Fumana kweli nqaku yonke into malunga nezilwanyana ze-transgenic, igama elingavamile ukuviwa kodwa elibaluleke kakhulu namhlanje, funda ukuba ziphi, izinto eziluncedo kunye nokungalunganga, imizekelo eyahlukeneyo kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Dibana nezilwanyana eziguqukayo
Kucatshangelwa ukuba kumaxesha amva nje le yeyona nkqubela phambili ibalulekileyo kwaye kwindawo yesayensi kulindeleke ukuba kungekudala iza kuthetha ukuqhubela phambili koluntu, ukuba iya kutshintsha ikhondo lemiba emininzi, i-cloning yezilwanyana ngoku iyinyani. ukuba iingeniso eziphezulu zilindeleke kwixesha elingekude kangako kwaye oko sebenza nezilwanyana ibe yeyona nto iphambili.
Le nyaniso inokusetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezininzi zonyango kunye nebhayoloji, kodwa iteknoloji ayikho ngasemva; kukho inani elikhulu leemeko zabantu eziye zakwazi ukunyamalala ngokusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo sofuzo.
Kodwa ziyintoni izilwanyana eziguqulelwe kwimizila yemfuza? Oku akunakwenziwa kuphela kwiinkomo, iidonki, iimpuku kunye nezinye izilwanyana, kodwa abantu banokuba yinxalenye yale nkqubela phambili kwaye isetyenziswe ngokusebenzisa imizila yabo yemfuza, nokuba idatha ibonisa ukuba sele yenziwe.
Isilwanyana esiye savavanywa kakhulu ibe yimpuku, eyamkele nayiphi na inani leemvavanyo kwaye kuzo zonke iye yaphuma kwaye inika iziphumo ezilungileyo.Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-genome yesi silwanyana ifana kakhulu neyesi silwanyana. ukubangumntu.
Ungasifumana njani isilwanyana esitshintshileyo?
Ngokuguqulwa kofuzo lwezilwanyana, ngokusebenzisa izicelo ezahlukeneyo, zinokuphuculwa kwiintlobo ezithathwa njengekhaya namhlanje, kodwa zingasetyenziselwa iifektri zamayeza, olu hlobo lokuguqulwa lunokwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, ezifana:
- Eminye imizi yemfuza efunyenwe kwisilwanyana iyacinywa okanye itshintshwe, ngaloo ndlela olu tshintsho luya kudluliselwa kwinzala yaso kwaye olu lugqithise kwinzala yabo.
- Yenza ukudluliselwa kofuzo kwisilwanyana ngokusebenzisa uhlobo olufanayo okanye ngokuchasene neentlobo ezahlukeneyo.
- Umzamo wokuqala wolu tshintsho lwenziwa kwiminyaka engamashumi amane eyadlulayo, oko kukuthi, ngo-1980, kusetyenziswa impuku; kwaza ngowe-1982 basebenzisa imizila yemfuza yokukhula kweempuku, umphumo woku kukuba ukukhula kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza yaye ngale ndlela kwaqinisekiswa ukuba olu hlobo lokutshintsha kwemfuza lunokwenziwa ukusuka kolunye uhlobo ukuya kolunye.
Ngale ndlela, esi sixhobo esiluncedo senziwe, ngokusebenzisa iilabhoratri ezikhethekileyo, apho isifundo se-physiology yezilwanyana sasisisiseko sokufumana olu hlobo lwesilwanyana.
Yintoni i-transgenesis?
Le yinkqubo eyenziwa ukuze ikwazi ukudlulisa zonke izakhi zofuzo eziyimfuneko, mhlawumbi i-RNA okanye i-DNA, ukusuka kwesinye isilwanyana ukuya kwesinye, lowo ufumana olu tshintsho luba sisilwanyana se-transgenic, kodwa kungekuphela nje le, kodwa yonke inzala yabo. nayo iya kuhlelwa ngolo hlobo.
Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba ayizizo zonke iigenes ezidluliselwayo, kodwa ezininzi kuphela, ezingasetyenziswanga ngokungaqhelekanga, kodwa, ngokuchaseneyo, zikhethwe ngokuchanekileyo kunye neenjongo ezikhethiweyo, ezithi emva koko zikhutshwe kwaye zodwa.
Ngoku ikwasetyenziselwa ukuguqula izityalo, iindlela zinokwahluka, maxa wambi zenziwa ngeentsholongwane neebhaktheriya, kodwa kwezinye iimeko zisetyenziswa ngemipu yemfuza; emva koko siqhubela phambili ukwenza uphononongo lweenguqu eziveliswa ekuqalisweni kwaloo jini okanye ezo gene.
Ngale teknoloji intsha, iya kuvumela iimeko zemodeli ebantwini, kodwa ngezilwanyana, ukuze ufunde ngebhayoloji kwaye wenze unyango olunokwenzeka okanye amayeza athi kamva abe lunyango olugqibeleleyo lweemeko ezininzi, ezinokuthi namhlanje zingabinalo unyango. philisa elinye ilungu kwaye lichaphazele elinye.
Ziziphi izinto ezisetyenziswa zizilwanyana eziguquguqukayo?
Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuninzi kwaye ngokuhamba kwexesha iya kusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi ngakumbi kunezo zaziwa ngoku; Ukusukela oko yaqalwa, le nkqubela phambili iye yavumela iingcali ukuba zenze uphando oluninzi ngoku olukhokelela kwizibonelelo ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili.
Kuye kwenzeka ukuguqula isilwanyana kwinqanaba lezofuzo kwaye ngoko komeleza amajoni omzimba, anokuhlasela izifo ezininzi kunye nokukhusela abanye kwixesha elizayo, ekubeni liba lixhathise kwaye linamandla; okuye kwaphawulwa ukuba kwiimeko ezithile iye yasulela kwinzala yabo.
Olunye usetyenziso yinyaniso yokuba i-hormone iphunyeziwe, ezalisekisa umsebenzi wokukhula ngokukhawuleza, oko kukuthi, bakhula kakhulu kwaye ngexesha elincinci. Kodwa oku akupheli apha, kodwa kwinqanaba lonyango likwasetyenziswa, kodwa ngayiphi indlela?Isetyenziselwa ukuqhubela phambili unyango lweemeko kunye nokudalwa kwenani elikhulu lamayeza, ukuhlukanisa i-gene eyenza imeko kwaye ukuyibeka kwisilwanyana.
Ngale nto enye, kuye kwenzeka ukudala i-insulin, i-xenotransplantation, ukwenzela ukuba izilwanyana zibe ngababoneleli bezitho; olunye usebenziso kukuvavanya izitofu kunye nezinye iimveliso phambi kokuba zisetyenziswe ebantwini.
Umzekelo wezilwanyana eziguqukayo
Ngokuqinisekileyo ufuna ukwazi imizekelo yolu hlobo lophando kunye notshintsho oluye lwafundwa iminyaka ethile kwaye lunempembelelo enkulu kuluntu, ngaphakathi kweyeza kunye nezorhwebo.
Eminye imizekelo enokukhankanywa ebaluleke kakhulu yile:
- Ngomnyaka we-1952, i-cloning yokuqala yaqhutywa, eyayiyinzame yokuqala, eyathi kamva yakhokelela ekubeni impumelelo ifikelele kwiminyaka kamva, ngo-1996, kunye ne-cloning ye-Dolly, ibe yigusha eyaduma kakhulu, kuba yayiyeyokuqala. ukuba ibizwe ngobuchule obubizwa ngokuba yi "cell nuclear transfer."
- Omnye umzekelo ngulowo wenziwa eJapan, indawo apho iinkomo ezimbini zaye zaveliswa kangangezihlandlo ezingamawaka, ngenjongo yokuphucula inyama eza kutyiwa ngabantu, ezi zazibizwa ngokuba yiNoto neKaga.
- Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-1998, ngowe-XNUMX, ibhokhwe yayiye yakwazi ukuvelisa amayeza ayo aluncedo kakhulu ebantwini, awenziwe njengeembumba.
- Ngesinye isilwanyana, i<em>ombretta mouflon, kwafunwa ukuba ngokwenziwa kwaso uhlobo lwaso luthintelwe ukuba lungapheli, ekubeni kwakuthiwe lusengozini yokuphela.
Iingenelo kunye nokungalunganga kwayo
Namhlanje baninzi abantu abangawuxhasi ngokupheleleyo lo mkhuba, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokunqongophala kolwazi kuloo ndawo okanye mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba bayayazi indlela esebenza ngayo kwaye bavele bakhubeke kukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana, kwiimvavanyo ezinokubangela ukuncipha kwabo. indlela yokuphila .
Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho imithetho evimbela ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana kwiinkalo ezithile, ngakumbi ukuba ziya kubingelelwa, ukuba ziya kubangela intlungu emzimbeni okanye ukuba ziya kutshintsha kakhulu indlela yokuphila yendalo; Nazi izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo zale nkqubo:
- Uncedo kuphando lwenzululwazi
- Iinzuzo kwimveliso yezilwanyana kunye nempilo
- Ukuqhubela phambili kwenziwa kwizifo kunye nonyango lwazo
- amayeza enziwa
- Ukunikezelwa kwamalungu okunokwenzeka
- Ukuphela kweentlola ezininzi kuphetshwa, ngokusebenzisa iibhanki zofuzo.
- Ingabeka iintlobo zendalo emngciphekweni
- Ukuvuselela i-allergies ngeprotheni
- Iziphumo zinokuba yimpazamo kuba i-gene isenokungamiselwanga
- Ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana eziphilayo, ezinokusilela kwiindlela zokuziphatha.
Zithini izicelo zakho?
Ngobunjineli, ngokuguqula ezi zilwanyana kwinqanaba lezofuzo, kunokwenzeka ukuba uyisebenzise kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwazo esinokukhankanya:
- Iququzelela ukukhangela, ukuchazwa kweempawu kunye nokuhlukaniswa kwezo zifuzo ezibalulekileyo ekuboniseni imfuzo.
- Ukongeza kuloo nto, ikwavumela ukwenziwa kweemodeli zeemeko ezihlala zichaphazela abantu kwaye ke zikwazi ukwenza amayeza amatsha kunye namayeza okunyanga ezi zifo.
- Esinye isicelo esibaluleke kakhulu esifumana ixabiso elikhulu namhlanje kukuba lisebenza njengomthombo wokudala izicubu kunye nezitho ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kukutshintshwa komntu.
- Iimolekyuli zenziwe eziluncedo kumashishini
- Inika umgangatho ophezulu kwiinkomo kunye nezinye iindidi ezinika ukubaluleka ngakumbi kwicandelo lezoqoqosho.
Njengoko kuye kwabonwa, ukusetyenziswa kwayo okukhulu kungokwemigaqo yonyango lwabantu, ngoko iyeza liye lazuza kakhulu kule ndawo kwaye liye lenza inkqubela phambili eyahlukahlukeneyo ukuba kwixesha elide linokuthetha iteknoloji entsha kwaye kungekhona kuphela kummandla weyeza kodwa kurhwebo. kunye nabanye.
Ukutya kwabantu
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba okwangoku akukho silwanyana esiguquguqukayo esilungele ukusetyenziswa ngabantu, nangona kunjalo, kukho uphando olufuna ukuphendula loo mbuzo.
I-Salmon idalwe, ngeenkampani zase-US, ezinkulu kunesiqhelo kwaye zikhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe amaqanda angavundisi avela eCanada kuvunyelwe, kodwa akugunyaziswanga ukusetyenziswa kwabantu.
