Mukutenda kwomuzvarirwo kweJapan, kunodavirwa kuti kune Kami kana kuti mwari wechinhu chiri chose chinobatanidzwa nounhu hwakanaka, miitiro, mabasa, zvinoitika zvemamiriro okunze, kunyange miti namakomo. Naizvozvo, tinoda kukukoka iwe kupfurikidza nebhuku rino kuti usangane navamwe vamwari veJapan uye zvishoma zvenhoroondo yengano yemumwe nemumwe.
Vanamwari veJapan chii?
Apo tinonongedzera kuvamwari veJapan, tinofanira kunzwisisa kuti zhinjisa dzengano namadzinza zvakabva mutsika yechinyakare yechiShinto, chiri chimwe chezvitendero zvikuru zveJapan. Uye zvinofadza, seHinduism, Shintoism kana kami-no-michi ("nzira yevamwari") inzira yekunamata vanamwari vakawanda inokonzerwa netsika dzeJapan dzakawanda kwazvo munhoroondo yese.
Muchidimbu chiShinto, pasina akaziviswa muvambi kana misimboti yakatemerwa, inogona kuonekwa sekushanduka kwezvitendero zvemhuka zvemunharaunda zveYayoi tsika (300 BC - 300 AD) izvo zvakanyanya kupesvedzerwa neBuddhism uye kunyangwe chiHindu mumazana emakore. Tichifunga nezvemhando yengano dzenzvimbo idzi (dzakavhenganiswa nengano dzemasangano anoremekedzwa kubva kuBuddhism neHinduism), vamwari veJapan vamwari vanovakirwa zvakanyanya pamakami, mweya yengano uye zvisikwa zvepanyika.
Mukuwirirana nenhau, dzapakuvamba zvikurusa dzeidzi ngano dzakanyorwa mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechisere, nokudaro dzichibatira somuenzanisiro wakamisikidzwa (kana kuti wenguva dzose) weboka ravaShinto nokuda kworuzhinji rweJapan. Kuti izvozvo zviitike, dzakawanda dzenganonyorwa dzevamwari veJapan dzinotorwa mumabhuku akanyorwa:
- Kojiki (circa 708-714 AD)
- Nihon Shoki (circa 720 AD)
- Kogoshui womuzana ramakore rechi XNUMX (uyo akaunganidza ngano inotaurika yakashaikwa mumagwaro maviri akare akabatanidzwa).
Tevere, vamwe vamwari veJapan vanounzwa nechikamu chenganonyorwa inovatenderedza, uyezve hunhu hweumwe neumwe hunotsanangurwa, izvi ndezvi:
Izanami naIzanagi - Vamwari vekutanga vechiJapan vekusika
Kufanana nengano zhinji dzekusika, ngano dzechiShinto dzechiJapan dzinosanganisira vamwari vepakutanga vanonzi Izanagi (Izanagi no Mikoto kana kuti 'uyo anokoka') uye Izanami (Izanami no Mikoto kana 'uyo anokoka'), vaviri vehama nehanzvadzi. avo vanoonekwa sevamwari vakaunza kurongeka kugungwa remhirizhonga pasi pedenga, vachigadzira nyika yekutanga muchimiro cheOnogoro Island.
Nenzira inofadza, nhoroondo zhinjisa dzinobvuma kuti dzakarairwa kuita kudaro kunyange nechizvarwa chapakuvamba zvikuru chekami (vanhu vakafanana navamwari) vaigara mubani rokudenga. Chinotonyanya kufadza inzira iyo vaviri vakagadzira nyika, nekumira pabhiriji kana masitepisi anoenda kudenga (Ama-no-hashidate) uye kuvhuvhuta gungwa rakashata riri pazasi nepfumo ravo rakavharwa nematombo, zvichipa chitsuwa cheOnogoro.
Zvisinei, pasinei zvapo noungwaru hwavo hunoratidzika kuva zvinhu zvakakurumidza kupera, uye mubatanidzwa wavo wokutanga wakagadzira mwana ane chimiro chisina kururama: mwari Hiruko (kana kuti Ebisu, anokurukurwa gare gare munyaya yacho). Izanagi naIzanami vakaramba vachigadzira nyika dzakawanda uye vakabereka mamwe masangano ehumwari, zvichiita kuti zvitsuwa zvisere zvikuru zveJapan uye zvinopfuura 800 kami.
Sezvineiwo, mumuitiro wakaoma wokusika, Izanami akafa nemarwadzo anopisa okubereka Kagutsuchi, mwari wechiJapan womwoto; uye nokudaro inotumirwa kunyika yepasi (Yomi). Izanagi akashungurudzika akatevera hanzvadzi yake Izanami kunyika yepasi uye akakwanisa kugonesa chizvarwa chekare chevamwari kumubvumira kudzokera kunzvimbo yevapenyu.
Asi hama yacho, isingashiviriri kumirira nguva refu, inotarisa nokukurumidza mamiriro ezvinhu ehanzvadzi yake “asina kufa,” akanga akafanana nechitunha chiri kuora. Mhomho yemabhanan’ana akatsamwa akabatanidzwa nemuviri uyu akadzinga Izanagi kunze kwenyika yepasi, uye akapotsa apukunyuka Yomi nekuvhara musuo nedombo guru.
