Vanafarao veEgipita vanonyanya kukosha vakasiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki pa nhoroondo yekare yeEgipitavachisiyawo vazhinji zvipupuriro zvakakosha izvo zvasvika pamazuva edu nekuda kwevaFarao veEgipita.
Huru vavaki de mapiramidhi, zvivakwa zvetemberi y necropolis, warriors y vakundi, vanafarao veEgipita vakaendawo kumakuva avo pfuma izvo zvatinogona kuona nhasi mune zvakawanda museums panguva yerwendo rusingadaviriki rwokuenda kuEgipita. Saka ngationei vafarao vanonyanya kukosha yenhoroondo ye Yekare Ijipiti, kushanyira chokwadi chakakosha izvo zvakaratidza chimwe nechimwe imba youmambo.
VanaFarao vaiva vanaani?
ari Reyes yeEgipita yekare, yakadanwa mafarao, vainzi a murevereri mutsvene pakati pavamwari navanhu. Zvavo masimba y basa remumba vakananga kudhorobha naizvozvo zvechokwadiles. Kutaura idi, vaifanira kutarisira chinhu chiri chose choupenyu hwezuva nezuva, nokudaro vachidzivisa kunyura budiriro munyonganyonga. Nokudaro, vanhu vakanga vakazvipira chose kwaari. Pese paitora mutongi mutsva, a nyika itsva kune vaIjipita vekare, ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei Ekare Egypt ichishaya kuverengwa kwenguva chaiko uye kuverenga zuva kwakaringana.
Etymology
The etymology ye Farao kubva ku Greek Greek Faraozvinorevei imba yakakwirirasaka Royal Palace. Munguva yeEgypt yekare, mutongi kubva kudzinza rechi22 akatora musoro we Par῾ōh. Chimwe chezvinyorwa zvinonyanya kufarirwa umo izwi rokuti pharaoh rinoonekwa ndiro Bhaibheri (Ekisodho 7,13, XNUMX), paishandiswawo izwi iri wakanaka, dhimoni kana mudzvinyiriri, achiitora kubva mushoko infernal. Izwi rekuti mutongi panguva yeEgypt yekare yakatanga kuve yakakurumbira pakati pemadzimambo kusvika XNUMXst dzinza, yakamboshandiswa kubva kudzinza rechiXNUMX, kuratidza chete Royal pekugara uyezve basa ramambo.
Zvimiro
Basa guru raFarao pamwero zvemweya kwaiva kuchengeta Maat zvakarurama, ndiko kuti, kurongeka kwepasi rose, kuparadza mhirizhongaakadanwa isefet. Nenzira iyi, yakaramba iripo kuwirirana pakati pavamwari navanhu. Izvi zvakaitika kunyanya zvichitevera tsika y Zvipiriso zvaipa kunamata. Mutongi weEgipita aive a broker pakati pehurongwa hwehumwari nehwevanhu, nokudaro vachipindura mabasa zvakare kuvanhu. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, mukuchinjana, akakumbira kubva kuvanhu a kuteerera kwakakwana. Kune vaEgipita vekare, Farao akanga ari anofa, asi mukati make akanga ane Ka, simba roumwari rechokwadi.
Iye Ka aiva kutapurirana kubva kuna Farao kuenda kumutsivi wake, nokudaro achigadzira a ngetani dzesimba raMwari uye imwe ye kutengeserana kwemambo kwekare pasi rose. Mushure mekufa kwaFarao, kurongeka kwechadenga kwakavhiringidzwa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, tsika dzakawanda uye zvitunha zvaidiwa. Nenzira iyi, mutongi aigona kurarama nekusingaperi mukati umambo hwevakafa, achibvumira kugadzwa kwomutsivi wake. The korona mbiri vaipfekawo vakamiririrwa simba pamusoro peKumusoro neKuzasi Egypt, zvichingoerekana zvachinja mambo kuva mwari uye kudzorera kurongeka kumatenga. Pamusoro pemabasa ake emweya, farao akapihwawo basa rekurwisa vavengi nekurongamauto ehondo.
