I-Alchemy ichazwa njenge iseti yeethiyori kunye nezifundo zovavanyo malunga neziganeko zemichiza eziphuhliswe ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo nakwiXesha Eliphakathi. Ijolise ekufumaneni izinto eziyinxalenye yendalo iphela, ukutshintshwa kwesinyithi, i-elixir yobomi, njl.
ialchemy yenye ukuxuba phakathi kwenzululwazi, imimoya, ubugcisa, phakathi kwezinye iimfundiso ukuba, kude kube namhlanje, iyaqhubeka itsala abantu abaninzi. Apha siza kukuxelela ngakumbi malunga nentsingiselo ye-Alchemy, imvelaphi yayo, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezinomdla.
Yintoni iAlchemy?
I-Alchemy ngamava ezinto zekhemikhali ngaphambi kwendlela yesayensi, ngenjongo yokwazi ukuguqulwa kwezinto, kunye neentshukumisa ezithathwa njenge-esoteric okanye ezenkolo.
Igama elithi alchemy lithatyathwe kwigama lesiGrike -ikhma, okuthetha umxube okanye ukudityaniswa kolwelo, kunye nesimaphambili sesiArabhu kwi-. Eyona thiyori ixhaphakileyo malunga ne-etymology yegama yile.
Imvelaphi yealchemy
Itekhnoloji yamaJiphutha amandulo yadityaniswa nefilosofi yamaGrike amandulo e-Alexandria, apho kuthiwa i-alchemy ifikelele kwindawo ephezulu. I-Alchemy yayisisandulela kulwazi lweenkqubo zomzimba, iikhemikhali kunye neenkwenkwezi, kwaye yafikelela incopho yayo e-Alexandria. Lonke ulwazi olufunyenweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngelo xesha lwaluneenjongo zokomoya, njengealchemy yesinyithi. Kwi 1543, ithiyori ye-heliocentric ye UNicolaus Copernicus wabeka uMhlaba ngaphandle kombindi weNdalo.
Ingcali yamachiza uRobert Boyle yavelisa indlela yenzululwazi ngowe-1661, kwincwadi yakhe ethi The Sceptical Chemist. Ngelo xesha i-alchemy yaqala ukutshintshwa yindlela yesayensi, kwaye kungekhona enye indlela. Xa lonke uphando lwezenzululwazi lusebenzisa indlela yenzululwazi, ukuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi kuyanyamalala kwaye inzululwazi yemichiza isala. Ngokufanayo, i-astronomy izalwa ngokuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi.
Igama elithi alchemy lisetyenziswa namhlanje ukubhekisa kumava okwenyani anokuthi aquke amasuntswana omlingo, afana nealchemy yothando. I-Alchemy ngamava eziganeko zemichiza phambi kwendlela yesayensi, ngenjongo yokwazi ukuguqulwa kwezinto, kunye nezizathu ezithathwa njenge-esoteric okanye zenkolo.
Ziziphi iintlobo ze-alchemy?
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zabantu alchemical: ii-alchemists ezingaqondakaliyo okanye esoteric, amaqili kunye namagcisa okanye iialchemists zangaphandle. Okulandelayo siza kukuxelela kancinci malunga nenye.
igcisa alchemy
Ukuqala kwe-alchemy kunokulandelwa phantse ukuya kwi Ubudala bamatye. Ukususela kuphononongo lweesampulu ze-ceramic ezivela kwiindawo ze-archaeological, kuye kwagqitywa ukuba kukho ukuphuhliswa kwempawu, apho kukho ukubonakala kwangaphambili kwezixhobo ze-ceramic ezilula, kwaye kamva kwezinye izitrato zesayithi zifunyenwe. iisampuli ezinemibala ezicebisa ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezimbiwa ezithile.
Ukuqukumbela, kucingwa ukuba ababumbi Neolithic bafunda empirically ukuchonga ezo minerali eziye zabanceda imibala izinto ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ukusuka apha, kukho i-hypothesis yokuba kutheni malachite, enika umbala oluhlaza, kunye ne azurite, umbala ozuba. Ziyi-ores yokuqala yobhedu ephawula ukuqala kwe-metallurgy.
esoteric okanye mystical alchemy
Iingcaciso ezixhasa loo alchemy zivela kwiYiputa yamandulo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa kwisixeko samandulo saseMendes, indoda eyayizibiza I-Bowling Democritus, ikwabizwa ngokuba I-Democritus yobuxoki, malunga nonyaka wama-2000. C. wabhala Physyka hayi mystika (izinto eziphathekayo kunye nezinto ezingaqondakaliyo) apho asebenza khona ukwenziwa kwegolide, isilivere, amatye anqabileyo kunye nezinye izinto ezinomdla. Uphando olwenziweyo ngale ncwadi luqinisekisa ukuba iindlela zokupheka ezidwelisiweyo ziyafana namagcisa aseYiputa, amaPersi, amaBhabhiloni namaSiriya. Ngokunjalo, I-Boros Democritus yaphambuka kwi-alchemy ye-artisan ngendlela ephawulekayo, ukwazisa ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nokutolika okungaqondakaliyo, kugxininise ekuguquleni kwezinto eziphathekayo. Ngokwenza oko, kwamkelwa imbono esekelwe kwimfundiso yamaGrike yezinto ezine.
Kukhangelo lwemvelaphi ye-alchemy esoteric, kuyimfuneko ukubuyela umva ukuya eZosimus yasePanopolis (ngoku eyiAhmin, eYiputa), egqalwa njengenkokeli yeemfundiso zamaGnostic, xa malunga nonyaka wama-300 AD wabhala i-Encyclopedia. kuBugcisa beHermetic. I ubugcisa be-hermetic Ithiywe ngegama lothixo wamaGrike uHermes.
Igama layo livela "i-trimegistus", ibalasele kathathu, kumlingo, ubugcisa, nentanda-bulumko, ekuqaleni eyayisaziwa ngokuba I-Chemeia. Kamva, xa amaSilamsi anomdla kobu bugcisa ahlala eAlexandria, afaka isimaphambili -Kwi ukuyibiza ngegama, ngoko oku kuya kuba I-Alchemy, okanye iAlchemy ngeelwimi zaseNtshona. Njengesalathiso se-alchemy esoteric kukho amanani afana, umzekelo, uMary the Jewess, Agathodemon, kunye noCleopatra.
Abaqhathi
Yayingabalinganiswa ababezibanga bengoosokhemesti nabaphethe ilitye lesithandi sobulumko ngokufuthi basebenza kunye. Abanye abalawuli neenkosana baye baziwa ngokujika ilothe ibe yigolide ukuze bandise ubuncwane babo. Amasela ayekwazi ukudaya isinyithi ukuze abonakale njengegolide okanye isilivere.
Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu, ii-alchemists ezininzi zasebenza ukwenza uguqulo. Eyokuqala kwezi yayinokuba mnyama, kunye neyokugqibela, mhlawumbi cagliostro, awathi igama lakhe. Kwabakho ulwando olukhulu ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yaba maqili. Phakathi kwezi scammers kwakukho UMarco Bragadino, ogama lakhe laliyiyo UMarcus Antonius Magus Veranus Bragadiño.
Inyathelo elisingise kwisayensi
Njengokuqukumbela, sinokuthi I-Alchemy yayineenguqu ezininzi kwimbali, kwaye yayingumanduleli wento ngoku eyiNzululwazi, njengoko siyayazi.
Phakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu kunye neyeshumi elinesithandathu, kwakukho intshutshiso yealchemists kunye namaqili.. Enyanisweni, bagwetyelwa ukufa. Oku kungqamana nexesha lembali apho uParacelsus ekwincopho yakhe, exhaswa ziimbono eziqiqileyo kunye neempirical zecawa. UParacelsus wayekwintshukumo yeAlchemy exoteric, ngoko ke wenza uqeqesho awalubizayo latrochemistry, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zeekhemikhali ngeenjongo zonyango. Le yayiyinkqubela yokuqala kwisayensi yanamhlanje.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi lube luncedo kuwe ekufundeni ngakumbi malunga ne-alchemy.