinto yokuba ukuhombisa okungaka kwakuyinkcitho yemali, abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo, ekhusela. rhoqo uqoqosho lokwakha.
Kuye, njengendoda yanamhlanje, ukulula kwakuxabiswa ngakumbi kwaye umhlobiso wawungenayo intsingiselo, indawo okanye ixabiso kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Le purism yobuhle ibonakaliswe kuzo zonke izakhiwo zezakhiwo zanamhlanje, ezibonakaliswe ngokulula kunye nokupheliswa kokuhlobisa.
Ukulandela umgca wengcinga kaLoos, abakhi bezakhiwo banamhlanje bathathela ingqalelo imihombiso njengophawu lwexesha elidlulileyo, lweendlela zakudala kunye nezembali, kwaye bayishenxisa, benika indlela kunye nokuqaqamba ukucoca izakhiwo ezinomgangatho ogudileyo kwaye ngaphandle kokuhonjiswa.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX
Ithathwa ngokuba nguyise we-modernism, Louis sullivan Wayila esinye isaci esaziwayo ngo-1918, "ifomu ilandela umsebenzi", eyayiyeyona mpembelelo iphambili kubakhi bezakhiwo bale mihla UMies van der Rohe. Isilogeni sikaSullivan sathi injongo yoyilo lwesakhiwo yayikukubonelela ngomsebenzi ongcono kwaye uyilo kufuneka lube ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Ukushwankathela, i-architecture ye-modernism inike kuqala umsebenzi kwaye umsebenzi wawusisiseko sefom.
Bauhaus modernism
Impembelelo yeModernism kuyilo lwezakhiwo yavela kwiBauhaus, isikolo saseJamani soyilo kunye noyilo esasekwa ngo-1919 ngu. UWalter Gropius kunye UMies, uMarcel Breuer, uWassily Kandinsky, kunye noPaul Klee. I-Bauhaus idibanise ubugcisa kunye neteknoloji, ubugcisa kunye nemveliso yemveliso, ngaloo ndlela ivuselela uyilo ukuze kube lula ubomi bemihla ngemihla.
Inkulungwane yama-XNUMX
Ukusuka ekwaliweni ukuhonjiswa ngokuthanda umsebenzi, ukuya kukhangelo lwezisombululo kwiingxaki zentlalo, ulwakhiwo lwale mihla luphembelele uyilo lolwakhiwo ukusukela ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Nangona kunjalo, imigaqo ephambili efana ne-anti-historicism, indima, inkqubela phambili, kunye nokuziphatha kwezentlalo eziguqulelwe kwizinto ezilindelekileyo zihlala zingaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokwenene kunye neemfuno zeentsapho kunye noluntu.
Ngeminyaka yee-XNUMX, izakhiwo zanamhlanje zabhengezwa njengezifile kwaye izakhiwo ezininzi zanamhlanje zadilizwa. Kodwa, ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, izakhiwo zexesha langoku ezifana nomyili weNgesi iKensal House UMaxwell Qhotsa, zihlala ziyiprototypes ezidumileyo zezisombululo zezindlu zasekuhlaleni kwiminyaka engamashumi asibhozo emva kokwakhiwa kwazo.
Ukongeza, umanyano lwetekhnoloji kunye noyilo olwaluyinqanaba leengcali zanamhlanje zasinika iiprojekthi ezintsha kunye nophuhliso, ezifana ne-skyscraper.
Iimpawu zoyilo lwesimanjemanje
Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, zininzi izitayile zezakhiwo zanamhlanje, ezineempawu ezichazayo. Phakathi kwezona ziqhelekileyo kunye neziqhelekileyo ezinokubonwa phantse kuzo zonke izakhiwo zezakhiwo zanamhlanje ziquka:
- Ukucoceka kwimigca: ezi zakhiwo azikho umhlobiso kwaye zixhaphake kakhulu ukuba zinefomu efanayo, ilula kwaye iphelile.
- Uphahla oluphangaleleyo: Amakhaya anamhlanje agxininisa izakhiwo ezisezantsi ezithe tyaba ezinophahla olukhulu.
