Ziva Tumaco Tsika uye maitiro

Munzvimbo dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa pakati peEsmeralda muEcuador neTumaco muColombia maigara nzanga yeko yainzi Tumaco kana La Tolita; iyi yakanga iri tsika yakatanhamara mukutaura kwounyanzvi, muumhizha noupfuri hwendarama. Kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi, tinokukoka iwe kuti uongorore zvishoma nezve Tumaco Culture.

Tumaco tsika

Tumaco Culture

Tsika yeTumaco-La Tolita yaive dzinza raivepo panguva yeColumbian nguva isati yasvika, yakagadziridzwa uye yakashanduka munzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzakasarudzika dzeLa Esmeralda muEcuador kuenda kuTumaco muColombia. Kwakatangira kubva mugore ra600 a. C. kusvika munenge mugore ra200 AD; Vagari vomunzvimbo iyi vakasvika pakutaura kwavo kukuru kwetsika, vaInca vasati vasvika munharaunda iyi.

Vakazvitsanangura senharaunda yakavakirwa pakunamata kwemhemberero uye nechiratidzo chinoshamisa chehunyanzvi, chimwe chinhu chaishayiwa nedzimwe nharaunda munharaunda yeAmerica. Kugona kwehunyanzvi kweava vagari venzvimbo kunoonekwa seimwe yeakanyanya kufambira mberi mune yese pre-Columbian nguva.

Izvo zvakawanikwa zvekuchera matongo zvakawanikwa munzvimbo idzi zvinovhara nhamba huru yemafomu, kusanganisira kumiririra kwegoridhe uye masikisi ane anthropomorphic features. Kubva pane zvakawanikwa, zvinokwanisika kusimbisa kuti tsika iyi yakanga ine sangano revanhu raitenderera kune unyanzvi nemitambo yechitendero.

Nhoroondo wongororo

Vazhinji vanochera matongo vakataura kuti tsika yeTumaco yakatanga pakati pe700 BC ne500 AD Sezvinei, mavambo ayo aive nemidzi muOlmec tsika yeMesoamerica, ichikurudzirwa nekufanana kuri pakati peaya mataurirwo ehunyanzvi.

Zvakare, zvinonzi vanhu ava vakabva kuPacific Ocean kuenda kuPeru, vakabatana netsika yeChavín, ndokuzotamira kuEcuador neColombia. Kune rumwe rutivi, kune humbowo hwekubatana pakati peTumaco nemamwe mapoka emarudzi eEcuadorian akadai saJama-Coaque neBahía.

Munhoroondo, nguva dzakasiyana dzakarongerwa tsika dzeTumaco, zvese mudunhu reTumaco uye neLa Tolita, maererano neizvi tine:

Tumaco tsika

Tumaco mudunhu reColombia, munzvimbo ino nhanho nhatu dzenguva dzakaitika umo tsika iyi yaivepo, idzi dzaive:

  • Inguapí pakati pemakore 325 kusvika 50 BC, ine matanho maviri ekugadzirisa,
  • Balsal neNerete mugore rechi50 a. C.,
  • El Morro mugore ra430 AD, iri munzvimbo ine qualifier yakafanana.

La Tolita pamhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe kweEcuador, mundima iyi zvikamu zvitatu zvenguva zvakaratidzwawo pakagara tsika iyi, izvi zvaive:

  • Late Formative pakati pemakore 600 kusvika 400 a. c.
  • Shanduko pakati pemakore 400 kusvika 200 BC, shanduko mukugadzirisa mamiriro ekutanga, hukama hwekurima hwakakura uye chiitiko chemhemberero chinowedzera.
  • Kubwinya pakati pemakore 200 BC kusvika 400 AD, dunhu iri rinozvimisikidza sechigaro chemhemberero nemadhorobha; Munguva dzekupedzisira dzechikamu ichi, zvisinei nekuwedzera kwekutsanangurwa kwezvinhu zveceramic, kuderera kwemhando yehunyanzvi hwayo kunosiyaniswa, kudzamara nzvimbo yacho yarasikirwa nemukurumbira wayo.

Gare gare vakakumbanira mamwe marudzi, vachirambira kusvikira pakasvika vaSpaniard uko vakaitwa kuti vararame senhapwa vachiita basa rokuchera.

Nzvimbo

Kukwanirisa kwetsika iyi kunogona kuchinja maererano nerudzi rwemashoko anobvunzurudzwa nezvevagari venzvimbo iyi. Kune akati wandei ekuchera matongo kuferefeta kunotsanangura tsika iyi seLa Tolita, nepo vamwe vachiitsanangura setsika yeTumaco. Mafungiro ose ari maviri ndeechokwadi; Nharaunda inogarwa nenzanga iyi yakaoma zvikuru kupfuura kuratidzirwa kwokutanga.

Sangano reTumaco-La Tolita rakanga risina kufanana zvachose. Ichi chiverengero chavagari vapasi chaiumbwa neboka reungano duku dzakanga dzine miitiro yakafanana zvikuru kune imwe neimwe. Kazhinji, ava vakagara munzvimbo dzeLa Tolita, Monte Alto, Selva Alegre, Tumaco neMataje. Kukura kwevanhu vemarudzi aya ndiko kwakakonzera tsika iyi.

Nemamwe manzwi, nzvimbo yaimbogara tsika iyi yakakura kupfuura zvinoita zita rayo. Mukupedzwa kwayo, tsika inokura kubva kuEsmeraldas (mutero uri muEcuador) kuenda kuCalima muColombia. Zvisinei, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoshanda, zita rayo rinoreva vanhu vanonyanya kukosha uye mapoka emagariro, ari muTumaco neLa Tolita.

Sociopolitical Organization

Mukutaura kwezvematongerwo enyika, tsika yeTolita yakavambwa mumanors ane danho rekugarisana richibva pakushanda kwebasa kana mafambiro ezvinangwa zvezvematongerwo enyika. Murairo wezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi saka wakamiririrwa nevakuru vekutonga munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemaguta. Panzvimbo pezvo, boka repasi rakanga rakaumbwa nevarimi, uye boka repamusoro rakadai samabwe anokosha nemhizha, rakaparadzaniswa nemabasa ekutsigira.

Idzi hurumende dzeTumaco tsika dzakatungamirirwa nevamiririri vehurumende vasina kubudisa chero chinhu, pane zvinopesana, rubatsiro rwavo rwakapiwa nehupfumi hwevanhu veboka rezasi. Uyewo, pakati pezvimwe zvaisabvumirwa vatungamiriri, ndezvekuti ava ndivo chete vaizowana mabhokisi emapfupa mumakomo. Uyezve, vaitonga zvose zviri zviviri kuvapo kwemhemberero uye kudzora kwoupfumi hwenzanga; ava vakashandisa cranial deformation sechiratidzo chehutungamiri hwemagariro.

Tumaco tsika

Munharaunda yeTumaco, shaman yakaita basa rinokosha rekutungamira nekuda kwehuchenjeri hwake hwechitendero. Akaputirwa nemasimba ane chokuita nechadenga chemweya, akamiririra murevereri pakati pechadenga chedenga nenharaunda.

Zvakabuda muongororo iyi, vanonzi vaishandisa masiki nemapfekero eganda kuita kunge jaguar. Mumwe munhu akafarikanya ruremekedzo nokuyemurwa navanhu akanga ari mutana, azere nouchenjeri noruzivo rwokuzviwanira.

Saizvozvowo, vaTumaco vaive nenzira yekuratidza kubata kwavo uye pfungwa isinganzwisisike, iyo yakaratidzwa kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwavo.

Economy

Chaizvoizvo, hupfumi hwetsika yeTumaco hwaive hwakavakirwa pakurima chibage, nhanga, cassava, donje uye coca. Kuti varime pabani, vaichinja pamusoro penyika vachishandisa nzira yakaoma yokudiridza; iyi contraption huru yakanga ine migero kubva pamamita 4 kusvika ku9 yakafara uye waru waru kubva pamamita 4 kusvika ku20 yakafara uye 50 masendimita kuenda kumusoro; saizvozvowo, vakabata zviridzwa zvekurima zvekurima zvekurima uye kudyara, senge trapezoidal kana rectangular demo.

Munzvimbo ine madhaka ine zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvemugungwa, kubata hove nemaoko kwaive chiitiko chepamusoro. Imo vaishandisa zvikepe zviduku, meshes ane mitoro yematombo uye zvikorekedzo zvakaiswa mumutsetse. Nenzira imwecheteyo, hupfumi hwakakwaniswa nekuvhimwa kwemhuka dzesango se: shiri, zvinokambaira nezvinoyamwisa. Ukuwo, vakashandisa simbi kuita zvekushongedza, zvinhu zvakaita segoridhe neplatinamu zvavakatora mujecha renzizi.

Kugara kwavo panotangira hova dzemakomo kwakagovera kuwirirana mune zvemari nemarudzi emakomo. Ivo vakachengetawo hukama hunobudirira nemaguta emahombekombe ePacific Ocean, kuburikidza nekuchinjana network.

Tumaco tsika

Chitendero

Kazhinji munharaunda zhinji dzeSouth America dzenguva iyoyo, tsika iyi yaingoratidza chitendero chevamwari vakawanda. Saizvozvovo, vaitenda mu animism uye mweya iyo yakanga iri chikamu chakapfuura chetsika yavo isinganzwisisike.

VaShaman vakaita basa rakakosha mune zvinotendwa nenzanga iyi. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nenhevedzano yetsika dzakapinzwa dzinenge dzose nemhuka uye zvisikwa zvinobva mumhoteredzo yechisikigo. Uyewo, zvakanga zvakajairika kushandisa jaguar, nyoka, gondo, tsoko kana kuti garwa semhuka kuzvinamata, sezvo zvaidavirwa kuti vaifananidzira vamwari vari pasi pano. Jaguar aiva mwari anokosha zvikuru ane chokuita nesango rinopisa, pamusoro pesimba, kubereka uye vuviri; uye pachinzvimbo, nyoka yakanga ine hukama nekuvandudzwa kwehupenyu kana kushandurwa.

Pamusoro pezvo, mashaman akashandawo semaprista mutsika dzechitendero chenzanga iyi. Ichi chiito chouprista chakanga chakati chihombe uye zvivako zvakakura zvakavakwa kuti zvishande senzvimbo dzetsika, dzaitongwa nen’anga dzenzanga.

Munguva yemitambo, zvaive zvakajairika kushandisa hallucinogenic compound, ine howa yakawanikwa munzvimbo imwechete inogarwa nesangano iri.

Iyi nyika yakaoma yemweya yaimiririrwa nekeramic kana simbi mifananidzo, mhedzisiro yehukama hwepedyo nemhoteredzo. Kutaura kwacho kworudzidziso kwairatidzirwawo munhevedzano yamabhuku okuchera matongo akarongedzerwa nokuda kwokunamata uye nzvimbo youprista. Pamusoro pemitambo yemariro, vakaviga vakafa vavo vakarara nerutivi rwavo, nenguo, zvipfeko uye midziyo yemariro.

nzvimbo dzemhemberero

Mamwe emasaiti makuru emhemberero dzeTumaco tsika anosanganisira anotevera, ayo anozotsanangurwa pazasi:

The Tolita

Inokosheswa sechigaro chikuru chemhemberero cheTumaco tsika, ndicho chikonzero icho La Tolita Key yaive nzvimbo yekutengeserana. Zvicherwa zvakadai se obsidian, quartz, jade uye emerald zvakawanikwa ipapo, izvo zvaive nemutengo wepamusoro wechiratidzo chekushandiswa kwavo mumitambo.

Iri pamuromo weSantiago tributary, mutaundi reEcuadorian Esmeraldas, yakaonekwa nemamogotes ayo mazhinji. Kunyanya, kiyi iyi yakashandurwa kuita fekitori hombe yegoridhe, ceramic uye simbi, uko zvidhori zvinomiririra zvisikwa zvengano uye vamwari zvakasikwa. Naizvozvo, nhamba huru yemabasa akachengetwa kubva kutsika iyi anogona kuwanikwa muCentral Bank Museum muQuito.

Imwe yemamogote ainyanya kusiyanisa yakanga iri pakati pechitsuwa, iyo yakashanda senzvimbo inovigwa. Zvakasara zvezvitunha zvevanhu nemhuka zvakawanikwa ipapo, chivezwa chepfupa chimwe chiratidziro chenzvimbo. Saizvozvo, La Tolita ine zvimwe zvitsuwa zvakaita seTolita del Pailón, Tolita de los Ruanos, Tolita de los Castillos.

Tumaco

Iri makiromita angangoita zana kubva kuchitsuwa cheLa Tolita, kubva uko kune inosvikika uye yakasununguka yekupinda. Munyika idzi dzinotsanangurwa nemahombekombe uye mapani enzizi, chikamu chetsika yeTumaco chakaitika mumataundi madiki. Pane kufambira mberi kwakaitwa munzvimbo ina dzakakosha dzekugara: Inguapí, Balsal, Nerete neEl Morro.

Tumaco tsika

Muna 2011, boka revanthropologist rakakwanisa kudzoreredza 3228 zvidimbu zvehari uye makumi mashanu nemana compendia yedombo kubva munzvimbo iyi. Pakati peizvo zvinomira kunze kwemidziyo yekupwanya zviyo, kukwenya machubhu, kucheka, kukwenya uye kurova zvimwe zvinhu, pamwe nemidziyo.

Crafts uye Goldsmith

Iyo mhizha yaive imwe yeakanyanya mukurumbira kuratidzwa kwetsika yeTumaco tsika; Chaizvoizvo, hunyanzvi mune zvese zvinomiririra ndihwo hwakabvisa nzanga iyi kubva kune mamwe madzinza ari munharaunda imwe chete. Mitoo yavo yaive mberi kwenguva yavo uye nziyo dzavaigadzira dzaive nezvakakosha munharaunda.

Goldsmithing yaivewo hunyanzvi hwakasarudzika kune vagari vetsika iyi; Ivo vakanyanya kushandisa goridhe, izvo zvakaita kuti kuwanikwa kwenhamba yakawanda yakakosha munzvimbo dzekuchera matongo dzematunhu aya eColombia neEcuador.

Saizvozvovo, kuburikidza nekugadzira goridhe nehunyanzvi, tsika yeTumaco yakaratidza kuwanda kwayo kwetsika, kuburikidza iyo yakadzoreredza misiyano yakakosha yemagariro nechitendero inomiririra tsika dzayo. Vakaitawo zvivezwa zvine revo yenyama, vachinongedzera kumitambo yakawanda yembereko yaiitwa nebudiriro iyi nguva nenguva.

Cerámica

Zvigadzirwa zveceramic zveiyi tsika inoratidza compendiums yakabatana nenharaunda yavo; Muzviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana, mifananidzo yakaita basa risinganzwisisike yakabatanidzwa, pamwe chete nekugadzirwa kwemifananidzo ye physiognomically yakaenzana nevagari vedzinza, iyo yakanga yakawandawo.

Ihari yehupfumi iyi yakagadzirwa zvakanaka kwazvo, iyo yakaibatsira kutsungirira kufamba kwemakore. Izvi, zvakare, zvakashandiswa pakugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda, kusanganisira magajeti ayo vagari vemo vakashandisa muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva; Saizvozvowo, zviridzwa zveceramic zvakashandiswa mukugadzira zvivakwa, zvezvikamu zvemitambo yechitendero nemhemberero.

Masks

Kupfuura kwemasikisi kuri munzira yavo yakatsanangurwa uye yakasarudzika yekubata goridhe nesirivheri, izvo zvinozoratidza chimiro chavo chepamusoro munzanga, pamwe nekukurudzira kwehupenyu hwavo hwechitendero nemhemberero. Mavara acho aiwanzogadzirwa negoridhe uye tumbaga; uye zviyero zveizvi zvaive zvakatenderedza masendimita gumi nenomwe kureba uye masendimita 17.5 paupamhi.

Zvizhinji zvezvidhori zvakavezwa, izvo zvinowanzoitika, zvaive nemufananidzo wemusoro wemunhu, une spherical complements uye chikamu chepamusoro chakaganhurwa chakatwasuka. Dzimwe nguva maziso ake nemuromo zvakanga zvakashama; idzi dzaive nhamba dziri nyore, asi dzakanyatsoshanda uye dzine ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana, zvichienderana nezvidimbu.

Inokurudzirwa nekubiwa kwevatsvaki vehupfumi uye kutengeserana kwepachivande kwezvinhu zvekuchera matongo zvakagadziriswa mumazana emakore achangopfuura, yehuwandu hwe40 tolas (goridhe pampas), inozivikanwa pachitsuwa cheLa Tolita, 16 chete yasara.

MaTumacos vaive vaumbi vehari vane hunyanzvi uye vanokosheswa seimwe yetsika dzakanaka dzehari muAmerica yese. Mune ceramics yeTumaco, tinogona kuona hunhu hwakasiyana hwezuva nezuva uye hwechitendero chimiro, senge zviri mukati mehumai, vakadzi, eroticism, kurwara uye kuchembera.

Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi cheTumaco Culture chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakidzwe nezvimwe izvi:


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