ChiJudha ndicho chimwe chezvitendero zvekaresa munyika, chine mukurumbira wokuva anodavira Mwari mumwe chete, ndiko kuti, kunamata mwari mumwe chete. Kana zviri zve Zviratidzo zvechiJudaIwo muenzaniso wekuti tsika iyi yakafambira mberi sei mumakore apfuura kuratidza zvitendero zvayo netsika.
Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvechiJudha?
Tora inomiririra chinyorwa umo mazhinji ezviratidzo izvi zvakakosha mutsika anochengetwa. Ndicho chimwe chezvitendero zvine nhamba huru yevateveri, inosvika vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni gumi nemashanu. The Mayan zviratidzo, zvave zvichirevawo zvakawanda kuvanhu vokuMexico, vanotsigira tsika idzi dzinonetsa mupfungwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa. Tevere, rondedzero ine izvi zvinomisikidzwa zvokufananidzira zvechiJudha.
Nyeredzi yaDhavhidhi
Mukati mezviratidzo zvechiJudha, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ndeimwe yezvakakosha kune iyi tsika. Inoita kuti vanhu vose vava kuda kupinda muchitendero ichi vataure. Kubva kuMiddle Ages ndipo panotanga nhamba iyi kubatanidzwa nemaJuda, panguva yekushongedza nzvimbo dzese dzekuvaka kusimudzira kuzivikanwa kwavo.
Rinewo mamwe mazita anosvika pakumiririra iyi semufananidzo waDavid, Shield of David kana Magen David. Chero ipi zvayo yezvirevo zvitatu inofungidzirwa kureva chiratidzo chekare ichi. Nhoroondo yaro inotaura kuti chiverengero chakaramba chakanyorwa panhoo yaMambo Davidi, serimwe izwi resimba, ushingi uye ushingi hwevanhu vese.
Inoumbwa nekugadzirwa kwemakona matatu akaenzana anowanzobatana. Mhedzisiro yacho inoyevedza yemapoinzi matanhatu nyeredzi mubhuruu. Kazhinji iri pamureza nemuvara uyu pasi pemuchena chena, kuitira kuti chiratidzo chimire munzvimbo dzese dzachinogara. Gare gare, Islam nechiKristu pachayo zvakapa mbiri kune Nyeredzi yaDhavhidhi nokuda kwezvinangwa zvechitendero chete.
Dhavhidhi akanga ari mambo wokutanga uyo Mwari akaronga pasi pano kuti atarisire zvaaida. Hunhu hwake hwakaita kuti arwe nevamwe varwi vakaita saGoriyati munzvimbo yakafanana nehexagram. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi zvinonzwisisika kuti nyeredzi inoramba iri mukati mezviratidzo zvechiJudha nekukurudzira kukuru, nekuda kwekurwisana kwemambo uyu kuti azvidzivirire. Iri simba rinokomberedza nzvimbo yedenga nendege yepanyika.
Menorah
Kuonekwa kwechifananidzo ichi kunomiririra zviratidzo zvechiJudha zvenhoroondo huru kunzanga. Menorah i candelabra ine maoko manomwe aishanda semarambi emafuta ekuvhenekera mukati merima. Vamwe vaongorori vanoramba kuti chinhu ichi chaive muTembere yeJerusarema, kusvika chave chishandiso chekunamata, chine hutsvene hwepamusoro.
Kana menorah yabatidzwa, inozivisa nguva dzekutenda netariro. Zvakangokwana kuisa kenduru kukumbira kupera kwehondo kana kukwezva budiriro kurudzi. MaKristu anokoshesa zvikuru chinhu ichi, nekuti chine chekuita neshungu, rufu nekumuka kwaJesu Kristu.
Menorah zvinoreva kuti "mwenje" mumutauro wechiHebheru, nyangwe zvazvo riine mamwe mazwi anoreva kureva chiedza, kuchena uye tariro. Yokutanga yakanga yakavakwa nendarama yakaisvonaka, kuti igova mutemberi yeJerusarema. Mwari paakatanga kuzviratidza kwaari, akarayira kuvakwa kwechinhu chakaita sechigadziko chemwenje kuti chivheneke mumafuta. Mubhuku raEksodho (25, 31) mune mashoko anotevera:
«Ita chigadziko chemwenje chendarama yakapambadzirwa; Nheyo yacho, dzinde rayo nemikombe yayo, makarasi namaruva, zvichava chidimbu chimwe chete."