- Iindonga zeglasi kunye neefestile ezinkulu: Uqinisekile ukuba uqaphela ukusetyenziswa kweglasi ngokufanelekileyo, evumela ukukhanya kwendalo okuninzi ngaphakathi.
- IziCwangciso zoMgangatho oVulekileyo, ochazwe kakuhle: Ukujolisa kwifomu ngaphezulu komsebenzi, abayili bezakhiwo banamhlanje bafuna ukubandakanya iiplani zomgangatho ezinkulu, eziphangaleleyo, kunye neendawo zokutyela kunye neendawo zokuhlala eziqukuqela enye kwenye.
- Iimathiriyeli zale mihla kunye nezemveli: Ezinye zezona zixhaphakileyo ziquka intsimbi, ibhloko yecinder, intsimbi kunye neglasi. Iimathiriyeli zesiqhelo ezingakumbi ezinje ngomthi, izitena kunye nelitye zazisetyenziswa ngokulula ukubonisa ubuhle bazo bendalo.
- Bagcina ubudlelwane kunye neendawo zangaphandle: bathathela ingqalelo ngokunzulu iindawo zokwakha kunye nendlela izakhiwo eziya kuhambelana ngayo nendalo yendalo ebangqongileyo.
- Uyilo lwe-Asymmetrical: Abayili bezakhiwo banamhlanje basebenzise kwaye badibanisa iifom ezinkulu, ezigudileyo, besenza imiqulu ye-asymmetric ecwangcisiweyo ecocekileyo engenamhombiso owongezelelweyo.
Iinyani ezinomdla malunga neModernism Architecture
Ngokuqinisekileyo esi simbo sasasazeka kulo lonke ihlabathi, ngakumbi emva kwemfazwe. Ezinye zeenyani ezinomdla kunye nemiba yoyilo lwenqanaba lesimanjemanje libandakanya:
- Umxholo ophambili yayikukususwa kwezinto zokuhombisa.
Izitayile zangaphambili zezokwakha zale mihla zazisenosetyenziso oluthile lokuhombisa, kunjalo ke UFrank Lloyd Wright, eya kufaka iifestile zeglasi yobugcisa, ngenjongo yokuba akukho bugcisa bongezelelweyo obuya kufuneka. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphaya koko, i-architecture ye-modernism ihlalutya kwaye ayibonakali.
- Ubume bezakhiwo zale mihla buhluke kwimihla yangoku.
Kukho ukudideka okukhulu ukuba izakhiwo zangoku kunye nezangoku ziyafana, kodwa akunjalo. Uyilo lwangoku lwaphefumlelwa yintshukumo yobugcisa eyaziwa ngokuba yimodernism kwaye yahlala kude kube malunga ne-1960.
Ngokuchasene noko, ulwakhiwo lwangoku lubandakanya yonke into eyayiyilwakhiwo emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngamafutshane, ulwakhiwo lwangoku lubonisa izitayile zanamhlanje, ezithi zahluke kakhulu.
- Izindlu zale mihla zazigqalwa zibanda kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla.
Izindlu zale mihla zazinotshintsho kuba zamkela ingcamango yendawo ekhululekileyo, egatya ngakumbi ubugxwayiba kunye nezinto ezigqithisileyo. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, abakhi bezakhiwo abaninzi bayicel’ umngeni le ngcamango ingqongqo yendawo nokunqongophala kwezinto, beyibona njengento ebandayo nengenabuntu.
Olu tshintsho kumbono lweza noyilo lwangoku ngakumbi, olusebenze ukubandakanya imihombiso kunye nombala. Kumakhaya anamhlanje, unokuba nesicwangciso somgangatho ovulekileyo ngaphandle kokuncama ubumfihlo.
- Malunga neminyaka engamashumi amathandathu yempembelelo
Uyilo lwangoku lwaqala ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1900 kwaye lwaphela malunga noo-XNUMX xa kuthe kwavela uyilo lwangoku. Imigaqo esisiseko yolwakhiwo lwanamhlanje ibandakanya ifom elandelayo umsebenzi, imigca ecocekileyo, kunye nokungabikho kokuhonjiswa.
Impembelelo yayo yahlala malunga neminyaka engamashumi amathandathu, de, ekuhambeni kwexesha, imigaqo yanamhlanje yabanda kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla, mhlawumbi ngenxa yobuninzi bendawo kunye nemvelo ekrwada yezinto zokwakha.
