MuYellowstone National Park muUnited States of America unowana zvisingafungidzirwe nevakawanda, iyo Yellowstone gomo. Kuti kunyange zvazvo isina kuputika, ichiri mhenyu uye inomirira ngozi inoparadza. Ziva pano zvese nezve ichi chiitiko chemusikirwo chinoramba chiri kutyisidzira.
Yellowstone gomo
The Yellowstone Supervolcano, Yellowstone Volcano kana yellowstone caldera, ndiwo mazita anozivisa "Volcanic Caldera". Iyo iri mu "Yellowstone National Park", yenyika yakazvimirira yeUnited States of America. Izvo ndezvekuti paki iyi ine nzvimbo yayo mune imwe yenzvimbo makumi mashanu iyo pamwe neWashington DC, inoumba nyika, kunyanya Wyoming. Kwainowedzerawo nzvimbo yayo kune dzimwe nyika mbiri dzeIdaho neMontana.
A "Caldera" inoumba kuora mwoyo, kune hukuru hunoshamisa uye masvingo akareba. Kusikwa kwayo kunokonzerwa nekuputika kwemakomo ane simba guru kana kunyanyisa. Mupfungwa iyi, caldera iyi inosangana nekusikwa kwayo pamwe nekuputika kweLava Creek kwakaitika makore 640.000 apfuura, saka nguva yayo inoenderana neiyo geological izuva rino.
Chinyorwa chinoratidza kuti iri gomo guru reYellowstone Volcano, rinova gomo gurusa rinoputika muAmerica, harina kumira kushanda. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti fauna iyo nzvimbo ine, ine zvakawanda uye zvakasiyana-siyana. Kutenda kune chokwadi chekuti kwemakore 150 zvakarambidzwa kuita chero kuvhima kwemhuka. The Flora, iyo yakaipoteredza inoratidzirwa nekusiyana-siyana zvinoshamisa, kunyange zvazvo inonyanya kukosha ndeyepamusoro pe montane kana sango rinotonhora renyika.
Iyo Yellowstone Caldera ine zviyero zve55 ne 72 makiromita uye iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweNyika yeWyoming. Nekukwirira kwemamita 3.142 pamusoro pegungwa.
Nekune rumwe rutivi, iyi paki yakarongwa seNational Park yekutanga yenyika iyi huru, kunze kwekuve yekare kudarika pasi rose. Izvo zvatinazvo kuti kusikwa kwayo kunodzokera kuKurume 01, 1872 nenzira yemutemo weiye akashanda seMutungamiri, Ulysses S. Grant.
Yellowstone Volcano Timeline
El Yellowstone gomo Zvinoitika mushure mekutevedzana kwezviitiko zvinotevera, zvinorondedzerwa se super-kuputika, zvinoti:
2,1 miriyoni makore apfuura, kuputika kweHuckleberry Ridge kwakakonzera kusikwa kweHuckleberry Ridge Tuff uye Island Park Caldera. Inowanikwa muYellowstone National Park, ichikura kusvika kune inozivikanwa seIsland Park kumadokero kweIdaho. Yakaiswa seyakakura kurekodhwa kuputika kweYellowstone hotspot. Ne inofungidzirwa 2.500 cubic kilometers ejected ejected volcanic material.
Mamirioni 1,3 emakore apfuura, kuputika kweMesa Falls kwakagadzirwa, uko kusikwa kweMesa Falls Tuff uye Henry's Fork Caldera kwakaurayiwa. Inowanikwa muIdaho, kumadokero kwezvino yava Yellowstone National Park. Iyo inotangwa seyechipiri yakanyorwa kuputika muhukuru, chigadzirwa cheYellowstone inopisa nzvimbo. Inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika 280 cubic kilometres yezvinhu zvakabviswa zvegomo rinoputika.
Makore 640.000 apfuura, kuputika kweLava Creek kwakagadzirwa, uko kusikwa kweLava Creek Tuff neYellowstone Caldera kana inonziwo Yellowstone Volcano yakaurayiwa. Inowanikwa chikamu chayo muWyoming, kunyanya muYellowstone National Park uye yakasara muIdaho neMontana. Neanofungidzirwa 1.000 cubic kilometers ejected ejected volcanic material.
Hotspot
Kusvikira nhasi kusawirirana kunomuka uye kunomuka pamusoro peicho chinopisa nzvimbo ye Yellowstone gomo uye inobvepi. Kune rumwe rutivi, kune maonero enyanzvi dze geologist dzinosimbisa kuti nzvimbo inopisa inogadzirwa nekubatana. Izvo zvinotora nzvimbo pakati pezvipi zviri mamiriro enzvimbo ye lithosphere.
Inova chivharo chine matombo chinoumba goko rekunze rakasimba reNyika. Pamwe chete nekupararira kwekupisa kubva pajasi repamusoro. Kune rumwe rutivi, kune dzimwe nyanzvi dzinosimbisa kuti nzvimbo inopisa iyi inogadzirwa mumucheka wakadzika kana iyo inonziwo mantle plume.
Kutakura ipapo, kuti gakava iri kana nhaurirano inomuka mushure mekuratidzwa uye kuratidzwa kweiyo data mune chii chiri chigaro che geological.
kuputika kwegomo
Kana totaura nezvekuitika kwegomo rinoputika, gomba racho riri pamusoro chaipo penzvimbo inopisa. Tichifunga kuti nzvimbo inopisa iyi iri pazasi pebani yellowstone iripi. Kunyangwe kana ichiita senge ichifamba munzvimbo yakananga kumabvazuva-kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, haisi, inogadziriswa uye inoratidzirwa nekunyanya kukwiridzirwa munzvimbo yacho pachayo.
Zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti mukati memakore 18 miriyoni apfuura, iyi gakava inopisa nzvimbo yakakonzera. Kutevedzana kwekukasira uye nechisimba kuburitswa kwechinhu chakasimba, chemvura kana nyangwe gasi, pamwe nekufashukira kwebasaltic.
Ikoko iyo data yakapa kuti angangoita gumi nemaviri eaya akave ehukuru hunoshamisa, zvobva zvatorwa sepamusoro-kuputika. Nekuchimbidza kwacho kwakabva kwaita kuti kusvika zvino kwave kunzi bhoiler.
Yakavewo zvakare kuti maererano nehuwandu hwekuputika vanokwanisa kukonzera kuparadzwa kwakadaro, apo zvishoma zvinogona kumiririra kurasikirwa kwemakomo akafara. Zvisinei, muhuwandu hunovhara makore emamiriyoni e17 apfuura, Yellowstone inopisa nzvimbo yakakwanisa kugadzira nhamba inodarika kuputika kwe142.
Kune rimwe divi, iyo Yellowstone supervolcano inorekodha inotevera yakakosha data:
- 174.000 makore apfuura, kuputika kudiki kunotangira West Thumb Lake.
- 150.000 makore apfuura, kuputika kunochera West Thumb Lake.
- Makore 70.000 apfuura, ndiko kuyerera kwemabota kuchangopfuura.
- Makore 13.800 apfuura, kubuda kwegasi, uko kunokonzeresa gomba rine makiromita mashanu muhupamhi, pamhenderekedzo yeYellowstone Lake.
- Parizvino, kune zvisingaverengeki geothermal vents. Ipowo magma ane magasi anonyungudika nekuda kwekumanikidza kwawo.
Yellowstone Volcanic Hazard
Iyo data kubva kuzvidzidzo zvenguva dzose uye kutevera zvinopa humbowo hwekuti munguva iri pakati pe2004 ne2008, kufamba kwepamusoro kwe 7,6 centimita pagore kwakaonekwa, uko kunotyisa kana ichienzaniswa nezvinyorwa zvakabatwa kubva 1923. Nekuti ivo vanomiririra kuti iyo data rakapetwa katatu.
Kunze kweizvozvo, vese nyanzvi dzeNational Park Service, iyo Geological Survey yeUnited States of America. Iyo Yellowstone Volcano Observatory uye Yunivhesiti yeUtah. Vakapa mhinduro yezvidzidzo zvavo, apo vanobvumirana kuti hapana zvinyorwa zvinoshumwa kuti chero kuputika kunoparadza kunogona kuitika sezvakatozivikanwa.
Kuziva kuti zvidzidzo izvi idata iro, shure kwezvose, harina kurongeka sekuve rakazara. Nemamwe mashoko, zviitiko zvinogonawo kumuka zvisingatarisike chero nguva nekuti ndizvo zvazvinoita Zvisikwa zvakasikwa.
Nekune rumwe rutivi, tichifunga nezvekuongorora kwakaitwa neNational Geographic Society, mhedzisiro ndeyekuti kana chiitiko chikaitika chinokonzera kuputika muYellowstone. Izvi zvaizoitika mune chimwe chezvikanganiso zvitatu zviripo zvakafanana zvine kuchamhembe-kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero pakati peYellowstone National Park.
Imo mbiri dzaive nechitarisiko chadzo uye chiitiko nekuyerera kwakawanda kwemabota pakati pezvinomiririra makore 174.000 nemakore 70.000 apfuura. Ipo iyo yekupedzisira kana yechitatu inokonzera kudzokorora kukuru kwekufamba kwe telluric mumakore achangopfuura.
Ngozi yeHydrothermal Kuputika
Njodzi inogadzirwa zvachose kana muchikamu chinocherechedzwa neiyo hydrothermal movement, tichifunga kuti izvi hazvinei nechekuita nekuputika kwemakomo. Zvigaro zvakapa data kuti kuputika kwehydrothermal kwave kukonzeresa chizvarwa kana kuitika kwehuwandu hunodarika 20 craters.
Nekune rimwe divi, kuferefeta kwakazvimirira kwakapa zvinoshamisa data rinoratidza kuti mafambiro ekutaura anorekodhwa ari kure kure akave nemhedzisiro pa Yellowstone gomo.
Mupfungwa iyi, Jake Lowenstern, anoshanda seMusoro weYellowstone Volcano Observatory. Akasimudza, akakurudzira kana kukurudzira kuti kutarisa munzvimbo kunofanirwa kugadziridzwa uye kuwedzerwa. Nekuti United States Geological Survey inonyora Yellowstone Volcano senjodzi huru isingafanirwe kurerutswa.
Chiitiko chekudengenyeka kwenyika
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti chigadzirwa chekwakabva, mamiriro uye maitiro ekuputika kwemakomo, pamwe ne tectonics, yakajairika yenzvimbo kana nzvimbo. Iyo Yellowstone Volcano inotora, inogamuchira kana kurekodha avhareji ye1.000 kusvika 3.000 telluric mafambiro gore rega rega, iyo inosangana neiyo diki renji kuti igone kuyerwa.
Kuva nemamiriro ega uye anowanzodzokororwa, nhamba huru yezviitiko zve telluric inogona kubuda munguva pfupi. Imo nyanzvi dzinojekesa kuti izvi zvinogadzirwa semugumisiro wekutakurwa kwemukati kwemvura inoputika. Izvo zvinotora nzvimbo, kuburikidza nekutsemuka kusingaverengeki kunowanikwa mumatombo asina kudzika pamusoro pemagma.
Zvinoreva kuti simba rinenge riripo rinongoburitswa muchimiro chekufamba kwe telluric. Pane mimwe mienzaniso yavo inotevera:
- Mukati megore ra1985, munguva pfupi (mwedzi mishomanene), kufamba kwekudengenyeka kwenyika kunopfuura 3.000 XNUMX kwakarekodhwa.
- Munguva yemazuva manomwe, pakati pemwedzi waZvita wegore ra2008 nemwedzi waNdira wegore rinotevera, data rekufamba kwe500 seismic mafambiro akawanikwa.
- Pakati paJanuary 17 naFebruary 01, 2010, 1.620 telluric movements dzakanyorwa. Ikoko maererano nedata, yakatanga muna Ndira 17, mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika muHaiti uye yakapera pamberi pekudengenyeka kwenyika muChile, muna Kukadzi 01.
- Parizvino, muna Chivabvu 2020, rekodhi ye288 seismic mafambiro akatorwa.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kw4STJeeU2k
Seismic Mafungu kubva kuYellowstone Volcano
Maererano nemafungu e seismic e Yellowstone gomo, vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa network ye seismometers. Vakagara kumucheto kweYellowstone National Park, vaine chinangwa chekurekodha magma chamber mepu. Nekuti ine hunhu hwekuti masaisai ane kufamba kunonokera zvakanyanya kana apinda mukati me density patembiricha yepamusoro uye kuti zvakare yakanyungudika zvishoma.
Nenzira iyi, mukana uyu unoshandiswa uye kuyerwa kwezviri pazasi kunoitwa. Kubva pane iyo data inoshamisa yakawanikwa, ayo ari:
- Iyo magma cavern yakakura kana yakakura.
- Kudzika kwayo kunosiyana pakati pemakiromita maviri kusvika gumi nemashanu.
- Kureba kwayo kuri pedyo nemakiromita makumi mapfumbamwe kureba uye makiromita makumi matatu yakafara.
- Kureba kwayo kwakananga kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweYellowstone National Park kwakakura, zvichienzaniswa nedata rinowanikwa kubva kune zvimwe zvidzidzo.
- Inobatanidza musanganiswa wematombo akasimba uye akanyungudutswa.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chinoshamisa patsvagiridzo iyi uye mhedzisiro ndechekuti nesainzi kusvika nhasi hapana chidzidzo (mepu) chakaitwa. Izvi zvinopa mhedzisiro yakadaro, iyo inoonekwa seyakakura. Izvo, zvino nyanzvi munharaunda ine basa rakaoma uye rakaoma rekufungidzira kana kuyera izvo zvavanofunga kuti "hofori isingagadzike" inomiririra chaizvo vanhu.
Ko Kupisa Kwemukati kweGomo reGomo kunomiririrei??
Kupisa kwemukati kweYellowstone Volcano kunomiririra uye kunopa zvinotevera mhedzisiro, zvinoti:
- Chikonzero chikuru kana mavambo ekupisa kukuru kunogadzirwa muYellowstone hot spot, kunosvika pakureba 645 kusvika makiromita angangoita 2.900 pasi pePasi.
- Zvinogoneka kuti chikonzero kana mavambo ekupisa kukuru kunoenda kana kubuda kubva mukati maro.
- Kana zvakadaro, hapana mubvunzo kuti ndiyo inorumbidzwa kuti inotsigira dura richangobva kuwanikwa uye kuti rakarongwa muchikamu chepamusoro charo.
- Pamusoro pedhamu, pane magma chamber, ichitora kubva ipapo magma yainoda.
- Izvi ndizvo zvinotsigira kana kupa ese magiza, madhiri uye mamwe masosi ekukwezva ane Yellowstone National Park. Iyo iri pakati pemakiromita mashanu neanopfuura gumi nemana pasi penyika.
- Kuti uwane pfungwa yakaoma, chete magma chamber inobatanidza vhoriyamu yakaenzana, yakafanana kana yakafanana ne2,5 nguva Grand Canyon. Kuti iwo chaiwo data rakakura uye kuti anogona kusvibisa nekuparadza zvachose zvakatipoteredza zvinhu iyo inorasa nzvimbo kana nyika..
Ndeapi Maonero Evesainzi?
Masayendisiti kana vaongorori Yellowstone gomo zvinotevera zvinogumiswa:
- Izvo zvakavanzwa kubvira 2004 kuti zviitiko zvinokonzeresa kuputika kwakafanana zvinomuka.
- Mhedziso yaro huru inobva pakuti mari yakapfuura 3.000 telluric movements inonyorwa gore negore.
- Kana kuputika kunofungidzirwa kukaitika, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweUnited States of America kuchapera zvachose.
- Kuputika kwehukuru hwakadaro kwaizoparadza chose chose mukati mechikamu chemakiromita 160.
- Nekune dzimwe nyika, kuparadzwa nedongo zvaizouyawo, nekuti gore reutsi pamwe chete nemadota zvichaitarisira.
- Zvidzidzo izvi zvinopa nhamba ine njodzi yekuti nyika ingave nekuparadzwa kunosvika uye kunyange kudarika zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu, pasina kukwanisa kugaramo zvakare.
Chii chakatenderedza Yellowstone?
Iyo hofori isina kugadzikana Yellowstone Volcano, kunze kwekuve nehunhu hwekuve mupaki yakachengetedzwa, inewo zvimwe zvinokwezva. Uye ndezvekuti nekuda kwekuvapo kwayo, nhamba inoshamisa yemagiza inowanikwa muYellowstone National Park. Zvakare zvinokatyamadza uye zvinoshamisa zvitubu zvinopisa zvakatenderedza pasirese.
Kunze kweaya makuru anokwezva anoita kuti kusvika kwevashanyi nevashanyi kufamba kusinga peri, kune zvakare zvimwe zvakaita se:
- makomba ematope
- travertine terraces
- fumaroles, pakati pevamwe.
Tichifunga kuti zvese izvi zvinogoneka nekuda kweiyo hydrothermal zvivakwa uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinogoneka chete nekuda kwekugara kwegomo rinoputika. Chii chinoita Yellowstone gomo, pamwe chete nechimiro che geological kuumbwa kwepaki pachayo, iyo, sezvainozivikanwa, iri pakati pehukuru hwemakomo ane matombo.
Kunze kweavo vataurwa, kune zvakare mhuka inoshamisa, pakati payo iyo inotevera inoratidzwa:
- Mapere ebrown nematema
- bison
- Makondohwe
- Mapere
- moose
- Cougars
- moose
- Kukura kwakasiyana-siyana kwemhando dzeshiri, iyo iyo Bald Eagle inomira kunze, pakati pevamwe.
Zvinonakidza Chokwadi nezve Yellowstone Volcano
Zvinotevera ndezviya zvinorondedzerwa sechokwadi chinoda kuziva pamusoro pegomo guru iri, rine simba rekubvisa hope dzemugari mumwe wemuAmerica. Vari:
- El Yellowstone gomo Yakanga iri munzvimbo yakachengetedzwa kubvira 1872, iri munzvimbo iri kure kwazvo yepaki yenyika.
- Chikamu chakasimba cheYellowstone National Park, chinogara pamusoro pegomo rinoputika kureva kuti, kushamisika kwangu, rinoshanda zvizere.
- Iro zita raanocherechedzwa naro rinoverengerwa Rwizi rweYellowstone, iro rinoenderana nenzvimbo huru yeavo vanogadzira paki.
- Yayo "Great Prismatic Fountain" ndiyo inonyanya kukwezva, kune imwe yeanoshamisa surrealist kuratidzira inonzi inonzi. Kureva kuti, chitubu chinopisa chine dhayamita 367 tsoka, uko algae yaro ine hunhu hwekuburitsa mamwe mavara emavara. Nzvimbo iyi inoverengerwa seine ngozi zvakanyanya nekuda kwetembiricha inowanikwa, iyo inotenderera 188 ° F.
- Inofanirwa kukwezva vashanyi vayo nhamba inodarika nyore nyore 500 geyser ine chiitiko chinogara chiripo, icho chinoenderana nehuwandu hunodarika hafu yehuwandu hwakanyoreswa pasi rose.
- Paki inopa nguva dzose masikati neusiku zviitiko zvevashanyi vayo umo kushamisika kusingazoregi kuvapo.
- Zvisikwa zvayo zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvakakosha, zvichinyoresa avhareji yemarudzi makumi matanhatu nenomwe emhuka dzinoyamwisa uye 67 marudzi emhuka. Mhando dzeshiri.
- Pane huwandu hunodarika 700 grizzly bears.
- Gore negore inokwezva kushanya kwevanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni mana kubva kumativi ose enyika.