Dynasties uye vaFarao veEgypt yekare
Uyezve, vanafarao veEgipita vakakamurwa kuva Dynastic nguva, izvo zviripo 30 mushonga kubva muna 3100 B.C. C. kusvika 332 a. c. El serekh, yakashandiswa mushure menguva yepredynastic (3170 BC), yaive iyo hieroglyph uyo aimiririra mwari Horus muchimiro chefalcon, chiratidzo chekorona nehumambo.
Pazasi iwe unowana pfupiso tafura yezvakasiyana Faroonic dynasties, izvo zvatichaona zvakadzama gare gare, pamwe chete ne mabasa yakagadzirwa nevanonyanya kukosha mafaro.
| Nguva | Dzinza | Era | mafarao chikuru |
|---|---|---|---|
| predynastic period | dzinza 0 | 4000-3200 BC | kuwanikwa kwamambo |
| kutanga dynastic nguva | XNUMXst-XNUMXnd dzinza | 3150 - 2700 BC | meness |
| umambo hwekare | III-IV | 2700 - 2160 BC | Djoser, Cheops, Chephren, Menkaure |
| nguva yekutanga yepakati | VII-X | 2160 - 2055 BC | Netjerkara, Menkara, Sneferka Aanu |
| umambo hwepakati | XI-XII | 2055 - 1790 BC | Sesostri I |
| nguva yechipiri | XIII-XVII | 1790 - 1540 BC | Sekhaenra, Meruserra, Sekhemra Heruermaa |
| humambo hutsva | XVIII-XX | 1540 - 1080 BC | Tutankhamen, Amenhotep IV, Seti I, Ramses I naRamses II |
| yechitatu nguva yepakati | XXI-XXV | 1080 - 672 BC | Aakheperra, Bakenrenef |
| nguva yekupedzisira | XXVI-XXXI | 672 - 343 BC | Neferite I, Nectanebo I |
| Ptolemaic nguva | Ptolemaic Dynasty | 332 - 30 BC | Ptolemy I, Cleopatra VII |
| nguva yeRoma | madzimambo | 30 a.m C. - IV remakore AD. c. | Octavian Augustus |
predynastic period
nhoroondo nguva kubva 4000 al 3200 BC, zvipupuriro zvatinazvo kubva panguva ino mishandirapamwe yakawanda yekugara kwenzvimbo mu Arabia desert uye mu Sinai peninsula. Zvimwe zvinofurira uye zvakawanikwa zvinobva munzvimbo kubva kuSyria, Anatolian y Mesopotamia. Pamusoro pezvo, pakanga painewo akawanda ekuonana nemakungwa neiyo aegean Islands, kunyanya munharaunda yeMediterranean. Mamwe ma necropolises akawanikwa kubva panguva ino pedyo naqada, nekuvigwa kwekare, senge varimi necropolis, ine makuva anopfuura 144, umo mitumbi yakacheneswa nenzira yomuzvarirwo yakawanikwa yakaiswa panzvimbo yefetus.
Tinogonawo kuona chimwe cheizvi mhamha nhasi mu Turin Egypt Museum. Farao mukuru wedzinza, akadanwa cero, yaive iyo Scorpion Mambo, izvo zvimwe zvinomiririra zvakawanikwa mune zvimwe zvakawanikwa zvakatangira panguva ino.
Iwo makuru eEgypt pharaohs e pre-dynastic period nemabasa avo.
El Scorpion Mamboanozivikanwa se horus chinyavada, akatonga Egipita yepamusoro panguva Dynasty 0. Muteveri we cult of horus, guva rake rakawanikwa mu nekhen necropolis, yakanzi HK6. Chinhu chikuru chinowanikwa kwaari ndeche hedj mace, pamusoro payo pane mufananidzo wake une glyph yescorpion.
kutanga dynastic nguva
Munguva yeKutanga Dynastic Period, maviri ekutanga pharaonic dynasties anozivikanwa nezita rekuti. tint, kubva kuThinis, guta ravanobva. Kubva panguva yakapfuura yapfuura prehistoric nguva, nedzinza rezeroth, takaona kuuya kwenyika mbiri idzi, Kumusoro neKuzasi Egypt. Akanga ari mutongi wokutanga weguta XNUMXst Dynasty, Menes, uyo akabatanidza nyika mbiri, sezvakanzwisiswa kuvonga Narmer Tablet artifact. hieroglyphic kunyora yakatangawo kukura panguva iyi, pamwe chete ne measuring system.