Tinogona kuisa mwenje uyu wezvivakwa zvinomwe muTabernakeri ipi neipi, ndiko kuti, mumatemberi emhando inotakurika kuti tiyeuke kuti Mwari akazviratidza pamberi paMosesi, aine chisungo chekuivaka. Zvamazvirokwazvo kune Tabernakeri yechiJudha inoreva zvakati kuzviitiko zvakaitika paGomo reSinai, neshongedzero pamicheka kana kuti maketeni.
Mubhaibheri hapana kutaurwa kwakananga kwemenorah huru, nekuti inoverenga mufananidzo weimwe gumi ine maruva motif uye mbishi yegoridhe repamba. Mambo Soromoni (mwanakomana waDhavhidhi) akarayira basa remharidzo dzinoverengeka kuti dzigovererwe munzvimbo yake tsvene. Aine marambi gumi, akaagovera munzvimbo yose, mishanu kuruboshwe uye mamwe mashanu kurudyi.
Hazvinyatsozivikanwi kuti Menorah yekutanga yakasiiwa kupi. Chitendero chechiJudha chinorondedzera kuti chakabiwa naTitus (kunyange zvazvo gare gare panikiro yakapinda kana rambi iroro rakanga riri chairoiro kana kuti simbi). Nekudaro, chigadziko chemwenje ichi chakazoonekwazve nguva pfupi yadarika yainzi yakabiwa kubva kumaVandals. Gare gare, vakachiendesa kuConstantinople.
Asi maoko manomwe anorevei? Mazuva manomwe akatora Mwari kusika zvinhu zvose sezvazvinozivikanwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, chiedza isimba romudzimu riya rine vanhu. Dzimwe dudziro dzinotsanangura kuti ruoko rwepakati runoenderana neMugovera, nekuti ndicho chiitiko chine mbiri icho chiKristu chese chinopemberera nemufaro: kumuka kwaJesu Kristu.
hanukiah
Zvinotaridzika zvakafanana nemenorah ine matavi manomwe, asi pachinzvimbo chenhamba iyi, wedzera maviri kuti aite huwandu hwepfumbamwe. Inozivikanwa seHanukkah Menorah, inoshandiswa kwemazuva masere, mhemberero dzehusiku husere. Kune akakosha zviratidzo zvechiJudha, asi Hanukkiah anochengetedza nhoroondo yekuzvarwa kweTemberi Yechipiri muJerusarema. Husiku hwega hwega pane kanduru kanobatidzwa kusvika zuva rinotevera rekurangarira Mutambo Wemwenje.
Kippah
Icho chivharo chinoyevedza chiri chikamu chembatya dzechiJudha, dzinoshandiswa kakawanda nevarume. Kushandiswa kwaro kwakasiyana-siyana, nekuti vamwe varume vanosarudza kuishandisa mazuva ese, nepo vamwe vachifarira kunyanya kurongeka nekuiswa kwaro neMugovera kana kuti vava kuda kupinda muSinagogi. Kana murume ari weboka iri asiri wechiJudha, anosungirwawo kuva neKippah kuti arege kuregeredza munharaunda iyi.
Kugadzirwa kweKippah hakuteveri imwe nzira, nekuti chivharo chinopfekwa nevagari vese vanoita chiJudha sechitendero chavo chekutanga. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwayo kunosungirwa mumamiriro ambotaurwa.
Chai
Chiratidzo chiri kutanga chemamwe maviri ari emaarufabheti echiHebheru akakurumbira (chet uye yod). Kana magirafu maviri auya pamwechete anopa chirevo chakasiyana pane chepakutanga. Chai inoreva "kurarama", "hupenyu" kana "hupenyu". Mutsika, chiratidzo chinoiswa pamenduru kukwezva rombo rakanaka kana kuchengetedzwa kubva kune zvakaipa zvese. Nezvinangwa zvekuverenga, inoenderana nenhamba 18 yezviitiko zve gematria. Inhamba yakanaka kwazvo, inoratidza kutendeseka uye kufara kwevaJudha.
hamsa
Inofanana neimwe amulet yerombo rakanaka muchimiro cheruoko. Kwakatangira kunobva kuMiddle East kana kuNorth Africa. MaMuslim akachengeta tsika yekuisa ruoko rwaFatima mumasuwo edzimba dzavo sechiratidzo chedziviriro, kuitira kuti masimba ehuipi arege kupinda mumba.