Ikoku gare gare kwakateverwa netsika yokuchenesa, iyo Izanagi akasika nayo kunyange vamwari navamwarikadzi vakawanda vechiJapan ( Mihashira-no-uzunomiko), vakadai saAmaterasu mwarikadzi wezuva akaberekwa nokugezwa kweziso rake roruboshwe; Tsuki-yomi mwari wemwedzi akaberekwa kubva mukugezwa kweziso rake rekurudyi, uye Susanoo mwari wedutu akaberekwa kubva mumhino dzake. Nokuda kwedonzo iroro, muchiShinto kuchenesa (harai) rutivi runokosha rwomuitiro usati wapinda munzvimbo tsvene.
Yebisu - mwari wechiJapan werombo uye vabati vehove
Sezvatakataura mune yapfuura post Hiruko, mwana wekutanga we primordial duo Izanagi naIzanami, akaberekerwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaremara, ayo maererano nenganonyorwa yakakonzerwa nekudarika mutsika yavo yewanano. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe rondedzero, Hiruko gare gare akafananidzwa namwari wechiJapan Yebisu (zvichida munguva dzeMiddle Ages), mwari wevabati vehove nemhanza. Mupfungwa iyoyo, ngano yeYebisu yakagadziridzwa kuti igare yake yehumwari (uye yedzinza) mutsara pakati peJapan kami.
Kutaura zvazviri, Yebisu (kana kuti Hiruko), akaberekwa asina mapfupa, anonzi akakukurwa mugungwa aine makore matatu. Pasinei nekutongwa kwehunzenza uku, mukomana ane rombo rakanaka akakwanisa kuburuka neimwe Ebisu Saburo. Mukomana akabva akura kuburikidza nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana kuti azviti Ebisu kana Yebisu, nokudaro achiva mwari wevabati vehove, vana, uye zvakanyanya kukosha, hupfumi uye hupfumi.
Zvichienderana neaya ekupedzisira hunhu, Yebisu anowanzo kutorwa semumwe wevamwari vakuru veVamwari Vanomwe VeFortune (Shichifukujin), ane rondedzero inofurirwa nengano dzeko kusiyana nepesvedzero yekunze.
Kana zviri zvemitambo, pasinei nematambudziko ake akawanda Yebisu anochengetedza kuseka kwake (kunowanzonzi "mwari wekuseka") uye akapfeka chivharo chakareba, chakanongedzwa nechepakati chinonzi kazaori eboshi. Pachinyorwa chinonakidza, Yebisu ndiyewo mwari wejellyfish, akapihwa fomu rake rekutanga risina bone.
Kagutsuchi: mwari wechiJapan wemoto unoparadza
Mwari weJapan wemoto Kagutsuchi (kana Homusubi - "uyo anobatidza moto"), aive mumwe wedzinza rekutanga Izanagi naIzanami. Mukuchinja kwakashata kwekupedzisira, hunhu hwake hwemoto hwakapisa amai vake Izanami, zvakakonzera kufa kwake uye kuenda kupasi. Mukutsamwa uye kutsiva, baba vake Izanagi vakagura musoro waKagutsuchi, uye ropa rakateuka rakaita kuti kusikwa kwekami yakawanda kusanganisira vanamwari vekutinhira kwehondo, vamwari vemakomo, uye kunyange mwari wedhiragoni.
Muchidimbu, Kagutsuchi ainzi ndiye tateguru wevamwari vakasiyana-siyana vari kure, vane simba, uye vane simba vakatoita kusikwa kwesimbi nezvombo muJapan (zvichida zvichiratidza kurudziro yekune dzimwe nyika pazvombo zvakasiyana zveJapan).
Kana iri nhoroondo netsika yenyaya, Kagutsuchi samwari wemoto aionekwa semumiriri wekuparadza zvivakwa zveJapan uye zvivakwa zvinowanzo gadzirwa nematanda uye zvimwe zvinopisa. Kwakakwana kutaura kuti muchitendero cheShinto, inova musimboti wetsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzokunyaradza, nemhemberero yeHo-shizume-no-matsuri, tsika yamambo yakanga yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa migumisiro inoparadza yeKagutsuchi kwevatanhatu. mwedzi.
Amaterasu - mwarikadzi wechiJapan wekubuda kwezuva
Amaterasu kana Amaterasu Omikami ('kami wekudenga anopenya kubva kudenga'), anozivikanwawo nezita rekuremekedza rekuti Ōhirume-no-muchi-no-kami ('zuva guru rekami'), anonamatwa samwarikadzi we zuva uye mutongi wenzvimbo yekami: Nzvimbo Yekudenga Yepamusoro kana Takama no Hara. Nenzira dzakawanda, samambokadzi wekami anotsigira hukuru, kurongeka, uye kuchena kwezuva rinobuda, uyewo ari tateguru wenhema wemhuri yeumambo hweJapan (saka achitaura nezvedzinza rake rengano mumutauro wechiJapan).
Epithet yake inoratidza basa rake semutungamiri wevamwari, nehutongi hwakapihwa zvakananga nababa vake Izanagi musiki wevamwari nevamwarikadzi vechiJapan. Mupfungwa iyoyo, imwe yengano dzinokosha dzechiShinto inotaura nezvenzira iyo Amaterasu amene somumwe waMihashira-no-uzunomiko, akaberekwa kubva mukucheneswa kweziso roruboshwe raIzanagi (sezvadudzwa pamusoro apa).