Vanafarao veEgipita venguva yePredynastic nemabasa avo
The main pharaoh of the predynastic period kana dzekare aiva Menes ane mukurumbira XNUMXst dzinza, inonzi futi Kutumidza mazita. Ndiye akabatanidza Lower and Upper Egypt pasi korona imwe yakapoteredza gore 3000 BC Iye zvakare, maererano nevanyori venhoroondo, akatanga kunamata mwari Apis. Mambokadzi wake wehumambo aive Neihotep, muchinda weEgipita wezasi.
umambo hwekare
The Old Empire, 2700 kusvika 2160 B.C. c. rinofukidza dzinza 3 kusvika ku4 vaFarao veIjipiti. Munguva yeIchitatu Dynasty mavakirwo makuru akange achiri asina kusimba uye achiparara, isu takatanga kuona budiriro padanho reiyo. makuva. pashure makuva epasi pevhu, se mastabas, kubva panguva yekare, takatanga kuona zvivako zvepiramidhi zvekutanga. Imwe yemuenzaniso wekutanga ndeye Nhanho piramidhi yeSaqqara Necropolis, akarayira kuti ivakwe naFarao djoser wechitatu dzinza. Mukati moumambo hwechina, zvisinei, tinotanga kuona rumwe rudzi rwa mapiramidhi muEgipita, kufanana ne snefru, muMeidum. Sneferu ndiye wekutanga Farao wekare weEjipita dzinza rechina.
Zvakare panguva yedzinza iri, tinoona zvakare maPiramidhi eDahshur, akadai seRed Pyramid, yechitatu pakukura pakureba, mushure meCheops naKephren ane hurefu hwemamita zana nemana. Zvisinei, zviri mukati Giza Necropolis kwatinowana zviratidzo zvikuru zveChina Dynasty, pamwe chete nemafarao eEgypt yekare, iyo yakasara kusvikira nhasi: Piramidhi ye Cheops, Chephren y Mycerinus.
Vanozivikanwa vaFarao veIjipita uye Mabasa Akakosha muHumambo hwekare
Iyo Necropolis yeIII Dynasty panguva yeHumambo hwekare yaive Saqqara Necropolis, anenge 40 km kubva kuguta razvino El. Cairo. Chivakwa chinonyanya kukosha iPiramidhi yeDjoser, kana Zoser, pedyo neMemphis yekare. Iro zita rinobva kune yekare chitendero mwari Sokar. Nhasi pano hatigone kuona kwete chete nhanho yakakurumbira piramidhi ye3100rd Dynasty pharaoh Djoser, asi kunewo mamwe mavigwa ehumambo kubva ku2686nd kusvika kuXNUMXnd Dynasty, ndiko kuti, kubva munenge muna XNUMX kusvika XNUMX BC.
Kuvambira mumutsara wechina, zvisinei, necropolis huru yakatamisirwa kubani reGiza. Farao wekutanga kuvaka piramidhi yake pano yaive Cheops, achigadzira izvo zvino yava imwe ye Zvishamiso zvinomwe zveNyika iyo yasvika kwatiri yakasimba. Gare gare, mwanakomana wake Chephren nemuzukuru wake Menkaure vakatevera, pamwe chete nevakuru vakavaka kuvigwa kwavo uye mapiramidhi madiki pano. MuChephren funerary complex, tinogona kuona Great Sphinx yeGiza, rakavakwawo naye. Kune rimwe divi, pedyo nePiramidhi yeCheops mariro ake Solar Boat akawanikwa, pakati peakakosha mabhoti emariro munyika maererano nehukuru uye mamiriro ekuchengetedza, parizvino akatamiswa kubva kuBoat museum yake. Solar al Chanchikwan.
nguva yekutanga yepakati
Mushure mekutonga kwe Pepi II, pakati pe XNUMXth uye XNUMXth Dynasties muYekutanga Yepakati Period, iyo system inotangwa feudal, pamwe chete nehurongwa hwehurumende dzenzvimbo duku. Uyezve, munhoroondo yevafarao veEgypt, Humambo hwekare hunopera neXNUMXth Dynasty, kunyange isu tisina zuva chairo rekutanga kweYekutanga Yepakati Period. Kunyangwe rondedzero yevafarao vekuIjipita kubva kuVII kusvika kuVIII Dynasty ndeye kusava nechokwadi, izvo zvine chokwadi nazvo kakaura, ane guva riri mukati Saqqara. Simba panguva dzemadzinza aya rakanga rakazara muguta re Memphis (Upper Egypt).