Izwi rinobva mumutauro wechiArab kureva nhamba yechishanu, nekuti iwo nhamba imwechete yeminwe iyo amulet inayo. Kushandiswa kwekutanga kweiyo medallion hombe kunobva kuMesopotamia yekare.
Dreidel
Iyo ine mativi mana kumusoro inoshandiswa kuMutambo Wemwenje kana Hanukkah. Kudivi rimwe nerimwe kune vara rearufabheti yechiHebheru, semuenzaniso Nun (נ), Gimel (ג), Hei (ה) uye Shin (ש). Izvi zviperengo hazvina kuisirwa netsaona, nekuti zvinoshanda sechirevo chekutaura mitemo yemutambo. Gare gare, nyanzvi dzakasvika kumhedziso yokuti kupfurikidza nokuumba mutsara naaya mashoko okutanga, vanoshandura ku“chishamiso chikuru chichangobva kuitika.”
Pakati pedzimwe dudziro dzinobvumirwa nezviratidzo zvechiJudha, iyi yepamusoro inogara matunhu mana akatapwa seBabironi, Persia, Seleucid neRoma.
mezuzah
Mupumburu wakakurumbira wekare-kare une mavhesi eTorah akachengetedzwa mubhokisi diki. Kunenge mumusha uri wose mune Mezuzah pamasuo, sorutivi rworuremekedzo rukuru ruripo nokuda kwemirau inowanwa muMagwaro Matsvene nokuda kwourwu rudzi rwetsika yechiJudha. Inowana kukosha kukuru kana iripo muzvikoro kana masinagogi, sechinhu chakakosha mune zvese zvivakwa zvinounza pamwechete imwe nhamba yevateveri.
Kuisa munhau, zvakakodzera kuratidza kuti ndima idzi dzakanyorwa muna Dheuteronomio, dzine mazita okuremekedza anopindura Shema Israel y Vehaya im shamoa. Haasi maMezuzah ose anoitirwa kuva munzvimbo imwe chete. Imba yega yega ine basa rekushandisa zviratidzo zvemaJuda, asi mune iyi yakakosha kesi zvakakosha kuti mazwi anyorwe nesimbi connoisseur yeTorah, nekuti anokwanisa kunzwisisa zvinorehwa nemavhesi, kusvika agadzirisa iyo yakakodzera kumba kana kuchikoro.
shofar
Parondedzero yose yezviratidzo zvechiJudha, shofar ndeimwe yeinoyeukwa zvikuru pamwe chete neNyeredzi yaDavidi yekupa chimiro chenyanga. Iko hakuna chimiro chakati kana saizi, nekuti zvinoreva zvakafanana kune ese kesi. Inowanzonzwika paMabiko eGore Idzva kana chimwe chiitiko chepamusoro chinopembererwa nevaJudha.
YHVH
Ndiro chidimbu chinopa nzira kuzwi rokuti Yahveh, mwari waIsraeri rinodaira kuzita rimwechete iri. Nenzira inofadza, mavhawero muarufabheti yechiHebheru haana ukoshi hwakafanana nehwaarufabheti yechiLatin, naizvozvo anogona kufuratirwa mukunyora. Kana munhu akacherechedza mavara ekutanga ane makonzonendi «YHVH» anoreva chiremera chaIsraeri ichi. Mwari uyu anozivikanwa mune dzimwe pfungwa se tetragrammaton. Kubva panguva ino zvichienda mberi, kuverenga kwose mukukudza Jehovha kwave kuchiitwa pasina mavhawero.
Chiedza chisingaperi
Inoita basa rakafanana nerekutanga rine matavi manomwe kana hanukia ine matavi mapfumbamwe, sezvo iri mwenje wechikamu chimwe chete unovhenekera munzvimbo tsvene yose. Inowanikwa mumasinagogi ose echiJudha sechiratidzo chesimba iro kenduru inofanira kuratidza zvose zvakaipoteredza, sekuzadza munhu wose aripo nesimba. Haigoni kushayikwa mutemberi ipi neipi yakavakwa kuti iremekedze zviitiko zveJerusarema.
MuMutambo Wezviedza kana kuti Hanukkah, ine chakavanzika chakavanzika somuuyo wokumukira kwavaMaccabees kuti vatorezve chigaro choumambo chokutanga chakavakwa muJerusarema. Nekuzadzisa chinangwa ichi, vakamutsa zvakare chiedza chekusingaperi semanyuko erutendo netariro. Zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvakamuka kuitira kuti mwenje urege kupedza nguva yakakodzera, nekuda kwekugamuchira kuramba kunoramba kupiwa mafuta ayo vaichengeta makenduru akabatidzwa kwenguva yakareba.
Mazuva masere akapfuura kusvikira huwandu hutsva hwemafuta hwasvika kuitira kuti chiedza chisingagumi chakaramba chichipfuta kwechinguva. Chishamiso chokuwana chinhu ichi kuti chiedza chirambe chiripo chiito chikuru chokutenda, chinoita kuti vaJudha vose vapemberere mutambo uyu nokubatanidza hanukia nemakenduru mapfumbamwe akabatidzwa neruvara rwakazara.
Nhinga dzaBhoazi naJakini
Zvivako zviviri izvi zvine nhoroondo huru sezvazvinoumba chikamu chetemberi huru dzakavakwa naMambo Soromoni. Ndiwo chivako chekuvaka chinopupurira kuvapo kweTembere yekutanga muJerusarema, nzvimbo yakavharirwa panogara Menorah, inotarisira kuvhenekera nemaoko ayo manomwe. Havana kubatanidzwa kwakananga mukutsigirwa kwenzvimbo, nokuti basa ravo rinonyanya kushongedza.
Koramu yaJakin yakanangidzirwa kuratidza rutivi rwechirume rwakanyanya pasirese senge simba risingachinjike, kujeka uye kufamba kwechinyakare. Zvichakadaro, Bhoazi anomiririra zvakapesana: nguva dzerima, zviitiko zvikuru zverima uye zvinhu zvine chekuita nekuva wega. Patinongoisa zvinhu zvese pamwechete, zvinopa chiyero chinonakidza, umo chinoenzanisa nharaunda mbiri kuti dziumbe denga.
zviratidzo zvenhamba
Gematria ibazi rakatanhamara rekunzwisisa zvakavanzwa kana zvakajeka zvinoreva kuti nhamba dzemaJuda dzine. Shoko rimwe nerimwe rinomiririrwa noukoshi chaihwo hwenhamba hwakakodzera kuyeukwa. Izvo zvakati, kukosha kwega kwega padivi pechirevo chayo chekutanga:
- Nhamba 3: Inofananidzira zvakananga rudo, kunyange zvazvo ichiyeuchidza kuonekwa kwekutanga kwemadzitateguru matatu: Isaka, Jakobho naAbrahama.
- Nhamba yechishanu: Inoreva zvakananga kune zvinyorwa zvishanu zviri muTorah, pamusoro pekurangarira medallion yeJamsa inoiswa pamasuo edzimba. Matabhenakeri ose anoumbwa nembiru shanu.
- Mufananidzo 6: Inguva yekupera kuratidza mazuva matanhatu ekutanga ekusikwa kwepasi rose.
- Nhamba 7: Iyi nhamba mune dzimwe tsika inobatsira kune avo vanotenda mune rombo rakanaka, kunze kwekumutsa mazuva ese ayo Mwari akatora kusika nyika yake. Ndiwo maoko manomwe eMenorah, chigadziko chemwenje chechiJudha chakakurumbira.
- Nhamba 8: Inomiririra zuva iro Mwari anoona naro zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa muzuva rakakura. Inguva yeMutambo weHanukkah nemakenduru masere akabatidzwa, masikati neusiku.
- Mufananidzo 9: Synonym yemimba uye kubereka. Nguva yenguva mukubata kwemunhu mutsva.
- Nhamba 10: Inonongedza kumirairo gumi yakagadzwa neChechi Tsvene.
- Nhamba 12: Ndiko kuzara kwemadzinza evaIsraeri akapa zvakaringana munhoroondo yepasirese.
- Mufananidzo 18: Kana iwe uchitenda mune rombo rakanaka, saka une kodzero yakakwana yekutenga menduru dzese dzine Chai seyekutanga nhamba. Kwete hazvo vaJudha vanotenda muhuwandu uhu, asi zvimwe zvitendero zvakaita sechiIslam kana chiKristu chinoda kuwana mavibes akanaka.