Imwe ngano yakakurumbira ine chekuita nekuzvivharira kwakaita Amaterasu mubako mushure mekurwisana kunotyisa nemukoma wake, Susanoo mwari wedutu. Nehurombo hwenyika, aura yake inopenya (kufananidza zuva rinopenya) yakavanzwa, nokudaro ichifukidza nyika murima rose. Uye kwaingova bedzi pashure penhevedzano yezvinotsausa zvoushamwari uye akagadzira dambe navamwe vamwari veJapan apo iye akapwiswa kubuda mubako, zvakare kuchiguma nokusvika kwechiedza chezuva chinopenya.
Mutsara-ungwaru mutsika, mutsara wehumambo hweJapan unotorwa kubva kumuzukuru waAmaterasu Ninigi-no-Mikoto, akapihwa hutongi hwePasi naambuya vake. Kurutivi rwenhau rwenhau, Amaterasu (kana kuti mwari wakaenzana naye) akanga agara achikosha munyika dzeJapan, nemhuri dzakawanda dzinokudzwa dzichitaura dzinza ramwari wezuva. Asi utanhamari hwayo hwakawedzera zvikuru pashure poKudzorerwa kweMeiji, mukuwirirana nedzidziso dzechitendero cheShinto.
Tsukiyomi - mwari wechiJapan wemwedzi
Mukusiyana nengano zhinji dzekuMadokero, mwari weMwedzi muchiShinto cheJapan murume, akapihwa epithet Tsukiyomi no Mikoto kana kungoti Tsukiyomi (tsuku zvichida zvinoreva "mwedzi wemwedzi" uye yomi inoreva "kuverenga"). Ndiye mumwe weMihashira-no-uzunomiko akaberekwa kubva pakugezwa kweziso rorudyi raIzanagi, izvo zvinomuita hama yaAmaterasu mwarikadzi wezuva. Mune dzimwe ngano, inoberekwa kubva pagirazi jena remhangura rakabatwa muruoko rworudyi rwaIzanagi.
Kana iri nhoroondo yengano, Tsukiyomi mwari wemwedzi akaroora hanzvadzi yake Amaterasu mwarikadzi wezuva, nokudaro achibvumira mubatanidzwa wezuva nomwedzi mudenga rimwe chetero. Zvisinei, hukama hwakakurumidza kuputsika apo Tsukiyomi akauraya Uke Mochi mwarikadzi wezvokudya.
Chiitiko ichi chakaipisisa chakaitwa mukusemeswa apo mwari wemwedzi akaona Uke Mochi achipfira chikafu chakasiyana. Mukupindura, Amaterasu akaparadzana neTsukiyomi nokutamira kune rumwe rutivi rwedenga nokudaro achiita kuti masikati nousiku zviparadzane chose chose.
Susanoo: mwari wechiJapan wemakungwa nemadutu
Akazvarwa kubva pamhino yaIzanagi baba vevamwari veJapan. Susanoo aive nhengo yevatatu veMihashira-no-uzunomiko, izvo zvakaita kuti ave mukoma waAmaterasu naTsukiyomi. Nezveunhu hwake, Susanoo akaonekwa seane hasha uye akaora mwoyo kami uyo anowanzoita mhirizhonga yekushanduka-shanduka, zvichireva nezvesimba rake pamusoro pemadutu anogara achichinja.
Sezvineiwo, hunhu husina kujeka hwekunaka kwake (uye hutsinye) hunoendererawo kumakungwa nemhepo padyo nemahombekombe, uko kune dzakawanda dzenzvimbo dzake tsvene dzinowanikwa kumaodzanyemba kweJapan. Kutaura nezvengano, Susanoo anowanzopembererwa mungano dzechiShinto semhare ine manomano yakakunda dhiragoni yakaipa (kana kuti nyoka yakashata) Yamata-no-Orochi nokugura misoro yake yose gumi pashure pokuinwa nedoro.
Mushure mekusangana, akanotora bakatwa raive nemukurumbira Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi uye akakundawo ruoko rwemukadzi waakaponesa kubva kushato. Kune rumwe rutivi, Susanoo anoratidzwawo mune imwe chiedza chisina kunaka (saka achiratidza mhirizhonga yamwari wedutu), kunyanya kana zvasvika pakukwikwidzana kwake naAmaterasu mutungamiri uye mwarikadzi wezuva wekami.
Pane imwe nhambo kusawirirana kwavo kwakakomba, uye hasha dzaSusanoo dzakapfuurira kuparadza minda yemupunga yamwarikadzi wezuva uye kunyange kuuraya mumwe wavachengeti vake. Mukupindura, Amaterasu akatsamwa akadzokera mubako rine rima, nokudaro achibvuta chiedza chake choumwari kubva munyika, nepo Susanoo aigara achinetsa akadzingwa kudenga.
Raijin naFūjin: vamwari vemamiriro ekunze eJapan
Kutaura nezvemadutu uye huviri hwehunhu, Raijin naFujin vanoonekwa seine simba kami yezvinhu zvechisikigo izvo zvinogona kufadza kana kusafadza kumatambudziko evanhu. Kuti izvozvo zviitike, Raijin ndiye mwari webhanan’ana nemheni anosunungura dutu rake nokushandisa sando yake nokuridza ngoma. Sezvineiwo, Raijin anoratidzwa aine zvigunwe zvitatu, chimwe nechimwe chichimiririra zvakapfuura, zvazvino, uye zveramangwana.