Kusavimbika kumwe chete kuri murondedzero yevanafarao vekuIjipita kunoshanda kune vatongi veDzimba rechi9 kusvika gumi, apo chigaro chesimba chaive Henet-Nesut. Munguva yeX Dynasty, the kunamata ku Ra en heracleopolis, kutanga kurwisana neguta reThebes.
Vakuru veEgipita vafarao veNguva Yepakati uye vanoshanda
Pakati pevashoma vanafarao vatinoteedzerera panguva yepakati Period, tinowana kakaura, wedzinza reVIII. Nehurombo, hapana zvigadzirwa kana chero chinhu chine chekuita nazvo chakawanikwa kusvika nhasi. Kubva kuIX dzinza tinowana kuna Kheti, asi zvakadaro mune iyi nyaya ine mashoma mashoma akavimbika enhoroondo zvinyorwa, asingazivi zvakawanda nezvevatongi vedzinza iri.
umambo hwepakati
Iwo mapharaonic dynasties eEgypt panguva yeMiddle Kingdom anoenda kubva kudzinza rechiXNUMX kusvika kune rechiXNUMX, kubva ku 2055 kusvika 1790 BC uye inoratidzirwa ne kupatsanurwa kwemasimba nekuda kwedambudziko reHumambo hwekare. Hunhu hwenguva iyi yenhoroondo ihondo dze Tebas, chaicho Luxor, izvo zvakakonzera kutsiva kubva kuguta se guta yeumambo hweIjipiti, ichitsiva Memfisi. Humbowo hukuru hwemazita evafarao veEgypt yekare panguva idzi dynasties hwakadzika kwatiri nekuda kwezvinyorwa zviripo pa Karnak temberi yakaoma.
Main mafarao eEgypt eMiddle Kingdom uye anoshanda
Pakati pemafarao makuru enguva ino tinowana mudzinza reXI kuMentuhotep II. probable muvambi we umambo hwepakati, akabatanidzazve Lower and Upper Egypt. Panguva yokutonga kwake, akaderedza simba remagavhuna ega ega ematunhu ndokutanga kushandisa zvicherwa zvematombo pedyo aswan zvekuvaka nekutengesa. Vakadzi vake vehumambo vaive Izvo zvine nehanzvadzi yake Neferu. Nzvimbo yake yekuvigwa irimo Deir el Bahari, mune imwe amphitheatre yedombo. Munguva ye XNUMXth dzinza, mushure Senusret II, Senusret III akava Faro, ane simba zvikuru padzinza iri.
nguva yechipiri
Iri pakati peMiddle and New Kingdoms, Yechipiri Yepakati Period inosanganisira dynasties 13 a 17 vavaFaro veIjipiti. The 1790th Dynasty inoshaya mitsara chaiyo yedzinza, zvichikonzerwa nekupfupika kwekutonga kubva muna 1630 BC kusvika XNUMX BC. Vanafarao vekupedzisira vedzinza iri vaitonga chete. Tebas. Munguva ye XNUMXth dzinza, maererano nezvakanyorwa naManetho, paiva 76 vafarao, anozivikanwa sa Great Hyksos, uyo akatonga Ijipiti yose. The hyksos, kana kuti vatungamiri venyika yokumwe, vakanga vari vatongi vevagari vechiSemite vakauya kuLower Egypt nokuyambuka Sinai Peninsula kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore.XNUMXth Dynasty.
Durante muna 1720 BC vakakwanisa kukunda dynastic pharaohs veEjipitori vedzinza rechigumi nemana, vachisvika kunenge 1660 BC kuti vatore iro raive guta guru. Memphis. Nechiitiko ichi dzinza rechigumi neshanu rakatanga, nepo vanafarao vaive nesimba shoma muMiddle and Lower Egypt.
