Amandla amnyama yenye yezona zinto zintsonkothileyo nezingaziwayo kwinkalo yecosmology.. Nangona imele malunga ne-70% yomxholo wamandla kwindalo yonke, ubume bayo obuchanekileyo buhlala buyimfihlakalo.
Kweli nqaku, uya kuba nethuba lokuphonononga nzulu ingqikelelo yamandla amnyama, imbali yokufunyanwa kwayo, iithiyori ezizama ukuyichaza, kunye nemingeni izazinzulu ezijongana nazo kumzamo wabo wokuqonda le enigma yendalo yonke. Awunakuphoswa sesi simemo, fumana ukuba yintoni na Amandla Amnyama: Imfihlelo yoKwandiswa kweNdalo yonke.
Yintoni amandla amnyama?
Amandla amnyama yingqikelelo kwifiziksi yethiyori nakwicosmology esetyenziswa ukuchaza luhlobo oluthile lwamandla olubonakala lukho kwindawo yonke yaye lubandakanyekile ekwandeni okukhawulezileyo kwendalo.
Ithatha i-70% yendawo ye-cosmic kwaye ubume bayo kanye ayikaziwa. Siyazi kuphela ukuba ikhona kunye nendlela eziphatha ngayo, kwaye oku kuboniswa ngokuqwalaselwa kwe-cosmological apho iimodeli zethiyori ziye zaqulunqwa ezichaza indlela le ndlela engaqondakaliyo yamandla echaphazela ngayo intlangano ye-cosmic.
Amandla aMnyama aziphatha njani kwindalo iphela?
Uphononongo lweenkwenkwezi lucebisa ukuba unoxanduva lokukhawulezisa ukwanda kwendalo ukusukela malunga ne-6,145 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo esebenza njengamandla omxhuzulane awonyanyayo.
Ukususela kwisakhelo sethiyori yokunxibelelana ngokubanzi, eyenziwe nguAlbert Einstein, amandla amnyama anokuthathwa njengomthombo owongezelelweyo wamandla kunye nobunzima obufaka isandla ekujikeni kwexesha lesithuba. Ngale ndlela, amandla amnyama inokuba a I-cosmological rhoqo, uhlobo lwe vacuum amandla ehlala ingaguquguquki ngexesha nakwindawo.
Ezinye iithiyori, kwelinye icala, ziphakamisa ukuba amandla amnyama inokunxulunyaniswa nemimandla yamandla aguqukayo, njenge intsimi ye-quintessence okanye i-quintessence, enokutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye ibe neempawu ezinjengolwelo.
Njengoko sinokubona, iimodeli zeethiyori ziyahlukahluka kwaye nganye yazo ibhekisela kwindlela eyahlukileyo kwimizamo yokuchaza uhlobo lwale ndlela engaqhelekanga yamandla kunye nendlela eziphatha ngayo kwindalo yonke. Kamva siza kuphonononga kwiimodeli zethiyori ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sizame ukucacisa ukuba yintoni amandla amnyama.
Amandla aMnyama kunye noMda oMnyama azifani
Kubalulekile ukuba ungadibanisi amandla amnyama kunye nezinto ezimnyama, zimbini iingcamango ezihluke kakhulu kwi-cosmology, kwaye nangona zombini zenza uninzi lwendalo yonke, zidlala indima eyahlukileyo.
- Into emnyama luhlobo oluthile lwento, yaye ke ngoko, ubuninzi obubambekayo, obuthi bube nempembelelo enamandla yomxhuzulane kumbandela obonakalayo wendalo iphela.
- Amandla amnyama, kwelinye icala, luhlobo olucingelwayo okanye lwethiyori yamandla. obukho bakhe buyintethelelo nje ephuma kwisiphumo esisebenzisayo ekwandeni okukhawulezileyo kwendalo yonke, okukhokelela kumandla angaqondakaliyo endalo engaziwayo. Amandla amnyama akakwazi ukuphathwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yamandla kwaye ngoko ke ingcamango enzima ngakumbi ukuyiqonda kunomcimbi omnyama.
Ukuqukumbela, i-dark matter luhlobo lwe-matter, ngelixa amandla amnyama adityaniswa nentsimi ehlala kuyo yonke indawo kwaye ininzi kakhulu kunento emnyama.
Afunyanwe njani amandla aMnyama?
Kwimigca embalwa elandelayo siza kuthatha ukhenketho olufutshane lwembali yethiyori yefiziksi ekhokelele ekufumaneni amandla amnyama. Siqala:
Einstein's Cosmological Constant
Ngokutsho kuka-Einstein ngokwakhe, i-cosmological constant "yayiyimpazamo yakhe enkulu." Nangona kunjalo, isayensi yakhiwe "ngokuqokelela kweempazamo" kwaye oko kuvumela inkqubela phambili yayo. Mhlawumbi loo “mpazamo” yayiluqikelelo kulwazi olunzulu lwendalo iphela.
UAlbert Einstein ucebise ngecosmological constant ukufumana isisombululo esizinzileyo kwi-equation yakhe yomhlaba womxhuzulane. kungakhokelela ekwalatheni kwendalo yonke ekwimeko yokuma.
Noko ke, oko kwaphawulwa nguEdwin Hubble kwabonisa ukuba indalo iphela iyanda., kwaye kwakukho apho u-Einstein wabhekisela kwi-cosmological constant "njengempazamo yakhe enkulu." Imbali yefiziksi yayikulo mzuzu kwisandulela sokufunyanwa kwesizathu sokwandiswa kwendalo yonke: amandla amnyama.
UkuKhawuleza koKwandiswa kweNdalo iphela
Ukufunyanwa kwe-supernovae ekude ngamaqela amabini ezazi ngeenkwenkwezi ngowe-1998 kwaphawula isiganeko esibalulekileyo kwimbali ye-cosmology, nto leyo eyakhokelela izazinzulu ukuba zenze "iqhekeza eliza kufanelana nephazili" elaliza kuchaza ukwanda okukhawulezileyo kwendalo iphela: amandla amnyama acetywayo njengesizathu saloo santya.
Iithiyori kunye neeModeli ezichazayo zaMandla aMnyama
I-Cosmological Constant kunye naMandla eVacuum
Enye yeethiyori ezamkelwe kakhulu ukuchaza amandla amnyama kukuba inxulumene namandla e-vacuum yexesha lendawo ngokwalo.
I-cosmological constant ye-Einstein inokutolikwa njengokubonakaliswa kwamandla e-vacuum., enefuthe elicekisayo ekwandeni kwendalo iphela. Ngoko ke, ngokwenkcazo-bungcali yonxulumano, amandla amnyama anokuphembelela “ilaphu lexesha lasesithubeni” elixhasa indalo iphela, liyijike lize libangele ukwanda kwayo.
I-Quintessence kunye ne-Scalar Fields
Enye ithiyori ibonisa ukuba amandla amnyama anokuba luhlobo oluthile "quintessence", luhlobo lwemiba enokuxinwa kwamandla kunokwahluka ngexesha kunye nendawo.
Le quintessence iya kunxulumana nemimandla ye-scalar, enegalelo layo kuxinzelelo lwamandla anokutshintsha kancinci ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukuqwalaselwa kweCosmological kubonisa ubukho baMandla aMnyama
Uhlobo lwe-Ia Supernovae
Ubungqina bokuqala obuthe ngqo bamandla amnyama bavela ekuqwalaseleni ukukhawuleza kwesantya sokwanda kwendalo yonke ngokufunda uhlobo lwe-Ia supernovae. Ezi nkwenkwezi ziqaqambileyo ezifayo izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ezivumelekileyo ukubala imigama ukuya kwiminyele ebambayo kunye jonga ukuba babeshenxa kangakanani na kuthi.
I-Cosmic Background Radiation
Obunye ubungqina bobukho bamandla amnyama bufunyenwe ngokujongwa kwe imvelaphi yemitha ye-cosmic, eyi-echo ye-thermal ye-Big Bang. Imilinganiselo echanileyo yokuguquguquka kobushushu kule mitha iye yavumela izazinzulu ukuba ziqikelele umlinganiselo wamandla amnyama kwindalo iphela ngokuchane okukhulu.
Iiprojekthi zangoku zoPhando lwaMandla aMnyama
UPhando lwaMandla aMnyama (DES)
UPhando lwaMandla aMnyama yiprojekthi yokujonga ngeenkwenkwezi efuna ukuqonda ngcono amandla amnyama ngokusebenzisa ukulinganisa ukusasazwa kweminyele nokwanda kwendalo iphela. Le projekthi isebenzisa iteleskopu kaVictor M. Blanco kwiCerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory eChile ukwenza imigqaliselo yayo.
UNancy Grace waseRoma iTelescope yaseMajukujukwini
I-Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, ecwangciselwe ukusungulwa kwishumi leminyaka elizayo, ijolise ekufundeni amandla amnyama kunye nokubonelela ngengqiqo enzulu ngobume bayo. Le telescope yasesithubeni yenzelwe ukwenza imilinganiselo ethe ngqo yokwanda kwendalo iphela kwixesha le-cosmic.
Ezinye iiNkcazelo ezizezinye zaMandla aMnyama
Uhlengahlengiso kwiThiyori Jikelele yokunxulumana
Enye indlela yokuchaza amandla amnyama kukuba ithiyori ka-Einstein yobudlelwane bobudlelwane ayisebenzi kwizikali zendalo kwaye kufuneka iguqulwe. Nangona kunjalo, kude kube ngoku, akukho nzame yokuguqula irelativity jikelele iye yakwazi ukuphelisa amandla amnyama ngaphandle kokwaphula eminye imigqaliselo.
Iimpembelelo zoMda oMnyama
Enye ingcaciso engenye inokuba kukuba amandla amnyama a isiphumo sesibini sokusebenzisana kwezinto ezimnyama kunye nomxhuzulane kunye namandla e-vacuum kwizikali zecosmic. Nangona le ngcamango inomdla, abukho ubungqina obucacileyo bokuxhasa le ngcamango.
Ikamva Lendalo Iphela
Indalo Ihlala Isanda
Ukuba kukho into enye esiqiniseke ngayo, kukuba indalo iphela iyanda ngesantya esikhulayo kwaye kungenxa ye "yintoni" izazinzulu ezibize amandla amnyama.
Ubukho bamandla amnyama, ngoko ke, kuthetha ukuba indalo iya kuqhubeka isanda kumaxesha azayo, kubonakala ngathi akukho nto inokumisa ukukhawuleza kwayo. Ngoko, kwixesha elizayo elikude, phantse yonke iminyele iya kunyamalala emehlweni ethu, isishiye sodwa kwindalo iphela engenanto nemnyama. Kuyasiphazamisa ukutsho, asazi ukuba uhlobo lomntu luya kusinda ukuze lubone.
ILishwa Elibandayo Nelimnyama?
Ukuba amandla amnyama aqhubeka elawula ukwanda kwendalo yonke, kunokwenzeka ukuba ekugqibeleni aya kufikelela kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba "ukufa kobushushu", apho zonke iinkwenkwezi ziya kuba zidliwe kwaye akuyi kuba namandla okwaneleyo ukudala izakhiwo ezintsha ze-cosmic. Kule meko, indalo iphela iya kubanda ibe mnyama ngakumbi.
Ekugqibeleni
Amandla amnyama yenye yeyona mfihlelo inkulu yecosmology yale mihla. Ukufunyaniswa kwayo kubangele ukuba izazinzulu zifune iingcamango ezintsha kunye neengcaciso zale ngxaki.
Nangona kungekaqondwa ngokupheleleyo, ukukhangela ukuqonda okungcono kwamandla amnyama kuyaqhubeka kube yinto ephambili kuphando lweenkwenkwezi. Ngeeprojekthi ezifana noPhando lwaMandla aMnyama kunye neNancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, Iingcali zenzululwazi zinethemba lokutyhila imfihlelo yamandla amnyama kwaye ekugqibeleni zibonakalise ubume bokwenyani bendalo yonke esiphila kuyo.
Ingaba ucinga ntoni? Ikamva kunye nokuziphatha kwendalo yonke kuyamangalisa, kwaye konke kubulela la Amandla Amnyama: Imfihlelo yoKwandiswa kweNdalo yonke.