Imiboniso eyodwa yezakhiwo zale mihla
Ngaphandle kwemigaqo yoyilo lwesimanjemanje, eyathi yashwankathelwa ngumyili wezakhiwo waseMelika Louis sullivan kwibinzana ifom ilandela umsebenzi, isitayile soyilo sinobuhle obuthile nobubonakalayo:
- Ukusetyenziswa okuxubileyo kwee-cubic kunye nemilo ye-cylindrical ngendlela ye-asymmetric.
- Uphahla olusicaba.
- Ukungabikho kokuhonjiswa okanye ukubumba okunika inkangeleko ecocekileyo, elungelelanisiweyo xa kuthelekiswa nezimbo zangaphambili ezihonjiswe kakhulu.
- Isinyithi, iglasi, kunye nekhonkrithi zazisetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokwakha, ukunika izakhiwo zala maxesha imbonakalo yeshishini okanye i-utilitarian, ziphila ngokwengxelo kaLe Corbusier wobuvulindlela bokwakha banamhlanje: indlu ngumatshini wokuhlala.
- Imibala eqinile kunye nengathathi hlangothi efana nemhlophe, ikhrimu, i-beige okanye i-grey yayisetyenzisiwe, ibe lolunye uphawu lwezakhiwo zanamhlanje.
abayili bemihla ngemihla
Nangona uLe Corbusier wayegqalwa njengoyena myili ubalulekileyo wenkulungwane yama-1911, mhlawumbi ngoyena waziwayo wangoku, kuba omnye umyili eneneni wayengowokuqala ukusebenzisa imigaqo yoyilo yale mihla. UWalter Gropius, umseki wesikolo esihlonitshwayo sokuyila saseBauhaus, waba nguvulindlela kwizinto zokwakha zanamhlanje ezifana nodonga lomkhusane weglasi kwisakhiwo sakhe seFagus Factory ngo-XNUMX.
Ngasekupheleni kwee-1920s, i-modernism yayifumene indawo eYurophu kwaye yaqala ukusasazeka eMelika. Nangona uFrank Lloyd Wright engazange avume ukunxulumana nayo nayiphi na intshukumo yokuyila, inkolelo yakhe yokuba izakhiwo zimele ziphile ngokuvisisana neendawo ezizingqongileyo, iboniswa ngumfanekiso wakhe oqingqiweyo. Ukuwa kwamanzi, yaba lelinye iqela elinempembelelo kakhulu lentshukumo yanamhlanje.
iimpendulo kwimodernism
Nangona yayilawula iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathandathu, ekuhambeni kwexesha i-modernism yayineentshaba zayo. I-Postmodernism, yayiyimpendulo kwi-formality ye-modernism, eyabangela utshintsho kwinkolelo yabaninzi abaneempazamo ukuba isisombululo esinye sinokungena konke.
Ngoxa ingcamango yale mihla igxininisa ulwalathiso, ulungelelwaniso, ukuyondelelana nokuzinza, ingcamango yasemva kwale mihla igxininisa ekuqhekekeni, ekuphindaphindeni, nakwizinto ezinokwenzeka.
Iingcamango zobuninzi kunye nokwahlukana kwavela ngenjongo yenkqubela phambili yendalo yonke kwaye ayithathwa njengendlela yomgca, kodwa njengothungelwano lokudibanisa kunye nokudibanisa, ukuphembelela ezininzi iinkalo zobugcisa kunye nezobugcisa, kubandakanywa nezakhiwo. Ukuqala ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, i-postmodernism yahlulahlulwe yaba zizitayile ezahlukeneyo zokwakha, kubandakanya:
- Uyilo lwe-hi-tech.
- Neoclassicism.
- I-Deconstructivism.
Nangona kunjalo, akukho simbo sokwakha esinye namhlanje, njengobungqina bokuba ubuninzi obuveziweyo nokwaziswa yi-postmodernism buvumela inkululeko enkulu yokuthetha nokudala. Yaziwa nje njengexesha langoku, uyilo lwanamhlanje lubandakanya intaphane yezitayile ezahlukeneyo, ezinye zinengqiqo kakhulu, zihlala ziyimizobo.
