La I-Archaeoastronomy Luhlalutyo lwendlela uluntu lwexesha elidlulileyo oluyifumene ngayo into yesibhakabhaka, indlela abalusebenzisa ngayo ezi zinto zingaqhelekanga kwaye yintoni indima yesibhakabhaka kwizifundo zabo.
Kwicala lakhe, uClive Ruggles uphikisa ukuba yimpazamo ukucinga ngeArchaeoastronomy njengophononongo okanye ukuhlalutya. ngeenkwenkwezi iphelelwe lixesha, kuba i-astronomy yale mihla iyindlela yenzululwazi, ngelixa i-Archaeoastronomy ibonisa iinkcazo ezityebileyo zobulumko zeziganeko zasesithubeni zezinye iinkcubeko.
Ngokuqhelekileyo ibotshelelwe kwi i-ethnoastronomy, eyithisisi ye-anthropological yeemviwo zesithuba kuluntu lwangoku. I-Archaeoastronomy ixhalabele ngesisa kwi-astronomy yembali, ukusetyenziswa kwedatha yembali kwiziganeko zeenkwenkwezi ukujongana neengxaki zeenkwenkwezi, kunye nembali ye-astronomy, esebenzisa uphando olunjalo ukuvavanya izenzo zeenkwenkwezi zangaphambili.
I-Archaeoastronomy ithatha ithuba lokwahluka kwenkqubo ukutyhila ubungqina bezenzo zangaphambili equlethe i-prehistory, i-cosmography, inokwenzeka kunye nezibalo, kunye nembali. Kuba ezi ndlela zokufundisa zahluke kakhulu kwaye zisebenzisa idatha esuka kweminye imithombo yolwazi, ukwakhiwa kwezi zixhobo kwimiboniso efaniswayo kube nzima kakhulu kwi-archaeoastronomers.
I-Archaeoastronomy igcwalisa imingxuma eyongezelelweyo kwi-archeology ye-landscape kunye ne-archaeology yokuqonda. Ingqiniseko yezinto eziphathekayo kunye neemanyano zayo kunye nesibhakabhaka ziyakwazi ukufumanisa indlela umhlaba obanzi onokugqitywa ngayo kwiingxelo malunga namaxesha endalo, njengakwi. i-astronomy ye-mayan kunye nesifaniso sayo nezolimo.
Eminye imizekelo engqine ikhonkco leengcamango i-epistemological kunye nembonakalo yomhlaba iqulathe upapasho lomyalelo wecosmos ezinziswe kwiindlela zeendawo.
I-Archaeoastronomy ingasetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkcubeko kuzo zonke izigaba zexesha. Iintsingiselo zezulu ziyaphazamisa ukusuka kwinkcubeko ukuya kwinkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, zikhona iinkqubo zenzululwazi ezikwaziyo ukusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkcubeko, ukulinganisa iimfundiso zabo zakudala.
Yiyo, umzekelo, imfuneko yokulungelelanisa imiba yentlalo kunye nenzululwazi ye-Archaeoastronomy ekhokelela uClive Ruggles ukuba abalise lo mboniso wendawo yomboniso njengendawo enomsebenzi wezemfundo oqeqeshwe kakhulu kunye nenjongo enye kodwa ngokubonakalisa okusendle, ukuphulula isifo sengqondo esiyingozi somnye.
Unokuba nomdla: BIG BANG: INGCACISO KUNYE NOBUNGQINA OBUBONISA UKUQALA KWESIZWE
Imbali ye-Archaeoastronomy
Kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ngaphambi kokuba uMichell abhale oku kungasentla, kwakungekho izazi ngeenkwenkwezi, oko kukuthi, azizange zibekho kwaye azikho iingcali ze-archaeologists, kodwa kwakukho izazi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nabaqokeleli.
Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ithathwa njengezandulela zeArchaeoastronomy; abaqokeleli bacacisa i indawo yeenkwenkwezi yezinto ezafunyanwa kulo lonke elaseNgilani, njengoko kwakunjalo ngoWilliam Stukeley owenza iStonehenge ngowe-1740 noJohn Aubrey ngowe-1678 noHenry Chauncy ngowe-1700 bamisela izinto ezifana neenkwenkwezi ezinxulumene nokulungelelaniswa kweecawa.
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, abanye izazi ngeenkwenkwezi njengoko kunjalo nguRichard Proctor kunye noCharles Piazzi Smyth wabuza malunga nokubekwa kweephiramidi.
Ibinzana elithi Archaeoastronomy lasetyenziswa okokuqala nguElizabeth Chesley Baity (njengengcebiso evela ku-Euan MacKie) ngo-1973, kodwa njengengxoxo yokufunda inokuba indala kakhulu, kuxhomekeke kwindlela echazwe ngayo i-Archaeoastronomy. UClive Ruggles wathi uHeinrich Nissen, owayesebenza phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, wayengowokuqala. i-archaeoastronomer.
Emva kwexesha URolf Sinclair wathi uNorman Lockyer, owenza ngasekupheleni kwe-1930 kunye nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-1970, unokubizwa ngokuba "nguyise we-archaeoastronomy." U-Euan MacKie wacinga ukuba imvelaphi yayisemva kakhulu, emisela ukuba isiqalo se-archaeoastronomy yanamhlanje kufuneka ngokuqinisekileyo sibuyele emva kumsebenzi ka-Alexander Thom eNgilani phakathi kwexesha lika-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMX.
Ngeminyaka yee-1960 umsebenzi wenjineli u-Alexander Thom kunye nesazi ngeenkwenkwezi uGerald Hawkins, owathi iStonehenge yayiyikhompyuter yangaphambili, yakhanyisa. iintlobo ezintsha ngeenkwenkwezi ukusuka kwiindawo zakudala.
imiboniso Hawkins 'yahlulwe ngokucacileyo, kodwa umsebenzi Alexander Thom ogama iziphumo ze iiklasi kwiindawo ze-megalithic bacingela amava aqhelekileyo enzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi kwiiBritish Isles.
U-Euan MacKie, ephikisa ukuba iingcamango zikaThom kufuneka zivavanywe, zihlolisise kwi-Kintraw Archaeological Area e-Argyllshire ngo-1970 kunye ne-1971 ukubona ukuba isiprofeto sokufumanisa amaqonga ophando kwicala lenduli ephezu kwelitye sichanekile.
Kwakukho umphezulu owenziweyo ekucingelwa ukuba ungqina intelekelelo yokulungelelaniswa komgama kaThom (iKintraw yayiqikelelwa njengendawo esebenzayo yenjikalanga yasebusika evumela uThom ukuba achaze ithiyori yejometri kwisikhumbuzo seradial eCultoon e-Islay, nokuba kuncitshiswe okulungileyo. UMacKie ke ngoko uvumile ukupheliswa kukaThom kwaye wabhengeza ukuqala kweNgilane entsha.
Unokuba nomdla: IIMIELELE, IIFOMU ZAZO EZINYOBEKILEYO KWANYE NEYONA MIDLALO YAYO EQHELEKILEYO.
Ubudlelwane be-Archaeoastronomy kunye nezinye iziFundo
I-Archaeoastronomy iye yacingelwa njengenkalo yofundo lwezifundo ezininzi esekelwe kusetyenziso lwengqiniseko ebhaliweyo nengabhalwanga yifunde ngeenkwenkwezi kwezinye iinkcubeko. Ngesi sizathu, inokubonwa njengonxibelelwano phakathi kwezinye iindlela ezivela kwamanye amacandelo ophononongo lwenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi yangaphambili:
Njengombonakaliso wenkqubela phambili ye-Archaeoastronomy njengendawo yolwazi lwezifundo ezininzi, ukuhlola kule ndawo kwenziwa izazinzulu ifanelekile kuluhlu olubanzi lwezinye izifundo.
Abanye ababhali bobugqirha bamva nje bachaze umsebenzi wabo njengofundo oluhambelanayo kwindawo i-archaeology kunye ne-anthropology yenkcubeko; ngolwazi oluthile kwimbali equlethe imbali yamaxesha athile kunye nemimandla, imbali yenzululwazi kunye nembali yonqulo; nangokunxulumene nenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi ngobugcisa, ulwimi nenkolo. Kuphela ezinye izinto ezingaqhelekanga zibalisa umsebenzi wakhe njengeenkwenkwezi, kwaye kwezo meko kuphela njengemeko yesibini.
Uqhanqalazo lwe abembi bezinto zakudala Iingcali kwi-Archaeoastronomy ziye zahlaziywa. Ukungaqondi kakuhle kwelizwe kunye nenkcaso, ukuphindaphinda kunye nokuchaswa, ukusuka kwi-rebound yi-archeology eqhelekileyo malunga noko bakubona njenge-fringe ye-Archaeoastronomy ukuya ekungavisisani phakathi kogxininiso lwenkcubeko ye-archaeologists kunye namandla obungakanani be-archaeoastronomers zakuqala.
Nangona kunjalo, abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafikelela ngakumbi ekudibaniseni uninzi lwe iimfundiso kwi-archaeoastronomy kwiincwadi ze-archaeology kwaye, njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, abanye abafundi babetha iingxoxo ze-archaeology kwizihloko ezinxulumene ne-archaeoastronomy.
Ndiyabulela kwinto yokuba i-archaeoastronomers ayivumelani nokuzimisela kwendlela, igama layo liyaxoxwa. Awona maqela mathathu abalulekileyo emibutho yezemfundo yamazwe ngamazwe axhalabele i-Archaeoastronomy ngofundo lwenkcubeko, esebenzisa igama Ukuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi kwiNkcubeko okanye enye inguqulelo efanayo.
UMichael Hopkin ubonisa ukuba inxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqeqesho kukuvunwa kobungqina, endaweni yokwenza ithiyori, kwaye okucetywayo ukuleyibhela le nkalo yoqeqesho njengeArchaeotopography.
Kwelinye icala, uRuggles noSaunders babhenca igama elithi Cultural Astronomy njengebinzana elimanyanisayo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zophando lwenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi zikawonke wonke. inzululwazi kunye nabemi abasebenzise iilogo baye babonisa ukunxulumana nembono yehlabathi yaseSpain.
Unokuba nomdla: UKUVUMISA NGEZINKANYE, IINKOLELO OKANYE ISAYENSI? INGXOXO UKUSUSELA EKUQALENI KWEXESHA
Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba i-Archaeoastronomy njengesifundo soluntu lwexesha elidlulileyo lakhulelwa. izulu liyothuka, nendlela abazenza ngayo ezi mpazamo zingaqhelekanga nendlela olwenziwa ngayo ulwalamano lwabo nendalo iphela.