Fujin kune rumwe rutivi, ndiye kami anotyisa uye anotyisa emhepo, akatakura chikamu chake chakanaka chemhepo uye kuvhuvhuta mubhegi pamapfudzi ake. Mukuwirirana nedzimwe ngano, akanga ari Fujin uyo akaponesa Japan mukati mokuvhozhokera kweMongol kupfurikidza nokumutsa chamupupuri pazvikepe zvaiswedera pedyo, iyo gare gare yakanzi kamikaze (“mhepo youmwari”).
Zvisinei, dzimwe ngano dzine chokuita navaSamurai dzinoitumidza kuti basa raHachiman mwari wehondo (yakazokurukurwa gare gare munyaya yacho). Sezvineiwo, pane fungidziro yekuti Fujin sezvingabvira akafuridzirwa sei namwari weGreco-Buddhist Wardo (ainamatwa achitevedza Sirika Road), uyo akabva atorwa kubva kuna mwari wemhepo wechiGiriki Boreas.
Ame-no-Uzume: mwarikadzi wechiJapan wemambakwedza uye kutamba
Mwari wechikadzi anotamba wemambakwedza (uyo neimwe nzira akamuita mubatsiri waAmaterasu, mwari wezuva), Ame-no-Uzume akagamuchirawo kungoerekana aita zvinhu zvakasikwa. Ichi chikamu chekupedzisira chakamuita mwarikadzi anotsigira wekugadzira nehunyanzvi hwekuita, kusanganisira kutamba. Nokuda kwedonzo iroro, imwe yengano huru muchiShinto inoitira hanya kuti Amaterasu, mwarikadzi wezuva, akazvipfigira sei amene mubako rine rima pashure pokurwa naSusanoo, mwari wedutu; izvo zvakakonzera kuuya kwerima pamusoro pedenga nenyika.
Saka, mukuyedza kutsausa imwe kami ainetsekana Ame-no-Uzume, nekuda kwekuzvibata kwake uye kugona kwake, akazvifukidza nemashizha emuti weSakaki ndokubva atanga kuchema nemufaro ndokutevera nekutamba kunofadza pamusoro. of a platform; akatosvika pakubvisa mbatya dzake, achiparira kunakidzwa pakati pevamwe vamwari vakatanga kudzvova nomufaro nokuseka. Mufaro wakavapo wakatungamirira kuda kuziva kwaAmaterasu, uyo pakupedzisira akabuda mubako rake uye nokudaro nyika yakafukidzwazve nechiedza chezuva chinopenya.
Hachiman: mwari wechiJapan wehondo uye kupfura
Hachiman (anonziwo Yahata no kami) anofanidza kuwirirana pakati peShinto neBuddhism mukutanga kweJapan medieval. Anoremekedzwa samwari wehondo, kupfura miseve, tsika, uye kunyange kushopera, mwari wacho angave akashanduka (kana kukura mukukosha) nekugadzwa kwenzvimbo dzakati wandei dzechiBuddha munyika yakapoteredza XNUMXth century AD.
Kuti izvozvo zviitike, mumuenzaniso wekare wekupindirana kwetsika, Hachiman the war kami anoremekedzwawo se bodhisattva (Japanese Buddhist deity) anoita semuchengeti akasimba wenzvimbo dzakawanda dzekuJapan.
Kana zviri zvekubatana kwake kwemukati nehondo netsika, Hachiman ainzi aiita kuti maavatars ake abudise nhaka uye simba rekukura kwevanhu vekuJapan. Nenzira iyo, ngano, imwe yeavatars yake yaigara saEmpress Jingu uyo akapinda muKorea, asi mumwe akazvarwa patsva semwanakomana wake Emperor Ojin (pakupera kwezana ramakore rechitatu AD) akadzosa nyanzvi dzeChinese neKorea kunyika yake.
Hachiman akakwidziridzwawo semutsigiri wedzinza rine simba rekwaMinamoto (munenge muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX AD), vakasimudzira chikonzero chavo chezvematongerwo enyika uye vakati dzinza rekare rekare reOjin. Kana iri imwe yengano dzakakurumbira, akanga ari Hachiman uyo akaponesa Japan mukati mokuvhozhokera kweMongol kupfurikidza nokusunungura chamupupuri pazvikepe zvaiswedera pedyo, iyo gare gare yakanzi kamikaze (“mhepo youmwari”).
Inari: mwari wechiJapan wekurima (mupunga), kutengeserana, uye minondo
Inofungidzirwa seimwe yekami inoremekedzwa zvikuru muchechi yeShinto, Inari, anowanzofananidzirwa muhuviri (dzimwe nguva murume uye dzimwe nguva mukadzi), ndiye mwari wemupunga (kana munda wemupunga), zvichireva kushamwaridzana nekubudirira, kurima uye kuwanda. zvezvigadzirwa. Nezvekare, Inari airemekedzwawo semwari anotsigira vatengesi, vanyori, uye kunyange vapfuri vesimbi; mune dzimwe nganonyorwa, anoonekwa semuzukuru waSusanoo, mwari wedutu.
Sezvineiwo, kuratidza hukadzi husina kujeka hwehumwari (uyo aigara achifananidzirwa semurume akwegura, nepo mune dzimwe nguva, aifananidzirwa semukadzi ane musoro wemhungu kana kuperekedzwa nemakava), Inari akaonekwawo nemamwe maJapan akati wandei. .
Somuenzaniso, mutsika dzechiShinto, Inari yaibatanidzwa nemidzimu ine mutsa yakadai saHettsui-no-kami (mwarikadzi wokubika) uye Uke Mochi (mwarikadzi wezvokudya). Kune rumwe rutivi, mutsika dzechiBuddha, Inari inoremekedzwa seChinjugami (mudziviriri wetemberi) uye Dakiniten, iyo inobva kuIndia Hindu-Buddhist mwari we dakini kana mwarikadzi wekudenga.
Kannon: mwari wechiJapan wetsitsi netsitsi
Achitaura nezvemagamuchidzanwa echiBuddha nepesvedzero yadzo pamwari womuzvarirwo, Kannon mumwe wavamwari vanokosha zvikurusa vechiBuddha muJapan. Achiremekedzwa samwari wetsitsi, tsitsi, uye kunyange mhuka dzinovaraidza, mwari wacho anonamatwa seBodhisattva.
Sezvineiwo, kusiyana nekutapurirana kwakananga kubva kuChina, mufananidzo weKannon ungangodaro wakatorwa kubva kuna Avalokitêśvara, mwari wechiIndia, ane zita reSanskrit rinoturikira se "All-respecting Lord". Nechinangwa ichocho, vateveri vazhinji veJapan vanofunga kunyange paradhiso yaKannon, Fudarakusen, kuva iri kure kumaodzanyemba kweIndia.
Mugadziriro yezvinhu yorudzidziso neyengano, Kannon kufanana navamwe vamwari veJapan ine misiyano yayo muchimiro chevatano, nokudaro ichikudza mativi ayo nesonganiro. Semuenzaniso, muchimiro chechikadzi cheKoyasu Kannon anomiririra kubereka mwana; nepo ari muchimiro chaJibo Kannon, anomiririra amai vane rudo.
Saizvozvovo, Kannon anoremekedzwawo mune mamwe masangano ezvitendero eJapan: muchiShinto ishamwari yaAmaterasu, nepo muchiKristu achiremekedzwa saMaria Kannon (akaenzana neMhandara Maria).
Jizo: Japanese muchengeti mwari wevafambi nevana
Imwe Bodhisattva pakati pevamwari veJapan, Jizo anogara achidiwa anoremekedzwa semudziviriri wevana, vasina simba, uye vafambi. Zvaari wekare, murondedzero yengano Jizo aiva nebasa guru rokuderedza kutambura kwemweya yakarasika muhero uye kuvatungamirira kudzokera kuparadhiso yokumadokero yeAmida (mumwe wavamwari vakuru vechiBuddha vechiJapan), ndege inosunungurwa mweya. yekuzvarwa patsva karmic.
Muchirongwa chinorwadza chetsika dzechiBuddha, vana vasati vazvarwa (uye vana vadiki vakafa nevabereki vavo) havana nguva paPasi yekuzadzisa karma yavo, saka vanovharirwa mupurigatori yemweya. Saka, basa raJizo rinotonyanya kukosha mukubatsira mweya yevana iyi nekuitakura pamaoko enguo yake.
Kana chiri chiso chokufara chaJizo, mwari wechiJapan ane chimiro chakanaka anowanzoratidzirwa somumongiwo zvake anonzvenga rudzi rwupi norwupi rweshongedzero dzinoshamisira nezviratidzo, sezvinofanira mwari anokosha wechiJapan.
Tenjin: mwari wechiJapan wedzidzo, mabhuku, uye kudzidza
Sezvineiwo, mwari uyu aimbova munhuwo zvake anonzi Sugawara no Michizane, nyanzvi uye nyanduri akararama muzana remakore rechisere. Michizane akanga ari nhengo yepamusoro-soro yeDare reHeian, asi akaita vavengi veFujiwara Clan, uye pakupedzisira vakabudirira kuita kuti adzingwe mudare. Sezvo vazhinji vevavengi vaMichizane nevaikwikwidzana navo vakatanga kufa mumwe nemumwe mumakore mushure mekufa kwake, runyerekupe rwakatanga kutenderera kuti ndiye nyanzvi yakashoreka ichiita kubva mhiri kweguva.
Michizane akazogadzwa ndokuitwa mwari mukuedza kunyaradza mweya wake usina kugadzikana ndokupihwa zita rekuti Tenjin (mwari wedenga) kuratidza shanduko. Vadzidzi vane tarisiro yerubatsiro mubvunzo vanowanzo shanyira Tenjin shrines.
Benzaiten: mwarikadzi wechiJapan werudo
Benzaiten iShinto kami yakakweretwa kubva kuchitendero chechiBuddha uye mumwe wevamwari vanomwe vemhanza yeJapan; iyo yakavakirwa pana mwarikadzi wechiHindu Saraswati. Benzaiten ndiye mwarikadzi wezvinhu zvinoyerera, kusanganisira mimhanzi, mvura, ruzivo, uye manzwiro, kunyanya rudo.
Somugumisiro, nzvimbo dzake tsvene dzinova nzvimbo dzakakurumbira dzekushanyira vakaroorana, uye nzvimbo dzake tsvene nhatu muEnoshima dzakazadzwa nevaroorani vanoridza mabhero erudo erombo rakanaka kana kuti anorembera pink ema (wish plaques) pamwe chete.
Shinigami: vamwari veJapan verufu kana mweya yerufu
Aya akafanana zvakanyanya neGrim Reaper munzira dzakawanda; zvisinei, zvipenyu izvi zvinogona kunge zvisingatyisi uye zvakazouya pave paya sezvo zvakanga zvisipo mungano dzechinyakare dzechiJapani. "Shinigami" mubatanidzwa wemazwi echiJapan "shi", zvinoreva rufu, uye "kami", zvinoreva mwari kana mweya.
Kunyange zvazvo ngano yeJapan yakagara yakazadzwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzekami semidzimu yezvisikwa, Shinigami yakawana kutaurwa kwavo kunenge muzana remakore rechiXNUMX kana rechiXNUMX. Shinigami harina kana izwi muzvinyorwa zvekare zvechiJapani; nyaya dzekutanga dzinozivikanwa dzeizwi iri dzinoonekwa muNguva yeEdo, paraishandiswa mumhando yetiyeta yemitambo uye zvinyorwa zvechiJapan zvine chekuita nemweya yakaipa yevakafa, mweya inobatwa nevapenyu, uye kuzviuraya kaviri.
Pakanga pari panguva iyi apo pfungwa dzokuMadokero, zvikurukuru pfungwa dzechiKristu, dzakavamba kubatira pamwe nokuvhengana nezvitendero zvechiShinto, chiBuddha, uye chechiTao. Ngano dzeShinto nechiJapan dzaitova namwarikadzi worufu anonzi Izanami, somuenzaniso; uye chiBhudha chaiva nedhimoni rainzi Mrtyu-mara raikurudzirawo vanhu kuti vafe. Asi kana tsika yekuMabvazuva yasangana netsika dzekuMadokero nepfungwa yeGrim Reaper, chinomiririra ichi chakaonekwa samwari mutsva werufu.
Ninigi: baba vaMambo
Ninigi kana Ninigi Kwete Mikoto anowanzoonekwa semuzukuru waAmaterasu. Pashure pedare ravamwari mudenga, kwakasarudzwa kuti Ninigi aizotumirwa pasi pano kuti atonge zvakarurama uye zvakaenzana. Saka kubva kudzinza reNinigi kwakauya vamwe vevatongi vekutanga veJapan, uye kubva ipapo kunouya chirevo chake chekumudaidza kuti baba vemadzishe.
Uke mochi: mwarikadzi wekubereka, kurima uye chikafu
Ndiye mwarikadzi anonyanya kubatanidzwa nechikafu, uye mune dzimwe tsika anotsanangurwa semudzimai waInari Okami (saka iyewo dzimwe nguva anofananidzirwa segava). Hapana zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa nezvake, kunze kwokuti akaurayiwa namwari wemwedzi Tsukiyomi; Mwedzi Mwari akasemburwa nemagadzirirwo akaitwa Uke Mochi mabiko nekukanda chikafu kubva mudzimba dzake dzakasiyana siyana.
Mushure mekuponda kwake, Tsukiyomi akatora zviyo izvo Uke Mochi akazvara ndokuvapa hupenyu hutsva. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekuuraya kunouraya, Zuva ramwarikadzi Amaterasu akaparadzaniswa neTsukiyomi, saka masikati neusiku zvakaparadzaniswa zvachose.
Anyo naUngyo: vamwari vanochengeta temberi
Ava vaviri vevamwari veBhudha vanozivikanwa seNio vachengeti vane mutsa vanorinda musuwo wematemberi, anowanzonzi nio-mon (chaizvoizvo "Gedhi reNio") uye anomiririra kutenderera kwekuzvarwa nekufa .
Agyo anowanzo kuratidzwa nemaoko asina maoko kana kushandisa kirabhu hombe, nemuromo wake wakashama kuti aumbe "ah" inzwi, rinomiririra kuberekwa; uye Ungyo anowanzo kuratidzwa nemaoko asina maoko kana kubata bakatwa guru, muromo wake wakavharwa kuti uite ruzha rwe "om", runomiririra rufu. Kunyangwe vachigona kuwanikwa mumatemberi mhiri kweJapan, pamwe mufananidzo wakakurumbira weAgyo neUngyo unowanikwa pamusuwo weTodaiji Tembere muNara Prefecture.
Ajisukitakahikone-no-Kami: mwari wechiJapan wekutinhira uye zvekurima
Ndiye mwanakomana waOkuninushi, uye “suki” yezita rake inoreva gejo. Ane mukurumbira nekuti akafanana nemukuwasha wake Ameno-Wakahiko, uye akarasika kuti Ameno panguva yemariro eWakahiko. Ashatirwa nekufungirwa zvisizvo nemushakabvu, Ajisukitakahikone akaparadza imba yekuchema, apo zvisaririra zvakabva zvawira pasi ndokuva Gomo reMoyama.
Ōyamatsumi-no-Kami: murwi, gomo uye mwari wewaini
Kokiji naNihon Shoki vanosiyana pamabviro eŌyamazumi. Kojiki inotaura kuti Ōyamazumi akaberekwa kubva pachitunha chaKagutsuchi, nepo Nihon Shoki akanyora: kuti Izanagi naIzanami vakamusika mushure mokubereka vamwari vemhepo nehuni. Pasinei neshanduro yacho, Ōyamazumi inoremekedzwa segomo rinokosha uye mwari wevarwi, uye ndiye baba vaKonohananosakuya-Hime izvo zvinomuita mukwambo waNinigi.
Kupfuurirazve, kunonzi akafara zvikuru pakuberekwa kwomuzukuru wake Yamasachi-Hiko, zvokuti akaitira vamwari vose waini inotapira; naizvozvo, maJapan anomuremekedzawo samwari wokugadzira waini.
Atsuta-no-Okami: mweya weKusanagi-no-Tsurugi munondo wengano weJapan
Iwo mweya waKusanagi-no-Tsurugi, iyo inonyanya kukosha uye yakakurumbira bakatwa rengano muJapan. Inonamatwa paNagoya's Atsuta Shrine, Atsuta-no-Okami ingangove mweya waAmaterasu. Mungano dzechiShinto, munondo une simba unotaurwa kuva wakazadzwa nomudzimu wamwarikadzi weZuva.
Konohanasakuya-Hime: mwarikadzi weGomo reFuji, wemakomo ose uye hupenyu hwepanyika
Mwanasikana waŌyamatsumi, Konohanasakuya-hime, kana kuti Sakuya-hime, munhu wechiShinto woupenyu hwapasi; Ndiyewo mwarikadzi weGomo reFuji uye makomo ose eJapan anoputika. Ninigi paakasangana naye akadanana naye pakare pakarepo munyika yepasi, asi paakakumbira Ōyamatsumi ruoko rwake, mwari mukuru akapa Iwa-Naga-Hime mwanasikana wake mukuru uye akashata. Nekuti Ninigi akaramba chipo ichocho uye akasimbirira paSakuya-Hime, akatukwa nehupenyu hunofa.
Gare gare, Ninigi akafungidzirawo Sakuya-Hime yekusavimbika. Mukupindura kwakakodzera zita rake remwarikadzi wemakomo anoputika, Sakuya-Hime akaberekera muimba yaipfuta, achitaura kuti vana vake havazokuvadzi kana vari vazukuru vechokwadi veNinigi, umo iye kana vatatu vake havana kupiswa pakupedzisira. .
Sarutahiko Ōkami: mwari wechiShinto wokucheneswa, simba, uye nhungamiro
Mungano dzechiShinto, Sarutahiko akanga ari mutungamiriri wavamwari vapasi Kunitsukami kunyange zvazvo pakutanga nenzira yokuzengurira, iye pakupedzisira akarega kudzora nzvimbo yake kuvamwari vokudenga pazano raAme-no-Uzume, waakaroora gare gare. Akanga ariwo mwari wepanyika akakwazisa Ninigi-no-Mikoto apo iyo yekupedzisira yakadzika munyika inofa.
Hotei: mwari wesvikiro. vashumiri, mudziviriri wevana uye anouyisa rombo
Zita rake rinoreva "bhegi remucheka" uye anogara achiratidzwa akatakura hombe; Zvinonzi, bhegi rine mhanza yekupa. Dzimwe ngano dzechivanhu dzinomurondedzera seavatar yaMiroku, Buddha wenguva yemberi. Iye zvakare anowanzo kuratidzika asina-muviri, aine zvipfeko zvake zvebhegi zvisingakwanise kuvanza paunch yake ine mukurumbira.
Ame-no-Koyane: mwari wechiShinto wemitambo uye nziyo
Mukati mechiitiko Amano Iwato akaimba pamberi pebako, achikurudzira Amaterasu kusundira padivi pedombo raivharira mukova. Kunyanya kugadzwa muKasuga Taisha weNara uye mwari wemadzitateguru enhoroondo ine simba Nakatomi Clan, kureva, mhuri huru yeFujiwara Regents.
Amatsu-Mikaboshi: Nyeredzi Inotyisa yeKudenga
Iye ndimwari wechiShinto wenyeredzi uye mumwe wavamwari vasingawanzowanikwi vechiShinto anofanira kuratidzirwa nomutoo wakasimba seane utsinye. Haaonekwe muKojiki asi Nihon Shoki anomuti ndiye mwari wekupedzisira kuramba Kuni-Yuzuri. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanoti Amatsu-Mikaboshi akanga ari mwari wenyeredzi ainamatwa nerudzi rwairamba suzerainty yaYamato. Mune dzimwe shanduro dzakasiyana, anonziwo Kagaseo.
Futsunushi-no-Kami: mwari wechiJapan murwi wekare weMononobe Clan
Anozivikanwawo seKatori Daimyōjin, Futsunushi ndimwari wechiShinto murwi uye mwari wemadzitateguru weMononobe Clan. MuNihon Shoki, akaperekedza Takemikazuchi apo wekupedzisira akatumirwa kuti atore muridzi wepasi. Pashure pokunge Ōkuninushi azvidemba, vaviri vacho vakabvisa midzimu yose yakanga yasara yakaramba kuzviisa pasi pavo.
Isotakeru-no-Kami: mwari wechiJapan weimba
Ndiye mumwe wevanakomana vaSusanoo uye akataurwa muchidimbu muNihon Shogi. Munhoroondo iyoyo, akaperekedza baba vake kuSilla vasati vadzingwa kuIzumo. Kunyange zvazvo akauya nemhodzi dzakawanda, haana kudzidyara; akangodzidyara adzokera kuJapan. Mukati meKojiki, anonzi Ōyabiko-no-Kami; nhasi, ari kunamatwa samwari weimba.
Jimmu Tenō: The Legendary First Emperor weJapan
Anonzi mugari wenhaka akananga kuna Amaterasu naSusanoo. Mungano dzeShinto, akatanga chirongwa chemauto kubva kwaimbova dunhu reHyūga kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweKyūshū uye akatora Yamato (yazvino Nara Prefecture), mushure mezvo akatanga nzvimbo yake yesimba muYamato. Kojiki naNihon Shoki vakabatanidza dzinza reJimmu neavo vavatsivi vavo kuti vagadzire dzinza risingaputswe.
