Makamba anodyei zvichienderana nerudzi rwawo?

Kamba dzinodyei?Kudya kwekamba dzemugungwa kunosiyana zvichienderana nemarudzi adzo uye mazera adzo, dzichikwanisa kuva omnivorous, herbivorous or carnivorous. Kuvepo kwezvipuka izvi kwakakanganiswa nekuredzerwa kwehove kwechikafu chazvo pamwe nekusvibiswa kumwe kwave kuita kuti makungwa azadzwe nemaplastic bag ayo anopedzisira amedza.

Dzinodya kamba

Kamba dzemugungwa dzinodyei?

Turtles dzegungwa kana kelonoids (Chelonoidea superfamily) inoumba boka rezvinokambaira zvakajairana nehupenyu mugungwa. Kuti izvi zviitike, sezvatichaona, vane gadziriro yezvimiro zvomuviri zvinovagonesa kushambira kwenguva refu zvikuru uye zvinobatsira nokuda kwokuvapo kwavo mumvura.

Izvo zvinodyiwa imwe neimwe yemhando dzeturtles dzegungwa zvinoenderana nekwavo, nematunhu epasi mavanogara uye kutama kwavo. Unoda kuziva zvakawanda here? Pazasi isu tichapindura mibvunzo yako yese pamusoro pekudyiswa kwekamba dzegungwa.

Hunhu hweSea Turtles

Tisati taziva zvinodyiwa nekamba dzemugungwa, tinofanira kudziziva zviri nani. Kuti izvi zviitike, tinofanira kunzwisisa kuti kelonoid superfamily inounza pamwe chete marudzi manomwe pasi rose, ane nhevedzano yehunhu hwakabatana:

Dzinodya kamba

  • Shell: Zvikara izvi zvine goko rebhonzo rinoumbwa nembabvu nechikamu chemusana. Inoumbwa nezvinhu zviviri: carapace (dorsal) uye plastron (ventral) inosangana nechemberi.
  • Zvipenga: Kusiyana nekamba dzomunyika, nguruve dzomugungwa dzine mapapiro panzvimbo yetsoka uye miviri yadzo yakagadziridzwa kuti irambe ichishambira kwemaawa akawanda.
  • Habitat: turtles dzegungwa dzinogoverwa, kunyanya, mumakungwa ekudziya-kupisa uye nyanza. Zvinenge zvisikwa zvemumvura zvakazara izvo hupenyu hunopedzerwa mumakungwa. Hadzi chete dzinomhara panyika kuti dzisunungure mazai adzo pamhenderekedzo yegungwa padzichachochonya.
  • Hupenyu hupenyu: nguva yehupenyu hwehutu hwegungwa inotanga nekuberekwa kwevana vachangoberekwa pamahombekombe uye kuiswa kwavo mugungwa. Kunze kweiyo flatback turtle (Natator depressus), diki turtles dzine pelagic nhanho inogara ichipfuura makore mashanu. Pazera iroro, vanosvika pakukura votanga kutama.
  • Migrations: nguruve dzegungwa dzinofambisa kufamba kwakakura pakati penzvimbo yekudyisa nenzvimbo yekukwira. Madzimai, nekuwedzera, anoenda kumahombekombe kwaakazvarirwa kunokandira mazai, kunyangwe aya achiwanzova pedyo nenzvimbo yekukwira.
  • Senses: Kufanana nemhuka zhinji dzemugungwa, kamba dzine pfungwa dzakashanduka-shanduka dzekunzwa. Pamusoro peizvi, maziso avo ane budiriro yakakura kupfuura yekamba dzemuvhu. Chakanyanya kuenzana kugona kwavo kwakasimba kuzvitungamira kuburikidza nekutama kwavo kwenguva refu.
  • Kutsunga pabonde: kudziya kwejecha ndiko kunonyatso tsanangura bonde remanyana kana achiri mukati mezai. Nenzira yekuti, kana tembiricha yakwira, kukura kwehadzi kunoitika, nepo tembiricha yakaderera ichifarira kukura kwevarume.
  • Zvinotyisa: turtles dzose dzegungwa, kunze kweflatback turtle (N. depressus), dziri pangozi munyika yose. Hawksbill sea turtle neKemp's ridley sea turtle zviri mungozi yekutsakatika. Kutyisidzirwa kuri kunyanya kurema pamhuka dzemugungwa idzi kusvibiswa kwemakungwa, kupinda kwevanhu mumahombekombe egungwa, kuredza netsaona uye kuparara kwenzvimbo dzavanogara nekuda kwekukweva ngarava.

Mhando dzeChikafu

Kamba hadzina mazino, asi shandisa micheto yakapinza yemuromo wadzo kucheka chikafu. Nekuda kweizvi, kudya kwemahombekombe egungwa kunobva pamiti yemugungwa uye invertebrates. Zvisinei, mhinduro yezvinodyiwa nekamba dzegungwa haisi nyore, nokuti havasi vose vanodya chinhu chimwe chete. Chokwadi, mapoka matatu ekamba dzegungwa anogona kusiyaniswa maererano nekudya kwavo:

  • Carnivores
  • herbivores
  • omnivores

Carnivorous Sea Turtles

Kazhinji, turtles idzi dzinodya marudzi ese ezvipembenene zvemugungwa zvakaita sezooplankton, sponges, jellyfish, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms uye polychaete annelids. Pazasi isu tinonyora makirasi e carnivorous sea turtles uye izvo kudya kwavo kunosanganisira:

  • Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea): ndiyo kamba hombe pasi rose uye musana wayo unogona kureba kusvika masendimita mazana maviri nemakumi maviri. Kudya kwavo kunobva pajellyfish yekirasi yeScyphozoa uye zooplankton.
  • Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii): Kamba yemugungwa iyi inogara pedyo nemahombekombe uye inodya marudzi ese ezvisina mutsipa. Pakupedzisira, inogonawo kudya mamwe algae.
  • Flat turtle (Natator depressus): inofananidzwa nesherufu yekondinendi yeAustralia uye, kunyangwe ivo vachingodya chete, vanogona zvakare kudya pazvikamu zvidiki zvealgae.

Herbivorous Sea Turtles

Herbivorous sea turtles dzine muromo une nyanga dzine masaha anodzibvumira kucheka zvirimwa zvadzichadya. Kunyanya, vanodya algae uye zvirimwa zvegungwa zvakaita seZoostera kana Posidonia. Imwe chete mhando yeherbivorous sea turtle inozivikanwa, iyo green turtle (Chelonia mydas).

Nekudaro, kunyangwe vachiri vadiki uye vadiki vanodyawo invertebrates, zvinoreva kuti i omnivores. Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana mukudya kwavo zvinogona kukonzerwa nepamusoro peprotein inodiwa mukukura kwavo.

Omnivorous Sea Turtles

Omnivorous yegungwa turtles inodya invertebrate mhuka, zvirimwa uye dzimwe hove dziri mugungwa. Sechikamu cheboka iri, mhando dzinotevera dzinogona kuverengerwa:

  • Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta): iyi yakasiyana-siyana yakaparadzirwa yakawanda inodya marudzi ese ezvipembenene, algae uye marine phanerogams uye inogona kutobvuta dzimwe hove.
  • Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidchelys olivacea): ikamba inowanikwa mumvura dzinopisa uye dzinopisa. Kudyisa kwayo kune mukana mukuru uye kunosiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo kwairi.
  • Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata): hawksbill turtles dzisina kukura dzinodya nyama. Zvisinei, vanhu vakuru vanobatanidza algae muzvokudya zvavo zvenguva dzose, saka vanogona kunzi omnivores.

Turtles Anodya Mabhegi ePlastiki futi, Sezvineiwo

Kukamba dzemugungwa, kukwanisa kupindura mubvunzo uyu kungava kuri nyore zvikuru. Jellyfish chikafu chinonaka uye chinovaka muviri chekamba idzi, dzine makwande anodzidzivirira kubva kune chepfu inoshandiswa nejellyfish. Asi chinhu chimwe chete chepurasitiki chinogona kuuraya kamba dzemugungwa nekuti havazive zvinorehwa nepurasitiki uye havana nzira yekuziva nayo.

Kamba dzemugungwa dzinowanzodyei? Mumakungwa epasi redu, marudzi manomwe ehove dzegungwa anowanikwa, imwe neimwe iine zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudya.

  • loggerhead: vana vavo vari omnivores, kureva kuti, vanodya zvose mhuka nezvirimwa, asi mukukura kwavo vanodya nyama, avo vanonyanya kuda magakanje nehozhwa.
  • girini: Kamba dzemugungwa dzakura dzinodya zvinomera uye dzinonyanya kushambira munzvimbo iri pedyo nematombo emakorari, dzichibvarura uswa uye algae. Vana vavo, zvisinei, vane omnivorous.
  • Carey: Muromo waro, wakafanana neweshiri, unobvumira hawksbill kusvika pakatsemuka mumakorari kuti isvike masiponji egungwa, izvo chaizvoizvo zviri kutsvakwa nemhuka idzi dzakaoma.
  • Lute: Leatherback sea turtles inowanzonzi gelatinivorous, zvichireva kuti inodya chete pane zvisingasviki zvakadai sejellyfish uye sea squirts.
  • Flat: Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinodya zvese, kusanganisira gungwa, shrimp uye crabs.
  • Lora: chikafu chega chiripo mumenu yeKemp's ridley nyama, zviri nani gakanje.
  • Olive Ridley: Iyi ndiyo imwe turtle yakawanda inodya jellyfish, magaka egungwa, hove, uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvirimwa nemhuka.

Kunyangwe madzitateguru ekutanga emarudzi manomwe aya aive epasi makore angangoita mamirioni mazana maviri nemakumi maviri apfuura, kamba dzemazuva ano dzakashanduka kuti dzivhime zvakabudirira pasi pemasaisai. Icho chaiva chokwadi kutozosvikira mapurasitiki aoneka.
 
Plastiki yakangogadzirwa pamwero mukuru kubva kuma1940, asi nguva pfupi yadarika yatakaona kuti yakakanganisa sei hutu dzegungwa. Tsvagiridzo inogumisa kuti 52% yekamba dzemugungwa dzakatenderedza pasi dzakamedza marara epurasitiki. Chikonzero chacho chiri nyore kwazvo: bhegi repurasitiki rinoyangarara mugungwa rinogona kufanana nehombe jellyfish, algae kana mamwe akasiyana anogara ari chikamu chekudya kwekamba dzegungwa.

Mhando dzose dzekamba dzegungwa dziri mungozi nepurasitiki. Zvinoenderana netsvagiridzo kubva kuYunivhesiti yeTokyo, zvese zviri zviviri loggerhead yegungwa turtle (inodya nyama muzvisikwa) uye yegirinhi yegungwa turtle (iyo inonyanya kudya pazvirimwa) dzanga dzichidya purasitiki mukunetsekana.

Muchokwadi, huturu dze loggerhead dzakadya epurasitiki 17% yenguva dzavanadzo, pamwe vachiikanganisa yejellyfish. Huwandu uhu hwakapfura kusvika 62% mugirinhi turtles, paine mukana wekutsvaga algae. Zvisinei, kudya mapurasitiki handicho chete chinhu chinoisa turtles panjodzi. Kupfurikidza nokubatwa mumambure okuredza akasiiwa, vanogona kufa nyore nyore, kunyura kana kuti kuvadzivisa kutiza zvikara zvavo.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wi9MMtYV_ns

Zvinosuruvarisa, kuunganidzwa kwepurasitiki pamahombekombe akakosha ekugara kunoita kuti zvive nyore kuti tuturu twecheche dzikamedzerwa mupurasitiki, zvichidzitadzisa kusvika kugungwa. Kune nguruve dzegungwa dzinomedza plastiki, mufananidzo wacho hauna kunaka: kune 22% yeavo vanochera chinhu chimwe chepurasitiki zvinogona kureva mutongo werufu.

Mapurasitiki akapinza anogona kubvarura nhengo dzavo dzemukati uye mabhegi anogona kukonzera kuvharika kwematumbo, kudzivirira turtles kubva pakudya, zvichiita kuti pave nenzara. Kunyange kana vakararama, kudya kwepurasitiki kunogona kukonzera turtles kuti ayangamire zvisina kujairika, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kukura kwavo uye kutungamirira kunonoka kubereka.

Turtles dzemugungwa dzinotarisana nekutyisidzirwa kwakawanda, asi tese tinokwanisa kuvabatsira nekudzikisa kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, kudzokorodza uye kusashandisa zvinhu zvinoraswa. Nenzira imwe cheteyo, hurumende dzinofanira kuita chiito kupedza denda rokusvibisa iri.

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