Iiprojekthi ezifana noFrank Gehry's Walt Disney Concert Hall kunye nePhilip Nikandrov's Evolution Tower zisebenzisa itekhnoloji ephucukileyo kunye nezixhobo ezitsha zokwakha ukwenza izakhiwo ezifana nemisebenzi yobugcisa.
Uninzi lwezakhiwo zangoku ziyilwe ngabakhi bezakhiwo abadumileyo kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, nangona kunjalo, iindlela ezintsha zokudala ngokusebenzisa iimbumba kunye neearhente zamazwe ngamazwe sele ziqalisile ukuphuhlisa nokubamba. Konke oku kongeze ukubaluleka okukhulayo okunikezelwa kuyilo oluzinzileyo, ikamva loyilo lwezakhiwo libonakala lizele ngamanani amatsha kunye abona kude.
Izakhiwo ezinemifuziselo yolu hlobo
I-architecture yanamhlanje sisikolo sokuyila esiye sabakho ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ukuya kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, imfazwe eyoyikisayo netshabalalisayo eyatshintsha yonke into, kubandakanywa nohlobo loyilo, olugxininise ngakumbi kwizakhiwo ezaziyimfuneko kwixesha lesithuba. imfazwe
Abasindileyo kunye nabantu ngokubanzi babefuna ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza ukuze bakhe izixeko ziphela kwasekuqaleni, uninzi lwadilizwa ngelo xesha kukulwa rhoqo. Ubugcisa obuphambili be-neoclassical kunye noyilo lwezakhiwo ngelo xesha lwanikezela indlela entsha yokwakha eyazama ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabemi, ibangela ulwakhiwo lwangoku.
Esi simbo sasixhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kobuchule bokwakha obunoveli kunye nemathiriyeli enjengekhonkrithi eqinisiweyo, intsimbi, neeglasi, ezazixhaphakile ngokukodwa phakathi kwezakhiwo zikarhulumente kunye namaziko emfundo, de kwaba ngoo-XNUMX.
Emva kwelo nqanaba laqala ukujongana nokhuphiswano olumandla oluvela kwezinye izikolo ezitsha ezifana ne-postmodernism kunye neomodernism. Nangona kunjalo, uyilo lwe-modernism lushiye ngasemva ukhetho olubanzi lwezakhiwo ezidumileyo ezibonisa ezona ndlela zibalaseleyo:
Indlu yeFallingwater
Esi sakhiwo sakhiwa eMill Run, ePennsylvania, eUnited States ngowe-1935, sayilwa nguFrank Lloyd Wright owaziwayo. Indlu ye-iconic yakhuthazwa yi-architecture yaseJapan, edume ngokusetyenziswa kwe-cantilevers, kwaye yahlanganiswa ngokumangalisayo kwindalo engqongileyo yendalo. Esi sakhiwo sadalwa njengendawo yokusabela ngempelaveki yosapho lukaKaufmann.
Emva kokwakhiwa, indlu ngokukhawuleza iyancipha, inikezela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuvuza okuninzi kunye nokuqhekeka kwi-overhangs ye-terraces ngenxa yokungabikho kokuqiniswa okwaneleyo. Nangona yahlaziywa kaninzi, yatshintshwa yaba yimyuziyam ngo-2002.
Indlu yeGlasi
Yayilwa nguPhilip Johnson yaza yakhiwa eNew Canaan, eConnecticut, eUnited States, malunga no-1949, yayisisakhiwo esibonisa ukubonakaliswa nokungafihli kweempawu zeglasi. Ukongeza, uye walinga imilinganiselo kunye neemilo zejometri eziye zenza ukuba isakhiwo sibe sesinye seendawo eziphawulweyo kulo mmandla kunye nomfanekiso woyilo lwangoku.
Le ndlu yenzelwe njengendawo yempelaveki kwaye iholide yenziwa ikakhulu ngeglasi kunye nentsimbi. Nangona kunjalo, ikwanengxaki "yophahla oluvuzayo" njengendlu yeFallingwater.
villa savoye
Umsebenzi owenziwe nguLe Corbusier, eParis, eFransi malunga nowe-1931, wakhiwa njengendawo yokuphumla nekhusi losapho kwiiSavoys, ePoissy, ummandla ongaphandle kweParis.
Uyilo lwayo lubonisa amanqaku amahlanu athe uLe Corbusier wawacacisa kwaye wawalwela ixesha elide, abandakanya: iplani evulekileyo, iintsika zekhonkrithi eziqinisiweyo, iifestile ezithe tyaba, igadi yophahla kunye nefaçade ekhululekileyo. I-villa yayineengxaki zokwakha kwaye intsapho, emva kokuyisebenzisa ixesha elithile, yayishiya iminyaka embalwa kamva. Ngoku ikuluhlu "lweZakhiwo zikaWonke-wonke" kwaye iguqulwe yaba yimyuziyam.
IMyuziyam yaseGuggenheim
KuFrank Lloyd Wright, waseNew York, eUnited States, (1959) wenza uyilo olunengcamango yolwakhiwo lwendalo, olubonisa ubuntu obunxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo nokusingqongileyo.
Imyuziyam yakhiwe ngokwemilo yekhowuni kwaye ibandakanya iigalari ezininzi ezibaluleke kakhulu kunye nengqokelela yobugcisa. Ingaphakathi luyilo olujikelezayo, olukuthatha kuhambo olungapheliyo luphelisa yonke imiqobo phakathi kwezithuba. Iifom zejometri eziqinileyo ezilawula ulwakhiwo lwangoku zenza ireferensi efihlakeleyo, ngokutsho komyili, kwiingcamango ezithile, iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo, apho wabona itempile yomoya eGuggenheim.
Barcelona Pavilion
ULudwig Mies Van der Rohe wayila e-Barcelona, eSpeyin, into eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi-pavilion yaseJamani kuMboniso weZizwe ngezizwe wowe-1929 owawubanjelwe kweso sixeko nowawunecandelo laseJamani lalo mboniso.
Uyilo, oluphenjelelwe yintshukumo ye-Bauhaus, lubonisa iindonga ezicacileyo kunye nesilingi ene-cantilevered kwaye nangona yayincinci kakhulu, umakhi wezakhiwo waya kubude obude ukusebenzisa izinto ezinobunewunewu ezifana ne-onyx ebomvu, i-marble kunye ne-travertine. Ibonisa intsomi Isitulo saseBarcelona , enye yefenitshala yobutofotofo, eyenzelwe ngokukodwa isakhiwo.
Ingalls Ice Rink
UDavid S. Ingalls Skating Rink eNew Have, Connecticut, eU.SA ukwabizwa ngokuba yiYale Whale, ngokubhekiselele kwiYunivesithi yaseYale, apho waphumelela khona. ero saarinen kunye nendlela eyiyo.
Uyilo lunophawu olwahlukileyo lolwakhiwo lweSaarinen, owayehlala esebenzisa i-catenary arches. Irenki yehoki inophahla olungagungqiyo lwe-cantilevered oluxhaswa yi-90 yeemitha ukuphakama kwekhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo.
Villa Dirickz
Eyilwe ngu UMarcel Leborgne, eBrussels, eBelgium, esi sakhiwo sisisiseko sezakhiwo zala maxesha sakhiwa ngowe-1933. Sinezinto ezimangalisayo, iglasi kunye nekonkile emhlophe, kwaye singqongwe buhlaza. Okwangoku inezindlu zangaphakathi ezitofotofo kunye nezixhobo ezinje ngegumbi lewayini kunye nesinema.
ULeborgne ngumakhi wezakhiwo waseBelgium, umanduleli kunye noyise woyilo lwezakhiwo zanamhlanje kwilizwe lakhe. I Villa Dirickz Yayiyilelwe uMnu. Dirickz, usomaqhuzu kwimizi-mveliso owayenomdla kubugcisa. Noko ke, kwiminyaka kamva olu lwakhiwo lwalityalwa de kwaba ngumququzeleli uAlexander Cambron wayithenga ngo-2007 kwaye wazinikela ekuyihlaziyeni.
Ukuba ulithandile eli nqaku, ungalibazisi ukudibana namanye amakhonkco ebhlog: