Dibana nomnye wabadlali abaphambili beRenaissance, kananjalo, uphakathi kwawona madoda anempembelelo nabalaseleyo kwimbali yezenzululwazi Qhubeka ufunda kwaye ufumanise kunye nathi, impumelelo enkulu, izinto ezifunyenweyo, izinto eziqanjiweyo kunye nezinto eziqanjiweyo kunye nezinto eziqanjiweyo. Galileo Galilei iminikelo!
Ubomi bukaGalileo Galilei
NgoFebruwari 15, 1564, isixeko sasePisa sabona ukuzalwa kososayensi omkhulu. Ngelo xesha, esi sixeko sasingqamana nommandla ngelo xesha owawubizwa ngokuba yiGrand Duchy yaseTuscany.
Wayengunyana wokuqala kaGlulia Amannati kunye noFlorentino Vincenzo Galilei, lo wokugqibela, wayeyimvumi eyayigqwesile nakwizibalo. Wayenabantakwabo aba-5 kunye nabazali bakhe, bakha usapho oluthi, nangona lwalunengeniso ephantsi, lukwazile ukusinda ngenxa yoko kwaphunyezwa kurhwebo.
Ngenxa yemeko yezoqoqosho usapho olwaluhamba kuyo, uFlorentino Vincenzo (uyise kaGalileo) wade wafunda ithiyori yomculo, ekubeni wayengumqambi nombhali wemisebenzi emininzi eyayidumileyo ngelo xesha, kwafuneka ayibeke ecaleni ukuthanda kwakhe kokwenyani (umculo) ukuzinikela ngokupheleleyo kurhwebo. Xa uGalileo efikelela kwiminyaka elishumi ubudala, uGlulia noFlorentino Vincenzo bagqiba kwelokuba bafudukele eFlorence. Ecingela esi sigqibo, uJacobo Borhini, ummelwane wonqulo, walawula uGalileo.
Imvelaphi yakho yezemfundo
Uqeqesho lukaGalileo kwimeko yokuqala lwalusekhaya kwaye wayephethe abazali bakhe de kube yi-10 iminyaka. Kamva, uJacobo Borhini, akuba ngumkhapheli kaGalileo, udibana nekhaya loonongendi eliseFlorence elibizwa ngokuba yiSanta María de Vallombrosa ukuze akwazi ukungena kulo. Kweli khaya loonongendi, ufumana imfundo enesidima neyonqulo kuphela, kungoko uGalileo eqalisa ukuphila ubomi bonqulo, ade afikelele usukelo lokuba ngumfundisi.
Uyise kaGalileo (engumntu ongakholelwayo kuThixo), efunda oku, ngokukhawuleza uyayichasa le ngcamango. Ngexesha elithile kamva, unyana wakhe wosulelwa sisifo samehlo kwaye wasebenzisa ithuba lokugula ukubanga phambi koonongendi ukuba abamniki unonophelo olwaneleyo uGalileo kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu, uthatha isigqibo sokumsusa apho.
Sele ethathe umhlala phantsi kwi-convent, utata kaGalileo wambhalisa kwiyunivesithi edumileyo esePisa kwiminyaka emibini kamva. Apho umfana ugqiba ukufunda ifilosofi, amayeza kunye nemathematika. Le yunivesithi nanamhlanje iseyeyona idumileyo e-Itali.
Ukufunyanwa komsebenzi wakho
Uyise ekuqaleni wayefuna uGalileo ukuba azinikezele kwintsimi yezonyango, nangona kunjalo, umhlobo wentsapho yaseGalile ogama lingu-Ostilio Ricci wayeya kuvula indlela yokuba uGalileo osemncinci aqale kwihlabathi lemathematika. U-Ostilio, owayengumfundi wesazi sezibalo esaziwayo uTartaglia, wayesaziwa ngokunxulumanisa uqheliselo nethiyori, isibakala esasiza kutsala ingqalelo kaGalileo size senze ubomi bakhe bube kwelinye icala.
Olo phawu lukaRicci lwalungaxhaphakanga kwaphela ngelo xesha, kuba kwakungekho mntu wayesebenzisa imigaqo yokusebenza ukuze abelane ngolwazi, kodwa yayiyingcingane nje. Izenzo ezisetyenzisiweyo kwimifuniselo yayimnandi, iguquguquka kwaye ayimi kwaphela. UGalileo waqala ukubona iiklasi ezihluke ngokupheleleyo kwiyunivesiti kunye nomhlobo wakhe u-Ostilio Ricci, ngelo xesha, wayeya kushiya izifundo zakhe zonyango ngaphandle kokugxila ngokupheleleyo kwimathematika.
Elinye lamagalelo okuqala kaGalileo Galilei anxulumene nobuchwephesha ayeza kwenziwa kwinqanaba lakhe laseyunivesithi. Uthe igalelo likaGalileo kweli sebe lezenzululwazi (apho wayeya kwenza iithiyori ezininzi) iya kuba yithiyori eya kugqiba ukuba i-pendulums enxulumene nokuphelelwa kwe-oscillation ayixhomekeke kwi-amplitude. Kuya kuthiwa nguMthetho we-Isochrony.
Amanani akhuthazayo kubomi bukaGalileo ngexesha loqeqesho lwakhe
UGalileo Galilei nokuba ngumfundi omncinci, uqala ukuba novelwano kuPlato, uPythagoras noArchimedes owaziwayo, imveliso yokufundwa kwemisebenzi yabo. Kwangaxeshanye, uyichase ngokupheleleyo intanda-bulumko ka-Aristotle. Konke oku, enkosi kwinto yokuba uziva evaleleke kwaye eyithanda kakhulu imisebenzi kunye nezicatshulwa eziveliswe yingcali yezibalo yamaGrike uEuclid.
Le yokugqibela, kunokutshiwo, yenye yezona mpembelelo zibalaseleyo kubomi bukaGalileo, kuba ngenxa yemibhalo yakhe, waqala ukuvuselela umdla kwabanye ababhali okanye abalinganiswa abakhulu. Oku kwenza ukuba uGalilei azive enomtsalane okanye enomdla kwiintshukumo zesithandi sobulumko uAristotle. Oku, nokuba ngumfundi waseyunivesithi, uyala ukuvelisa uthelekiso kunye neenjingalwazi zexesha lakhe, uya kubhala ingxelo enamandla ngokuchasene nabo. Le nto yayiza kumenza afumane iintshaba ezininzi.
UGalileo Galilei uthatha isigqibo sokubuyela eFlorence ngo-1585 engakhange ayigqibe imfundo yakhe yaseyunivesithi. Nangona kunjalo, wayeza kubuya enolwazi oluninzi alufumeneyo kunye nenkuthazo enkulu kunye nomdla wokuqhubeka nokwenza izifundo zemathematika. Kwangaloo nyaka, uGalileo uziva ephefumlelwe kwaye uqalisa ukwenza into eyayiza kuba yimisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yovavanyo. Ziya kubhekiswa kuqinisekiso lweethiyori ezazidityaniswe ngokusondeleyo kumaziko omxhuzulane wezinto eziqinileyo.
Oku kuphefumlelwa kuzisa nokuvela kwezinto ezininzi eziqanjiweyo, apho oku kulandelayo kugqame: Ibhalansi ye-hydrostatic ukuba isazinzulu u-Archimedes sele ecetywayo, ukuwa kwemizimba eyaziwayo, izifundo ezinxulumene neependulum kunye nesixhobo esiya kunceda ukulinganisa Ukubetha kwentliziyo Ngexesha elinikiweyo, esi sixhobo siya kubizwa ngokuba sisixhobo sokulinganisa ukubetha kwentliziyo.
Galileo kunye negalelo lakhe njengomfundisi-ntsapho
Emva kokuba eqhube uphando lwakhe lokuqala nezinto aziyilayo eFlorence, uGalileo wafumana isimemo kwiFlorentine Platonic Academy ngowe-1588. Esi simemo sasiza kuba nenjongo yokuba uGalilei afundise iiklasi ezimbalwa kwesi sikolo. Iiklasi awayezifundisa zimnika intshukumisa emenza afune ukufumana isikhundla sokuba ngunjingalwazi eyunivesithi.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ulawula ukubaleka kumanani aphezulu ezemfundo, phakathi kwawo isazi sezibalo sase-Italiya, isazi sefilosofi kunye nesazi ngeenkwenkwezi uGuidobaldo del Monte evelele. Lo mlinganiswa uya kuthatha uGalileo ukuya kwiNkosana enkulu yaseTuscany, uFerdinand I de' Medici, owayeza kumnika ithuba lokufundisa imathematika kwiYunivesithi yasePisa, eqala ngoNovemba 12, 1589.
Esele eqhuba umsebenzi wakhe njengoprofesa kwiYunivesithi yasePisa, uGalileo wafumanisa phakathi kwe-1590-1591 enxulumene nomsebenzi wokuzoba ii-arches kwiibhulorho. Esi siphumo sabizwa ngokuba yi-cycloid. Le ngqikelelo iphuhliswa ngegophe elimilise okwe-arc elishenxisiwe ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwelinye elizotywe ngaphezu komgca othe ngqo.
Ukukhangela i-horizons entsha: Isixeko sasePadua
Ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali-mbali, uGalileo Galilei uthathe isigqibo sokuyishiya iPisa ngenxa yezityholo zokuphazamiseka kunye nokungavisisani nomnye woonyana bakaDuke Fernando I, yiyo loo nto wathatha uhambo oluya kwisixeko sasePadua ngo-1592. Ekufikeni kwakhe apho, uGalileo waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe njengomfundisi-ntsapho kwezoomatshini, ijometri kunye nenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi kwiyunivesithi enkulu yeso sixeko, de kwaba ngunyaka we-1610. IYunivesithi yasePadua ngoku ithathwa njengenye yezona zindlu zakudala zokufunda emhlabeni.
Kweli ziko, uGalilei wafundisa iiklasi kwimathematika, ukusebenzisa oomatshini, inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye noyilo lomkhosi. Ngelo xesha, isixeko sasePadua sasingazi ngeengxaki zelizwekazi laseYurophu ngenxa yokuncinwa, ngenxa yokuba yayiyinxalenye yento ebizwa ngokuba yiRiphabhliki yaseVenice kwaye yayigqalwa njengenamandla kakhulu kwaye izimele ngokupheleleyo. Umbuso.
Ukuzimela okunjalo kwamnceda uGalileo Galilei ukuba enze uphando lwakhe olwahlukileyo kunye nezifundo ezaziza kusetyenziswa, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngabacinezeli bexesha. Noko ke, kunyaka ongaphambi kwalowo ngowe-1591, uyise wafa ngoxa wayekwimeko yakhe yezoqoqosho embi kakhulu. Ngesi sizathu, uGalileo uzifumana enyanzelekile ukuba ancede usapho lwakhe ngokwezimali, ukwazi ukwenza imali eninzi kwaye uqala ukunika abantwana kunye nabantu abancinci izifundo ekhaya.
UGalileo wayengekho kakuhle kakhulu ekulawuleni imali evela kwiiklasi zakhe, ngenxa yesi sizathu, uncedo lwakhe aluzange lusebenze ngokwaneleyo. Nangona kunjalo, uyakwazi ukuzinzisa imali yosapho lwakhe ngenxa yemali mboleko kunye nentsebenziswano evela kubahlobo bakhe.
Ngomnyaka we-1599 uGalileo watshata noMarina Gamba, wayeya kwabelana naye inxalenye yobomi bakhe, ngokulandelelana waba ngumama wabantwana bakhe, kuquka abafazi ababini kunye nendoda egama linguVincenzo. Ukuba ngowokuqala uVirginia. I-duo yathi yahlala kumanyano de kwaba ngumhla we-1610, umhla apho benza isigqibo sokwahlukana. Emva kolu kwahlukana, iintombi zikaGalileo ekugqibeleni zenzakaliswa, ekubeni zingagqalwa njengeentombi ezisemthethweni, zishiya kuphela oyena mncinane nokuphela konyana njengonyana osemthethweni.
Igalelo likaGalileo Galilei ngenxa yezinto azifumeneyo
Nge-1600 isizini entsha iqala enengeniso kwaye iphumelele kakhulu kuGalileo, apho wenza izinto ezibalulekileyo zesayensi. Phakathi kwazo kugqame:
Uphononongo lomthetho omtsha obizwa ngokuba yi-uniformly accelerated motion. Komnye umongo, ngokulindela esibhakabhakeni, ufumanisa inkwenkwezi ekhoyo esibhakabhakeni. Kunye nolu phando, uvelise isixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yi-thermoscope, isixhobo esibonelela ngamaqondo obushushu abhekiselele kwingqele kunye nobushushu obukhoyo kokusingqongileyo.
Kunyaka ngaphambi kokwahlukana nomfazi wakhe, oko kukuthi, ngonyaka we-1610, uGalileo wenza into ngoku egqalwa njengelinye lawona manyathelo akhe amakhulu ebulela kuyilo olutsha olwaguqula ihlabathi liphela: ukudalwa kweteleskopu. Noko ke, yayingenguye yedwa owayesebenza ekudalweni kweqela elilolu hlobo.
UHans Lippershey, kwicala lakhe, naye wasebenza ekuyilweni kweteleskopu, lo mlinganiswa wayedla ngokunikezelwa kwimveliso kunye nokucaciswa kweeglasi kunye neeglasi zokubona. Apho uGalileo wayivulayo waza wazama ukwenza iteleskopu eyodlula umgangatho weteleskopu eyenziwe nguLipperhsey.
Ngokwenene, le yindlela eyenzeka ngayo, iteleskopu eyenziwe nguGalileo iqulethe iikristale ezinobukhali bokuzijonga kumgama omde. Zombini iiteleskopu ziqulethe iiyantlukwano ezininzi, ukusuka kubukhulu bazo, ukuya kwiilensi ezikuzo, iteleskopu kaGalileo yayinenzuzo enkulu, kuba ngeelensi zayo kunokwenzeka ukubona ngokucacileyo, ngaphandle kokugqwetheka kunye naluphi na uhlobo lokutenxa.
Engonelisekanga zezi ziphumo, uGalileo uyaqhubeka nokusebenza kwiteleskopu, ezama ukugqibelelisa ezinye iinkcukacha ezithe ngqo ngakumbi. Ndiyabulela kule nto, iteleskopu inikezelwa eVenice kuluntu oluthile, olwathi, lujongene noyilo olunjalo, lubanjwe ngumgangatho womgangatho olubonisayo. Ngokukodwa, uGalileo uphucula umgangatho weelensi malunga namaxesha angama-8, apho kunokwenzeka ukuba ubone kwaye ugxininise umfanekiso ukuba ugqitywe ngokugqibeleleyo.
Ngomvuzo omhle wenyanga, ngenxa yelungelo leteleskopu, awathi uGalileo wayinika iVenice, isazinzulu esidumileyo sahlala sizolile kangangexesha elithile, kuba umvuzo owawunikwa ngenxa yokuyeka iprojekthi yakhe wamnceda kwiindleko zakhe zemihla ngemihla. Impumelelo iyaqhubeka, ulwazi aluvelisayo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweteleskopu, lumnceda ukuba alahle iingcamango ezininzi ngomhlaba nendawo.
Buyela eFlorence
Ngo-1610 uGalileo wabuyela eFlorence, indawo eyamnika udumo lokuqatshelwa njengengcali yezibalo yokuqala, ngaphandle koku, wamenywa kwiintlanganiso ezininzi, apho wamenywa khona ukuze enze imiboniso malunga nokuveliswa kwakhe kunye namanyathelo akhe esayensi. .
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, uGalileo wayengumntu owaphuhla kakuhle kakhulu kuluntu olwalumngqongile. Iiwonga awazifumanayo zazifaneleke ngokwenene ngenxa yonyamezelo lwemisebenzi yakhe yenyama. Noko ke, wayeyindoda eneengcinga eziqatha neziqinileyo, isikhundla sakhe sasisekelwe kwizifundo zenzululwazi awayeziphuhlile, sinento yokwenza neethiyori awayezenza waza wazitolika phantsi kwemithetho yakhe.
Wayenabo babevumelana neengcamango zakhe, kodwa kwakukho nabachasi ababengavumelani noko kwakucetywa nguGalileo. Inyaniso ethi kamva ibangele ukungavisisani, iphantsi kophando oluqhubekayo.
Ukuveliswa kweteleskopu ekhanyelayo
UJacques Badovere, owayesakuba ngumfundi waseGalileo, uthumela ileta evela kwikomkhulu laseFransi kumfundisi-ntsapho wakhe wangaphambili, ukuze aqinisekise amarhe akhoyo malunga nokuba kunokwenzeka. Telescopio oko kunceda ukubona iinkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni. Esi sixhobo esitsha sasiya kwenziwa eNetherlands nguHans Lippershev, owayesaziwa ngokwakha iilensi.
Le teleskopu yayiza kumnika ithuba lokubona iinkwenkwezi ezikude kakhulu ezazinombono olinganiselweyo liliso lomntu. UGalileo Galilei wayeya kuba negalelo elibalulekileyo xa efunda ileta eyathunyelwa ngumfundi wakhe owayesakuba ngumfundi ongumFrentshi, ngoko nangoko uzakhela eyakhe iteleskopu, kwaloo teleskopu, ifana nayo, iyodlula ngokulula iqabane layo laseDatshi ngenxa yesibakala sokuba ingawusififi umfanekiso okanye inike iinguqulelo ezimbi. kwindalo esesibhakabhakeni, ibiya kukwazi nokuwenza mkhulu lo mfanekiso kangangezihlandlo ezithandathu, ngoxa iteleskopu yamaDatshi ibiya kuwukhulisa izihlandlo ezithathu.
Oku kuqhubela phambili okukhulu kuya kuthetha elinye lamagalelo akhe abalulekileyo nangaphambi nasemva kobomi bukaGalileo Galilei. Ngaphandle kokuba enze uphuculo olukhulu kule mveliso, uGalileo akonelisekanga kwaye uyaqhubeka ezama ukugqibelelisa uyilo lwakhe, ke ngoko, uya kwenza into eya kuba yiteleskopu yakhe yesibini, efanayo, inokuba namandla okukhulisa izinto ezibonwayo 9 amaxesha. Emva kokugqiba le projekthi ngo-Agasti (ngokukodwa i-21st) ndiza kubonisa kwi-Plaza de San Marco eseVenice (eItali).
IRiphabhlikhi yaseVenice ifumana amalungelo asemthethweni eteleskopu evela eGalileo, aba babona ukusetyenziswa okuphindaphindiweyo ukuba le mveliso inokuba nayo (ingakumbi kwindawo yomkhosi) yenza isigqibo sokumvuza kwaye imvumele ukuba agcine isikhundla sakhe kwiYunivesithi yasePadua kwaye amkhulule. kulo lonke unxunguphalo lwezemali ngenxa yokuphucula umvuzo wakho. Noko ke, uGalilei wayengeyoncutshe kumatshini wokubona izinto ngoko ke iiteleskopu awazakhayo zazahluka kakhulu ngokomgangatho, ezinye zide zingasebenziseki.
Ngomnyaka we-1610, uphumelele izinto ezininzi kwaye uninzi lwezo zithathwa njenge igalelo elibalulekileyo likaGalileo Galilei, ngenxa yokuzinikela kwakhe kwinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi nenkqubela ayenzileyo kulwakhiwo lweeteleskopu. Olu nikezelo kunye nezifundo luye lwakhokelela ekuqinisekiseni ukuba zonke iiplanethi azijikelezi iLanga kwaye oko kubizwa ngokuba yimizimba yasezulwini ayijikelezi iplanethi enguMhlaba.
Ukuhlaselwa kunye nokubonakala kweentshaba ezintsha
Ngenxa yofunyaniso olwenziwe ngeeteleskopu (ezifana nokuqinisekiswa kwemodeli ye-heliocentric enikezelwe nguNicolaus Copernicus) baye bazisa ungquzulwano oluninzi njengesiphumo, esiphuma ikakhulu kwiqela labantu abaxhasa ngamandla ithiyori ye-geocentric kwindalo iphela. Oku kukwavelise uhlaselo oluphindaphindiweyo nolwahlukeneyo olwalunobundlobongela ngakumbi ngokuchasene noGalileo Galilei.
Kunokuthiwa ungquzulwano oluyiqalileyo konke lwenzeka ngezivumelwano kunye neencwadana ezipapashwe nguGalileo kunye nabantu ababemlandela, nangona kunjalo, icandelo elahlukileyo lenze imisebenzi efanayo ngenjongo yokuphikisa iminikelo kaGalileo Galilei. .
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uhlaselo olwalucetywe ziintshaba zaseGalili lwaluza kutshintsha indlela awayecinga ngayo. Eli candelo linokuthi uGalileo (ekucingelwa ukuba) usebenzisa izibhalo zeBhayibhile ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukuxhasa iingcamango zakhe. Ezi zityholo ziya kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngo-1611 nguKhadinali uRoberto Bellarmine, oya kuyalela i-Inquisition ukuba yenze uphando kunye nokulandelelana malunga neGalileo.
ingcamango yonqulo
Ukususela ngonyaka we-1604 (unyaka awathi ngawo uGalileo wenza iteleskopu) wayeya kuqhuba izifundo ezaziya kuba nento yokwenza nokuqokelelwa kwedatha eyayiza kuxhasa ithiyori evezwe nguCopernicus, ethi iiplanethi zijikeleza inkwenkwezi (iLanga). ). Le ngcamango yayithandabuza ingcamango ka-Aristotle nemigaqo eyamiselwa yiCawa yamaKatolika. Ngoko ke, ngonyaka we-1612 umfundisi ogama linguNiccolo Lorini wayenikela intetho apho wayeya kugxeka ngokuphandle (ngokwembono yonqulo) uGalileo Galilei. Oku kwakuthetha ukuqalisa kohlaselo lonqulo.
Emva konyaka uGalileo wabhala ileta echaza ukuba ingcamango kaNicolaus Copernicus ayizange iziphikise iindinyana zeBhayibhile. Le leta yayibhalelwe omnye wabafundi bakhe, yena ngokwakhe, wayeza kuyenza esidlangalaleni yaye ngenxa yesi sizathu iNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa yayiza kuyibhengeza indlela kaCopernicus ewexukileyo.
Iingxubusho zaziza kuqhutywa kwiminyaka yamva yaye kuzo, uGalili ekuthetheleleni kwakhe wayeya kunikela iinyaniso eziphathelele izinto azifumanisayo. UGalileo waya eRoma ngonyaka we-1615, apho wayeza kuqhubeka ekhusela oko kwakunikelwa nguNicholas Copernicus. Kwisithuba esingangonyaka kamva, ngenyanga kaFebruwari, wayeza kufumana isamani evela kwiOfisi Engcwele, injongo efanayo yayikukuba afundele ukuphicothwa kweencwadi ngengcamango kaCopernicus.
Ngenxa yoko, iya kuhlolwa kwaye uGalileo Galilei waxelelwa ukuba angenzi naphantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko nawuphi na umsebenzi onento yokwenza nemfundiso kunye / okanye ukukhusela ithiyori kaNicolaus Copernicus. Oku kwaba sisibetho esinzima kuGalileo, owathi, nangona wayegula kakhulu ngenxa yokugula, wayeza kuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe kunye nokuzikhusela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kwangaxeshanye ebonisa imisebenzi emininzi eya kuba yewonga kunye nokubaluleka imbali.
Umhlobo olungileyo kaGalileo (Maffeo Barberini) wayeya kubizwa ngokuba nguPopu Urban VIII ngowe-1623, owamnika imvume yokuqhubeka nemisebenzi yakhe yenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi aze ayipapashe phantsi kwale miqathango ilandelayo: Ungakhethi buso kwaye ungaxhokonxeli naluphi na uhlobo lwempikiswano enxulumene nale ngcamango. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka elithoba kamva wayeya kupapasha umsebenzi obizwa ngokuba yi-Dialogues kwi-exponents ezimbini ezinkulu zehlabathi, apho wayeza kuphinda axhase uCopernicus, engayihoyi i-censorship eyakhutshwa ngo-1616, eyamnyanzela ukuba abhekisele kwingcamango kaNicholas njengengcamango. hayi njengento eqinisekisiweyo.
ERoma babeza kusabela ngokukhawuleza kwaye babeza kubizela uGalileo uphando, olwathatha phantse unyaka (phakathi kukaSeptemba 1632 kunye noJulayi 1633). Noko ke, iGalili yaphathwa ngentlonelo yaye ayizange ijongelwe phantsi. Ngenyanga ka-Aprili 1633, babeza kuqalisa iinkqubo zokuba uGalileo avume ulwaphulo-mthetho lwakhe ngokutyeshela oko kwakhutshwa ngowe-1616, babeza kumgrogrisa nangokumthuthumbisa. Ecinga ngezisongelo, uGalilei wayeza kuyamkela loo miqathango aze asiwe enkundleni.
Ngenyanga yeSilimela kwangaloo nyaka wayeza kugwetywa ubomi bakhe bonke entolongweni ekubeni wayelahlile iminqweno yakhe. Ngokwamkela loo migaqo, isigwebo satshintshwa waza wagwetyelwa ukuhlala endlwini, apho wayeza kugwetywa iminyaka emi-5 de kwangowe-1638. Ebudeni belo xesha wavunyelwa ukuba amkele iindwendwe ezazingamaqabane noogxa bakhe, ngenxa yoko yakwazi ukwenza esidlangalaleni eminye imisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi eya kuthetha iminikelo efanelekileyo kaGalileo Galilei.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1638 ngenyanga kaJanuwari, uGalileo Galilei wayeza kuba yimfama kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu bavuma ukumhambisa endlwini yakhe eSan Giorgio kufuphi nonxweme apho wayekwazi ukusebenza nabafundi abaliqela, phakathi kwabo uVincenzo Viviani UTorricelli ugqamile.
Ukufa
Kwiminyaka engama-77 ubudala, uGalileo Galilei wasweleka ekuqaleni konyaka we-1642, ngakumbi nge-8 kaJanuwari. Ukungcwatywa kwakhe kwakuza kwenzeka ngosuku olulandelayo eFlorence. Phantse kwiminyaka engama-91 kamva, kwakuza kwakhiwa ingcwaba kwicawa yaseSanta Cruz eFlorence, ekwakusithiwa ingcwaba laliyinxalenye yonikezelo kuGalileo.
Igalelo eliphambili
UGalileo Galilei wenze igalelo elininzi nelininzi kumasebe ahlukeneyo esayensi, apho inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, ifiziksi kunye nemathematika yagqama, eli galelo liya kumkhokelela ekubeni abizwe ngokuba nguyise wesayensi yanamhlanje. Phakathi kwazo, ezona zibalaseleyo zezi:
umthetho wokuqala wentshukumo
Wayenguvulindlela womthetho owaziswa nguIsaac Newton. Ngayo, wagqiba ekubeni imizimba ngokubanzi ikhawuleza ngesantya esifanayo kunye nesantya kungakhathaliseki umthamo wabo. Lo mbono wenziwa ngemigaqo ehambelana nesantya, njengokunyuka kunye nesantya kwiinqwelomoya ezithambekele. Kwakhona wavelisa ingcamango yamandla njengemoto yokuhamba kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba imeko yendalo okanye eqhelekileyo iphumle okanye ikwintshukumo efanayo.
Umzekelo ocacileyo wale nto kukuba yonke into inesantya, efanayo, inobukhulu obulingana no-zero, eli lizwe libizwa ngokuba luphumlo. Kwakhona uGalileo wabonisa ukuba izinto ziyakwazi ukumelana neenguqu ezahlukeneyo kwindlela eshukuma ngayo nakwisalathiso. Le yokugqibela ibizwa ngokuba inertia.
Ukuqhubela phambili kwiteleskopu
UGalilei wayekwangumqambi obalaseleyo, umzekelo woku luphuculo olukhulu kunye nenkqubela phambili ayenzileyo kwiteleskopu yaseDatshi, eyayinomfanekiso ophindwe kathathu wokwandiswa. UGalileo wathabatha olo lwando izihlandlo ezilishumi nangaphezulu, ekwazi ukuwukhulisa izihlandlo ezingama-3 lo mfanekiso ngenxa yokugxininisa kwakhe kwiilensi. Ngenxa yenkqubela phambili, wakwazi ukuba ngowokuqala ukubona iisathelayithi zendalo ze-30 zeJupiter, Amabala elanga, umphezulu weNyanga kunye nemingxuma yayo kunye nezigaba zeVenus.
Ngenxa yokufundisisa rhoqo amabala elanga, wagqiba kwelokuba isijikelezi-langa esinguMhlaba sinokuzijikeleza ngokwaso. Kwakhona ukufunyanwa kwezigaba zeplanethi iVenus yayiyintsika esisiseko yokuxhasa kunye nokuqinisekisa ingcamango kaNicolaus Copernicus. Ibanga ukuba iiplanethi zijikeleza iLanga.
Ukukhusela kwingcamango ye-heliocentric yeCopernicus
Isifundo ngo Iisathelayithi zendalo kaJupiter yayiyenye yeziqinisekiso eziphambili zethiyori kaCopernican, ngakumbi ekubeni ezi sathelayithi zenza i-orbit ejikeleze iJupiter, eyabonisa ukuba iplanethi enguMhlaba yayingengombindi wendalo iphela njengoko uAristotle wayecebise. Ukwabonise umsebenzi wakhe wokujikeleza iLanga kwaye le iya kuba yenye yezona zinkulu iminikelo kaGalileo Galilei.
Indlela yesayensi
Lo sosayensi ubalaseleyo wafaka into eyayiza kuba yindlela entsha ngokupheleleyo yokuphanda ngelo xesha, oku ngokusebenzisa indlela yenzululwazi edumileyo. Le ndlela iya kusetyenziswa kwimifuniselo yakhe eyahlukeneyo kunye neziphumo. Kule mihla ibalulekile kulo naluphi na uvavanyo olwenziwa ngokwenzululwazi. Kwisayensi iya kuba lelinye lawona mnikelo ubalulekileyo owenziwe nguGalileo Galilei.
umthetho wemizimba ewayo
UAristotle wanikela ingcamango yokuba amandla ayengunobangela wesantya yaye uGalileo wayiphikisa ngengcamango yokuba amandla abangela isantya esiphezulu waza wagqiba kwelokuba izidumbu ziwela kumphezulu womhlaba ngokuqhubekayo. Oku kwathathwa njengenye yezona zibalaseleyo Igalelo likaGalileo Galilei kwifiziksi.
Igalelo leMathematika likaGalileo Galilei
Omnye wemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu kweli sebe lezenzululwazi yayiziintetho ezininzi kunye nemiboniso malunga ne-2 yesayensi entsha ehambelana ngokusondeleyo kubuchwephesha. UGalileo ukwabonisa ukukhawulezisa kwemizimba xa ikwikwindla ekhululekileyo, intshukumo eyenziwa ziipendulum kunye nomsebenzi wakhe kwizinto ezikwinqwelomoya etyekeleyo okanye kumphezulu.
Ithermoskophu
Ukuveliswa okumangalisayo ngokungathandabuzekiyo yayiyi-thermoscope, efanayo, yakhiwa nguGalileo ngonyaka we-1593 kwaye yayixhomekeke kuxinzelelo kunye nobushushu ukuze inike umphumo. Esi sixhobo senziwe kusetyenziswa umbhobho omde owawuncanyathiselwe kwiglasi encinci enamanzi ngaphakathi, kwaye iglasi okanye ibhola yekristale yafakwa kwincam. Namhlanje esi sixhobo siluncedo sibizwa ngokuba sisixhobo sokulinganisa ubushushu. Eli nqaku liza kubonwa njengelinye lamagalelo amakhulu kaGalileo Galilei.
ikhampasi yomkhosi
UGalileo Galilei naye wenza iminikelo kwibala lomkhosi phakathi kwe-1595 kunye ne-1598. Eyona nto ifanelekileyo yayinento yokwenza nekhampasi eyenza imisebenzi emininzi, efana nokulinganisa kunye nokuphakama kwe-barrel bar, yayisetyenziswa nabarhwebi ukwenza izibalo kwinto ebhekisa kutshintshiselwano lwemali.
Imisebenzi kaGalileo Galilei
Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe wayengumbhali wemisebenzi emininzi eyayiza kuba ngowodumo olukhulu kwaye yayiza kuthi gqi kwimbali njengamagalelo amakhulu kaGalileo Galilei, phakathi kwawo oku kulandelayo:
- Ngowe-1604 wapapasha imisebenzi yekhampasi yomkhosi
- ISidereal Messenger yapapashwa ngo-1610
- Intetho ngezinto ezidada emanzini ngo-1612
- Ileta eya kuNksk. Cristina de Lorena, owayeyiTshawekazi yaseTuscany ngowe-1615.
- Ngowe-1623 wapapasha incwadi ethi El essayador
- Umsebenzi owawunempikiswano ngowe-1632 othi Dialogues Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
- Iisayensi ezimbini ezintsha ngo-1638