Mafarao makuru eEgipita nemabasa avo
La XNUMXth dzinza vaiva navanafarao vatanhatu uye avo vatine zvinyorwa zvavo vose vane mazita avo Aphophis. Yechipiri Yepakati Period inopera muna 1530 BC, apo Farao wekutanga weGumi nesere Dynasty akabatanidza Egypt, achikunda Nile Delta uye nekudaro kutanga Humambo Hutsva. Kushaikwa kwezviyeuchidzo uye zvigadzirwa panguva ino yenhoroondo kwakakonzerwa nedanidziro dzevaFarao veIjipita panguva yeHumambo Hutsva, izvo zvakaparadza zvisaririra zvezvinonyadzisa zvekare zvemadynasties aya.
humambo hutsva
Humambo Hutsva, hwakatangira kubva 1540 kusvika 1080 B.C. c., inosanganisira madzimambo 18 a 20 uye mamwe evakakurumbira Ekare vafarao veEgipita venguva dzose. Iyi nguva yenhoroondo yakakosha zvekuti vanyori venhoroondo vanotaura nezve a Imperio, haasisiri woUmambo. Muchokwadi, pano tinoona pakakwirira pakakwirira nezve pesvedzero yeEgypt, mavakirwo ayo nehunyanzvi hwayo. Panguva iyi, zvakare, mwari-mambo Farao akava mambo mukuru. Amenhotep IV Akaedza kugadzirisa chitendero akakundikana. Kubatana kweEgypt panguva iyi kwakagoneswa ne Seti I, Ramses II uye III, nekuda kwehondo dzake dzehondo mu Asia uye kakawanda kupikisa Maguta e Mar. Munguva ye XNUMXth dzinza, ndatenda Thutmosis III Egypt yakasvika pakukura kwayo kukuru, kubva pakona yechina yeNairi kusvika kuNubia.
Kunamata kukuru kwaiva kuya Amoni, yakanangana ne karnak temple muThebes, ichiva musimboti wesimba rechitendero asiwo rezvematongerwo enyika ravanafarao vekuIjipiti. The XNUMXth dzinza inogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri, zvinoratidzwa naFarao Ramses II vakakwira Merenptah. Muchikamu chechipiri, simba rehumambo rakaparadzwa nekukakavadzana kwakawanda kwemukati. Kutaura zvazviri, the XNUMXth dzinza yakaguma nekusagadzikana zvachose uye kusavapo kwesimba repakati. Iye humambo hutsva kupedza ne XNUMXth dzinza, inoratidzirwa ne kumukira nekuda kwekutama kwePeoples of the Sea, kunyange zvakadaro Ramses IIIakakwanisa kuvakanganisa kakawanda.
VanaFarao veIjipita yekare panguva yeHumambo Hutsva uye mabasa makuru
Dynasties yevafarao veEgypt munguva ino vakasarudza Mupata waMambo senecropolis yavo, nepo vahosi vehumambo vakavigwa muMupata wakatarisana weQueens. Makuva epano ndeekubva 1539 kusvika 1075 B.C. c. Iyo saiti yakasarudzirwa nzvimbo yayo yakavanzika kupfuura munhukuvaka makuva pakadzika panzvimbo pokusimudzwa, kuvadzivirira pavapambi. Kubva 1979, saiti ino Unesco World Heritage Saiti. Pakati pekuvigwa kwakakurumbira kwatinogona kuwana pano tinoona guva raTutankhamun ( KV62 ), yakawanikwa muna 1922 nababa veEgyptology Howard Carter. Guva raRamses II (KV7 ) akavakawo temberi ramesseum setemberi yake yokuviga. Ramses II zvakare akavaka Abu Simbel temberi yakaomafuti QV66 kumukadzi wako Nefertari in the Mupata weQueens.
MuMupata waMadzimambo tinowanawo Guva re Ramses III ( KV11 ), aiva muvaki wetemberi Medinet Habu temberi, Ramesses IV ( KV2 ), Merenptah ( KV8 ), Seti ini ( KV17 ) uye Ramesses VI yedzinza rechiXNUMX ( KV9 ) Uyezve, vanaFarao veIjipiti XNUMXth dzinza Vakatangawo kuvaka Luxor Tembere ane akawanda artifacts anowanikwa nhasi munzvimbo dziri pedyo luxor museum. Mukuwedzera, pakati pemafarao makuru eHumambo Hutsva, tinowana mwanasikana we Thutmose I, Mambokadzi-Farao hatshepsut of the XNUMXth Dynasty uye imwe ye vatongi vane simba zvikuru veEgipita yekare. Pamusoro pekutanga kuvakwa kwe karnak temple, akavakawo guru rake Deir el-Bahari motuary temberi.
yechitatu nguva yepakati
Iyi nguva yenhoroondo inoenderera mberi kubva muna 1080 kusvika muna 672 B.C. c. uye zvinosanganisira vanafarao vekuIjipiti kubva kuXXI kusvika kune XXV dzinza. Mushure mekufa kwaRamesses XI, smans I akava mutongi uye akasimbisa nzvimbo yesimba mukati Tanniskuchamhembe kwenyika. Kurutivi rwezasi, kunyange zvakadaro, kwaitonga nyika vapristi vokutanga ve Amoni, muThebes, kunyange zvazvo vachiziva simba raFarao. Machinda eRibhiya akatonga rwizi rwaNire uye marudzi eberber vakava nesimba. Mariri XNUMXth century BC c., Egypt yakaedza kurwisa kuNear East, asi yakakundikana. The imba youmambo bubastiteakatsiviwa mushure mekukundwa muhondo Humambo hweAsiria, nepo maNubians akava kutyisidzira kumaodzanyemba kweEgypt.
mambo weNubian Pianki akapinda muEgipita nechisimba muna 727 B.C. C., akatora Thebes uye nokudaro akatanga dzinza 25 ravanafarao veEgipita, vachibatanidzazve Egipita yeKuzasi neKumusoro, kudzosa wedzero kudzokera kuiyo yenhambo yoUmambo Hutsva. Ndokutanga dzinza reNubian, nguva yekukura kwakasimba kwenyika.
Vakuru veIjipita vaFarao veTatu Yepakati Period uye Mabasa
Munguva iyi yenhoroondo, matemberi akakosha akavakwa nekugadziridzwa, senge ye Memphis, uye vakavaka vamwe mapiramidhi munzvimbo yezvino Sudan. Pakati pevanonyanya kukosha vanafarao veEgipita vedzinza iri, tinowana Senakeribhi, uyo akaparadza Bhaibheri Babilonia, guta dzvene kuna Jehovha mesopotamians. Mushure memakore mazhinji ehondo nekunetsana, dzinza reNubian rakapera Psammetic I saFarao. Psamético I, achitora mukana wemauto eAsiriya muna 653 BC, akakwanisa kusunungura Egypt nekuda kwemubatanidzwa ne. Greece y Lidia.
nguva yekupedzisira
Historical nguva inoenda kubva muna 672 kusvika muna 343 BC, inosanganisira vanafarao vekuEgipita kubva kuXXVI kusvika kune XXXI dzinza. Munguva ye dzinza 26, takawana mafarao saites Nhume dze assyria kutonga kubva muguta re Ziva. Pashure pokunge vava nesimba, vakakwanisa kuramba vaine ukama hwakanaka nevaAsiriya, ukuwo pesvedzero yechiGiriki yakapararira muRwizi rwaNile rwose. Necho II Akatanga hondo dzakawanda dzokurwa nevaSitiya, vaBhabhironi nevaMedhia kuti atsigire vaAsiriya, asi kuedza kwakakundikana.
Munguva Dynasty yemakumi maviri nenhanhatu, vanafarao veEgypt yekare vakatanga itsva artistic renaissance. Hushe hwePezhiya, hwakatungamirwa naCambises II, muna 525 a. C. akatanga kukunda Egipita, achibata Farao Psammetic III.
Vakuru vaFarao venguva yekupedzisira Egypt uye Mabasa
Nactebos I akanga ari Faro weIsraeri dzinza rechimakumi matatu, akavaka dzimwe temberi mutemberi Chitsuwa che Philae. Cambyses II akava farao, achitonga kubva kuSusa, iri muIran yemazuva ano. Munguva ye XNUMXth century BC c. kwakava nekupokana kwakawanda humambo hwePezhiya, zvisinei, havana kukwanisa kuipfura uye naizvozvo vakaramba vari munharaunda achaemenid, Na Fonisiya y Cyprus.
Vanafarao vePezhiya vakapedza kutonga kwavo mukati 402 BC C. y iyo XXX Dynasty ndiyo imba yekupedzisira yeDynastic pharaohs vakaberekerwa kuEgypt yekare, iyo yakapera pasi Nactanebo II. Nekusvika kwe Alexander Mukuru, gavhuna wepanguva iyoyo Mazace akapa Ijipiti murugare. Saka yakatanga nguva yePtolemaic, iyo yakatora kubva 332 kusvika 30 BC.
Ptolemaic nguva
Mushure mekukundwa kweEgipita na Alexander Mukuru munhoroondo 332 BC C., akabatana nehumambo hwake uye akagamuchirwa nevanhu veEgipita se musununguri, kudzinga zvachose ChiPersian. Ndizvo zvakatanga umambo Ptolemaic, kutanga guta guru pa Alexandria yeEgipita uye kugona kuchengetedza hunyanzvi netsika dzeEgypt yekare, ukuwo uine a itsva hellenistic mold. Vana pharaoh panguva iyi vakasvika pakunzi vaPtolemy uye Alexandria yakava mutsara wehunyanzvi uye tsika yenyika yekare, nekuda kwekukosha kwayo raibhurari y lighthouse.
Madzvinyiriro mazhinji ezvokutengeserana e Roma paEgypt, pamwe chete nepamusoro pezvamatongerwe enyika, zvakatanga kutsamwisa vakawanda kumukira uye nokudaro yakagadzira mamiriro asina kugadzikana. Ivhu rakaorera kutanga kukunda yeHumambo hweRoma kubva kuPtolemaic Kingdom muEgypt.
Main pharaohs uye Ptolemaic mabasa
Kunyange zvazvo vakanga vari vetsika dzechiGiriki, vatongi vatsva vakatsigira tsika nokunamata kweEgipita, nokudaro vachiwanawo nyasha dzavanhu. Chokwadi, matemberi akakosha zvikuru akavakwa panguva iyi. Iye Edfu tembere, yakavakwa na Ptolemy III, the Philae Temples zvakapedzwa pakukumbira kwa Ptolemy IIzvakare Kom Ombo, inonzi futi Sobek State, akazvitsaurira kuna Sobek, mwari wengwena, ya Horus, kubva panguva ino, yakaitwa muchidimbu ne Ptolemy VI y Ptolemy XII. Mambokadzi wekupedzisira wePtolemaic aiveCleopatra VI.
nguva yeRoma
In the gore 30 a. c., Egypt yakava dunhu rehushe hweRoma apo Cleopatra VII y Marco Antonio vakakundwa nazvo Octavian, uyo akazova mambo Augusto. Alexandria yakaramba iri nzvimbo yekutengeserana uye kuchinjana kuMabvazuva. Kunyange vaRoma vakasiya miitiro yetsika, yakadai sokurovesa chitunha namagamuchidzanwa echitendero. Mukuwedzera, madzimambo akawanda eRoma akatangawo kushandisa mamwe maitiro, akadai mifananidzo yaamai, achitanga kuzviratidza sa mafarao. Padanho rechitendero, chiKristuyakadzika midzi muEgypt, pakutanga yakabatana nechitendero chekare cheEgypt, ichitoitwa mune dzimwe temberi, pamwe chete ne Chitendero cheGirisi neRoma. Zvadaro, inguva ye kutambudzwa kwechitendero vachipikisa vaKristu.
Kutonga nguva yeRoma uye mabasa
Diocletian, in 303, akatanga kuchenesa kukuru kurwisana nevaKristu, mukuedza kubvisa chitendero muEgipita. Theodosius I yairambidza tsika dzechihedheni, yakavhara temberi, uye yakatungamirirawo muchidimbu kuparadzwa kwemifananidzo yakawanda yechitendero yaiva mukati madzo. Izvi zvakaita kuti kuderera kwetsika dzeEgipita, kurasikirwa nekunyora kwehieroglyphic, kunyange zvazvo mutauro wekuzvarwa haina kunyangarika. Tembere zhinji dzekare dzakachinjwa kuva machechi echiKristu, nepo vamwe vakaponeswa mukuparadzwa, vachisiiwa uye gare gare kunyudzwa nejecha rerenje.