Kumano Kami: syncretized as Amitābha Buddha
Nzvimbo yekare yeKumano yeJapan (yanhasi yeSouth Mie Prefecture) yagara iri nzvimbo yemweya. Mushure mekusimuka kweBuddhism muJapan, hunhu hwekami hwakambonamatwa muKumano hwakabatanidzwa nevaponesi vechiBuddha vakaita saAmitābha Buddha. Mumazuva ayo, nzendo dzeku Kumano dzaive dzakakurumbira zvekuti nzira dzevanamati dzinotsanangurwa dzakafanana nemajuru.
Yanohahaki-no-Kami: Mwari werudzi rwechiShinto wemusha uye kubereka mwana
Inonziwo simba rekubvisa njodzi mudzimba, inobatanidzwa nenzira imwechete nekushanda uye nemitsvairo, sezvo mitsvairo inobvisa tsvina, ndiko kuti, kusvibiswa mudzimba.
Yamato Takeru: mwanakomana weane mukurumbira wegumi nembiri mambo weJapan
Yamato Takeru aive murwi anotyisa asi aine hutsinye, aisada baba vake. Akatumwa namambo kunobata nevavengi vakasiyana-siyana, nzendo umo muchinda akakunda zvakafanana.
Mushure mekuchema kumupristikadzi mukuru weIse Grand Shrine nekuda kwekusamufarira kwababa vake, akapihwa bakatwa rengano Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi kuti rimubatsire pane dzimwe nzendo. Yamato Takeru haana kumbova mambo uye anofungidzirwa kuti akafa mugore rechi43 rekutonga kwababa vake. Parufu rwake, bakatwa rinokosha rakaiswa muAtsuda Shrine, uko richiripo nanhasi.
Shichi Fukujin: Anozivikanwa muJapan "Vamwari Vanomwe Vemhanza"
Ivava vanoumba vamwari vanobva muchiShinto, chiBuddha cheJapan, uye chiTao cheChina. Nhoroondo, zvinotendwa kuti "vakaungana" vachitevera mirairo yeShogun Tokugawa Iemitsu, nechinangwa chekumiririra marudzi manomwe ehupenyu hwakaropafadzwa.
Chokwadi chinodadisa nezveVamwari veJapan
Sechikamu chekuziva zvese zvine chekuita nemusoro uyu nezvevamwari veJapan, heano mamwe anonakidza data:
- ChiBuddha, chiConfucius, uye chiHindu zvose zvakanga zvine pesvedzero huru panhau dzengano dzavamwari veJapan.
- Mwari Fukurokuji aidavirwa kuva kuberekwazve kwaHsuan-wu, mwari wechiTao uyo akabatanidzwa nemhanza yakanaka, mufaro, uye upenyu hurefu.
- Mune mamwe masekete echiBuddha, Benten, mwarikadzi wokugona kutaura uye musande mutsigiri we<em>geisha, akabatanidzwa namwarikadzi wechiHindu Saraswati (mwarikadzi wouchenjeri, zivo, uye wokudzidza). Saraswati akanga ari rutivi rwavatatu vavamwari vanamai mungano yechiHindu; vamwe vamwarikadzi vaviri vaimuperekedza vaiva Lakshmi (mwarikadzi wepfuma norunako) naKali. (mwarikadzi wesimba).
- Chivakashure chechiJapan chokuti no-Kami chinongoreva kuti “mwari” uye iremekedzo rinowanzoiswa mazita evamwari vechiShinto.
- Chivakashure Ōmikami chinoreva "mwari akakosha" kana "mwari mukuru". Uku kukudzwa kunongonyorwa chete kuvamwari vanokosha vechiShinto. Rinowanzoshandiswawo kureva Amaterasu, mwarikadzi wezuva wechiShinto anokosha zvikuru.
- Vazhinji vamwari navamwarikadzi vechiShinto vanopiwa chivakashure chokuti no-Mikoto. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti vamwari vakagamuchira mamwe mabasa anokosha. Semuenzaniso, kugadzirisa kwezvitsuwa zveJapan.
Hukama pakati peVamwari veJapan neVatongi
Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zviri pamusoro zvakabva pane zvinyorwa kubva kuKojiki naNihon Shoki compendia. Kutaura idi, vamwari vazhinji vechiJapan havataurwi mune mamwe manyoro ekare echiJapan; semukati meaya macompendia maviri, mazhinji anotaurwawo mukupfuura. Sezviri pachena kubva pane zvinyorwa zviri pamusoro, pane zvakare kusimbiswa kwakasimba pamutsara mune zvese compendia; imwe inosimbisa kuti madzimambo eJapan, kureva dzinza reYamato, vazukuru vevamwari vechiJapan.
Ose macomendia anoonekwa nevanyori venhoroondo semanyepo-nhoroondo, zvichireva kuti havangavimbike sechokwadi chenhoroondo nekuti ngano uye mashura anoremerwa zvakanyanya munhoroondo dzese. Nekudaro, senge tsika uye anthropological mazano, iyo Kojiki naNihon Shoki yakakosha. Kupi nekuwedzera, ivo vanotaura kuti dzinza reYamato raisagara richitonga zvitsuwa zveJapan uye nekupawo ruzivo nezve mafambiro ekufamba muEast Asia munguva dzekare.
Kana wakawana chinyorwa ichi nezveVamwari veJapan chichinakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe izvi: