Imingxuma emnyama mhlawumbi yeyona mfihlakalo inkulu kwindalo yonke eyaziwayo!
Kuze kube ngoku siyazi kancinci malunga nabo, kuba iteknoloji yethu ayikasivumeli ukuba sifunde iimpawu zabo nzulu, ngenxa yokuba zonke zikude kakhulu kwisixokelelwano sethu selanga.
Esinye isizathu sokuba kube nzima kangaka ukufunda i imingxuma emnyama kwindalo yonke, kukuba ezi azikhuphi ii-pulses zokukhanya njengeenkwenkwezi, ngokuchaseneyo, intsimi yazo enamandla yomxhuzulane iyakwazi ukufunxa nokukhanya okukufutshane, kodwa le yinto esiza kuyichaza kamva.
Nangona kunjalo, ukususela ngo-1970 kwaye ngenxa yeethiyori ezicetywayo ngu UStephen Hawkins malunga nemingxuma emnyama, siye sakwazi ukuqonda okuninzi malunga nabo, kubandakanya idatha enokubonakaliswa malunga nokumila kwabo, ukubunjwa, inkqubo yokwakheka kunye nobudlelwane babo ekuguqulweni kokuqhubeka kwexesha.
IiComets zinokuba nomdla njengemingxuma emnyama! Ungaphoswa linqaku lethu elipheleleyo iindawo zekhomethi
Kodwa yintoni esiyaziyo ngemingxuma emnyama?
Ukuba ukhe wayibona imuvi kaChristopher Nolan: I-Interstellar (2010) kwaye ushiywe ungaqondi nto konke konke, ke kungenxa yokuba awukayazi ngokwaneleyo imingxuma emnyama.
Ndiyakuxelela, ifilimu isekelwe kwingcamango ka-Einstein yobudlelwane obuqhelekileyo, obuchaza ukuba indalo yethu ayinayo imilinganiselo emi-3, kodwa i-4, kunye nexesha lesine kwi-plane yenyani.
Ngoko ke, imithetho ye-universal mechanics ichaphazela ixesha, njengokuba ibalulekile, kuquka ukukhanya.
Ngale ndlela, ixesha aliyi kuba yinto engaguqukiyo, kodwa imilinganiselo enokuthi ikhubazeke, yolulwe okanye idityaniswe njengebhanti elastiki, ngokwemithetho yefiziksi. umxhuzulane.
Unomdla wokufunda ngakumbi malunga nemingxuma emnyama esithubeni?
Emva koko ungayeki ukufunda eli nqaku kude kube sekupheleni, kuba sichaza yonke into oyifunayo malunga nesi sihloko esinomdla, ukwenzela ukuba kwixesha elizayo xa ubona i-Interstellar, ungaziva ulahlekile ngokoqobo kwindawo.
Yintoni imingxuma emnyama?
Imingxunya emnyama ayiyomingxuma ngokwenene, ubuyazi lonto?
Enyanisweni, ngokutsho kwethiyori Hawkins kunye noEllis Ukusukela ngo-1970, imingxuma emnyama kukholelwa ukuba i-spheroid ngobume ngenxa yomtsalane wobunzima bayo ukuya kumbindi wabo, ngenxa yesenzo somxhuzulane wabo. Kwenzeka into efanayo ngeenkwenkwezi, kodwa ngokomlinganiselo izigidi zamaxesha aphezulu.
Imingxuma emnyama yindawo esesithubeni, eyenziwe liqela lobunzima obuxinene ngokugqithisileyo, nevelisa amandla omxhuzulane anamandla kangangokuba akwazi ukwenza igophe ekuqhubekeni kwexesha lasesithubeni.
Intsimi yomxhuzulane yemingxuma emnyama yomelele kakhulu, ukuba akukho ntwana yenkqunto ekwaziyo ukuphuncuka kwi-deformation ukuba isondele kakhulu. Enyanisweni, umtsalane unamandla kangangokuba iyakwazi ukufunxa amasuntswana ephoton enza imitha yelanga.
Kulungile, zibizwa ngokuba yi-black holes kuba ziyakwazi ukuginya ukukhanya okuzungezile.
Ixinene kangakanani imingxuma emnyama?
Uphawu lomzimba olunika i imingxuma emnyama supermassive iipropathi zabo zomxhuzulane kunye ne-thermal, kukuxinana okugqithisileyo kwezinto ezikuzo kwindawo encinci yendawo.
Ngobungakanani bento eyenza eyethu inkwenkwezi ukuba ibe ngumngxuma omnyama, kuya kufuneka izisonge ngokwawo ngendlela egqithisileyo, icinezela onke amasuntswana awo ukusuka kubukhulu obuzizigidi eziyi-1.300 zeekhilomitha. kwisithuba esingekho ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezi-2 ububanzi.
Ngoko ke, ilanga bekuya kufuneka linciphise ubukhulu balo izihlandlo eziphantse zibe ngama-900.000 XNUMX, kodwa ngaphandle kokuchitha nayiphi na into eyenzayo.
Ithuba leXesha leSithuba
Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba umngxuma omnyama unakho ukucothisa ixesha?
Ngaba uyakhumbula IGargantua en oluphakathi?
Kwimuvi, isiphekepheke Ukunyamezela unyanzelekile ukuba amise ukuqokelela idatha kwimbono yobomi kwi iplanethi ye-miller, ejikeleza ngempazamo kufutshane kakhulu ku a supermassive black hole ebizwa ngokuba yiGargantua.
Ngenxa yoku, abasebenzi bajongana nengxaki ye-astrophysical: Ngenxa yokuba kufutshane neGargantua, ixesha lihamba kancinci kwiplanethi kunaseMhlabeni, ngoko ke uthumo lokukhangela, oluya kuthatha iiyure ezimbalwa emhlabeni, oko kuya kuthetha ezininzi. iminyaka.
Kodwa kunokwenzeka njani oku?
Ukuba kubonakala ngathi yinto engaqhelekanga kuwe, kungenxa yokuba siqhele ukuthathela ingqalelo ixesha njengento engaguquguqukiyo yendalo iphela, ngokusisiseko kuba asinaso nasiphi na isixhobo esinokuyikhubaza, njengoko sisenza nezinye iindiza zokwenyani.
Nangona kunjalo, ithiyori ye-General Relativity, ecetywa ngu-Albert Einstein ngo-1915, iphakamisa ukuba ixesha liyimilinganiselo yokwenyani eyodlula i-X kunye ne-Y (imilinganiselo yobubanzi nobude).
Ngoko ke, ukuba umzimba onobunzima wenza isenzo kwinqwelo-moya yenyani, iya kudala ukuguquguquka komlinganiselo we-Z (ubunzulu) obunokuguqula ezimbini zokuqala kwaye, ngoko ke, unokukwenza njalo emva kwexesha.
Masiyijonge ngolu hlobo:
Khawucinge ukuba usasaza isiqwenga selaphu, udala indawo ethe tyaba (imilinganiselo X kunye noY); kwaye kwilaphu uwisa ibhola. Isenzo sobunzima bebhola kwindwangu iya kudala i-concave engaphantsi kwendiza.
Esi siphumo yile nto kwi-astrophysics eyaziwa ngokuba Ukugoba kwexesha lesithuba.
Ngoku, ngenxa yemithetho yefiziksi, into enzima kakhulu ebekwe kwinqwelomoya, iphawulwe ngakumbi isenzo sayo kuyo, kwaye ngoko ke i-curvature iya kuba nzulu.
Yiloo nto kanye eyenzekayo nge imingxuma emnyama kunye nexesha eligoso.
Xa icinezelwe ukuya kumda, imingxunya emnyama iba zizinto ezixinene ngendlela emangalisayo-kwaye ke ngoko inzima-, ngoko ke isenzo abasenzayo kwiinqwelomoya ze-X kunye no-Y sigqithise ngokwenene.
Igophe elibangelwa yimingxuma emnyama yomelele kangangokuba ayivumeli into engena ukuba ibaleke, oku kubangela ukuba kubekho ixesha elilodwa lesithuba esilaziyo njenge. Isiganeko seHorizon.
Igophe elenziwa imingxuma emnyama "inzulu" kwaye umtsalane wabo wokutsaleka unamandla kangangokuba bafunxa kuyo yonke into esondela kubo, ke ngoko, ukuba kwi-warping vortex yendawo eveliswa IGargantua, iplanethi Miller wayejongene ne-warp ngexesha lakhe lokuqhubeka, ecothisa ngokungena kwi-Horizon ye-Gargantua's Event Horizon.
Enyanisweni, inani elichanekileyo lelokuba iyure nganye echithwayo Miller Yayilingana neminyaka eyi-7 yoMhlaba.
Njengenyaniso enomdla, i-1 km yamaza aphezulu agubungela wonke umphezulu we Miller, Ziya kuchazwa kwakhona njengempembelelo yamandla omxhuzulane owenziwe ngumngxuma omnyama kwiplanethi.
Yenzeka njani imingxunya emnyama?
Imingxuma emnyama kunokuthiwa yintsalela eshiywe ziinkwenkwezi emva kokuba zifile.
Kude kube kumashumi amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo, bekukholelwa ukuba imingxuma emnyama yenziwa ngexesha lokuqala kwendalo yonke kwaye le nto yayingazukuphinda.
Nangona kunjalo, isifundo Imbali yexesha: ukusuka kwiBig Bang ukuya kwimingxuma emnyama, idalwe ngentsebenziswano nguHawkings, Oppenheimer, kunye noRoger Penrose, yabonisa ukuba imingxuma emnyama idalwe kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba ukuwa komxhuzulane.
Ukuqonda ukuwa kwe-gravitational okunika indlela yokubunjwa kwemingxuma emnyama, kufuneka sibuyele emva kancinci, kwinkqubo yokufa kweenkwenkwezi.
nini ukuya kwenye Inkwenkwezi etyheli (njengelanga lethu) iphelisa oovimba bayo behydrogen, iqalisa ukutshisa amasuntswana e-helium kumphezulu wayo, kwinkqubo eqatha ngakumbi yokudityaniswa kwenyukliya. Njengoko le nkqubo iqhubeka, inkwenkwezi, esondela kwinqanaba lokugqibela lobomi, inokukhula ngokuphindwe kangangama-300 ubukhulu bayo ize itshintshe umbala wayo, ibe yimbalasane. Inkwenkwezi enkulu ebomvu.
Ngokusebenzisa onke amafutha kumphezulu wawo, iinkqubo zokudityaniswa kwenyukliya ziya kuyeka, kwaye ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokuchasana namandla omxhuzulane wawo, onke amasuntswana ayo aya kuqalisa ukutsaleleka kumbindi wawo, anciphise ubungakanani bawo kwakhona kwaye enze ntoni na. siyazi njenge Inkwenkwezi eNcinci emhlopheinkwenkwezi efileyo
Nangona kunjalo, ubuninzi bobunzima benkwenkwezi bunokubangela ukuba le nkqubo ithathwe ngokugqithiseleyo, icinezele i-White Dwarf ngaphaya kwemida yayo kwaye idale umzimba obunzima ngakumbi kwindawo encinci kakhulu.
Kufana nokuzama ukugoba ilanga lethu ngokwaneleyo ukuze ulibeke kwi-trunk yesithuthi sakho.
Eli nyathelo lokugqibela lenza intsimi yomxhuzulane ibe namandla kangangokuba iqalise ukuginya ukukhanya kwayo, okuphelela apho jika inkwenkwezi ibe ngumngxuma omnyama.
iintlobo zemingxuma emnyama
Kukho ezahlukeneyo iintlobo zemingxuma emnyama kwaye ezi zihlelwa ngokobukhulu bazo kunye nobungakanani bobunzima obukuquletheyo.
supermassive black hole
Imingxunya emnyama enkulu ngokungathandabuzekiyo yeyona inkulu kwaye inamandla. Ezi zisenokuqulatha izigidi eziliqela zobunzima belanga lethu kwisithuba esiphindwe kabini okanye esi-2 kuphela esikhulu, nto leyo ezenza zibe namandla kakhulu.
Kuqhelekile ukufumana imingxunya emnyama emikhulu kakhulu elawula amaziko eminyele emininzi emikhulu, ngakumbi iminyele eyielliptical. Umzekelo ocacileyo unokufumaneka ekhaya, ekubeni i-Milky Way ijikeleza Sagittarius A, umngxuma omnyama omkhulu kakhulu omalunga ne-120 AU.
Imingxuma emnyama ephakathi
Zilandelayo kwisikali ngokobunzima bazo. Azixinene kakhulu kunemingxuma emnyama egqwesileyo, kodwa zisachukumisa ngokwenene.
Imingxuma emnyama enobunzima obulinganayo phakathi kwe-100 kunye ne-1.000.000 yobunzima belanga ingena kolu lwahlulo.
i-stellar mass imingxuma emnyama
Ziqhelekile kwaye ukusuka kwiplanethi enguMhlaba sikwazile ukujonga imingxunya emininzi emnyama engena kolu luhlu.
Imingxuma emnyama ye-Stellar-mass iqulethe phakathi kwe-30 kunye ne-70 yobunzima belanga ngaphakathi kwayo. Ezi zivela ekuweni komxhuzulane weenkwenkwezi ezinkulu, ezaziwa kwi-astrophysics njenge I-Supernovae.
imingxuma encinci emnyama
Imingxunya emincinci emnyama luhlobo lwolu lwahlulo, nangona kunjalo, zihlala ziyi-hypothesis.
Ngokutsho kwe Ithiyori kaHawkins Malunga nemingxunya emnyama, le mingxunya mincinci imnyama iya kuqulatha ixabiso elimangalisayo lezinto kwindawo encinci kakhulu, ngoko ke umcimbi ongaphakathi kuwo unokulawulwa yimithetho yefiziksi yequantum.
Enye yemishini ye-hadron collider enkulu e-CERN kukudala izinto zokwenza umngxuma omnyama owenziweyo, apho iithiyori ezininzi malunga ne-quantum physics zinokuvavanywa okanye, ekugqibeleni, isuntswana linokwahlulwa. into emnyama.