Tsvaga iyo Zenu tsika, maitiro uye nzvimbo ▷➡️ Postposmo

Iri mumipata yenzizi ina dzinokosha Sinú, San Jorge, Magdalena neNechí, iyo Zenu Culture Yakanga iri panguva iyo imwe yedzakanyanya kushanduka kwenyika dzeColombian. Dzidza zvinonakidza zvechinyakare tsika dzechivanhu!

Tsika dzeZenu

Tsika yeZenú kana Sinú inowanikwa kunyika idzo nhasi dzinoumba chikamu cherudzi rweColombia. Nharaunda yaro yaive pakati pemipata yeSinú neSan Jorge nzizi neCaribbean padyo neGulf yeMorrosquillo, nhasi Córdoba neSucre.

Etymology

Izwi rokuti Zenú rinoratidzika kuva rine chokuita nezita iro zvizvarwa zvemarudzi aya zvakapa Rwizi rweSinú. Kune rumwe rutivi, inobatanidzwawo nemazita akasiyana-siyana akagoverwa kumatunhu ayo nharaunda iyi yakakamurwa vasati vasvika veEurope: Finzenú, Panzenú neZenufana.

Kuwedzerwa kune izvi zvose, iyo inonyanya kukosha uye inogarwa nevanhu vetsika iyi, iri pedyo nehombe yemvura inonzi Betancí swamp muFizenú, inozivikanwa seZenú.

Nehurombo, magwaro akanyorwa nevanyori vekuSpain vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX haaite chero rudzi rwekureva kana tsananguro nezvekwakabva zita reichi tsika yekare, saka zvakaoma kuona kana raive zita rakasarudzwa nevaEurope kana vanhu veko vanozviti maZenúes. .

Mumazuva akatevera 1550, apo vaSpaniard vakagara mukondinendi itsva vakatanga kugovera uye kurongeka kwevagari vemo muencomiendas, chimiro kana sangano raibatanidza maAborigines sebasa risiri rekuzvidira.

Muzvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zverudzi urwu rwesangano, tsika kana kuti dzinza raakaberekerwa harina kutaurwa, asi vakapiwa zita reencomendero wavakamanikidzwa kushandira. Mazhinji emataundi aya aizvidaidza nezita remutungamiri kana kuti cacique anoona nezvekupa mutero kuvatorwa.

Nhoroondo yeZenu tsika

Kuvapo kwaro kunotanga muna 200 BC uye kunofungidzirwa kuti kutsakatika kwayo kunenge kwakaitika makore akapoteredza 1600 AD. Nhoroondo dzenyika itsva dzakanyorwa nevaSpanish muzana remakore rechiXNUMX dzinotaura zvishoma nezvenhoroondo yetsika yeZenú, zvisinei, vakaongorora izvo zvichiripo, tsika dzavo, nzvimbo, mabasa ehupfumi, nezvimwewo.

VeZenú vakaita mabasa makuru ekutarisira mvura, asi vakamira pachena mukugadzirwa kwezvidimbu zvegoridhe, izvo zvakazovigwa nemufi uye zvakakwezva pfungwa dzevakawanda. Vanhu ava vari pakati penharaunda yeCaribbean Caribbean, iri pakati chaipo penzizi dzeSinú neSan Jorge, kwemazana emakore, vakaona nhaka yavo ichinyangarika uye vasingaremekedzi tsika dzavo.

Makuva echinyakare ichi akapambwa uye midziyo yavo yemakuva yakabiwa zvisina kufanira. VaZenú vakanzwisisa nenzira inosuruvarisa kuti madzitateguru avo nevakafa vakanga vasinganzwisisike, vachifanira kuzviriritira, vasina zvinhu zvinokosha zvaibatsira mugwaro rinoenda kune imwe nyika.

Tsika yakanga yatoderera kusati kwaonekwa vakundi veEurope, asi nekuvapo kwavo, yakapotsa yanyangarika zvachose.

Vasati vakunda

Iyi nharaunda yenharaunda yeColombia yaive nzvimbo yakazara vanhu kwaigara marudzi akasiyana-siyana emarudzi. Muchiitiko chevanhu veZenú, yakakamurwa kuva madzimambo ane zana nematatu, akakamurwa kuva mapurovhinzi matatu airamba achichinjana, kunyanya mune zvehupfumi. Izvi zvaive:

Finzenú, iri munzvimbo dziri paRwizi rweSinu. Mapoka aya akabuda pachena mukukwenenzverwa kwetswanda, matinji nezvimwe zvakafanana, zvakare mukuruka.
Panzenu, nharaunda dzakagara pasi paRwizi rweSan Jorge, dzinoita basa rekukohwa nekugadzirwa kwechikafu zvachose.
Zenufana, rakanga riri ruwa rwakanga rwuri pakati peCauca neNechí nzizi, dzakanga dzakatsaurirwa zvikurukuru kukugadzira ndarama.

Mushure mekukunda kweSpain

Kusvika kuzana ramakore reXV, maererano nezvinyorwa zveSpanish, sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reZenúes rakanga risipo, rakapona maviri cacicazgos. Muna 1533, mukundi Pedro de Heredia akatanga nzvimbo yakasimbiswa yeCartagena de Indias. Raona kukosha kwakakosha kwemhenderekedzo yegungwa yakadzika yezviteshi zvengarava, guta rakatanga kubudirira sechiteshi chevaranda uye nzvimbo yekukunda kweSpain Crown yeNyika Itsva.

Kuva pedyo kwaiita Zenú nemasimbi anokosha mukati-kati mepakati peRwizi rweMagdalena kwaiita kuti ive nyore kubatwa nevapambi. Idzi nharaunda dzakava encomiendas uye kutenderedza XNUMXth century maguta akasiyana achiri munzvimbo iyi akavakwa.

Gare gare, takananga kuzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, mamishinari akasvika, mapurazi emombe akatangwa uye kushandiswa kusingaregi kwezviwanikwa zvaiva munharaunda yaimbova yevanhu veko kunochengetwa.

Nzanga dzemipata yerwizi

Zenú isati yakunda yakatoona kudzikira kwehuwandu hwavo, kunyangwe nezvikonzero zvisina tsananguro chaiyo.

Idzi nharaunda dzaigara munzvimbo dzakakwirira pedyo neAyapel, Montelíbano neBetanci, dzichiwanikwa nevakundi mukuongorora kwavo kuburikidza neRwizi rweSinú. Imwe neimwe yemapurovhinzi panguva yekukunda yaive nevatungamiriri vayo vakagadzwa uye sangano remagariro:

Mupata weSinú wainzi Finzenú, dzimbahwe, Zenú: unotongwa nomukadzi, anozivikanwa saTotó. Nzvimbo yaro inonyanya kukosha inoera uye makuva uko kwakasara kwevanoremekedzwa kwaive muZenú, padyo nedhamu reBetanci.
Panzenú, iri mubani reSan Jorge, yaive neAyapel semuzinda wayo uye muzinda wezvematongerwo enyika, mutongi wayo aizivikanwa seYapel.
Zenufana, iri pakati peCauca neNechí nzizi, kwaigadzirwa goridhe, yaitongwa naNutibar.

Mukuru Zenúfana aionekwa semunhu wengano, aitonga nzvimbo yese yezasi yeCauca neNechí, achironga dunhu rose reGran Zenú mune zvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi uye zvechitendero.

Izvi zvakachengetwa zvisati zvaitika uye mukati menguva yekukunda, kudzika mitemo nemirairo yaive ichishanda kutozosvikira vawanikwa nevatorwa uye Pedro de Heredia akapinda munyika yavo.

Zenues mumakomo eSan Jacinto

Mapoka ekuzvarwa enzvimbo idzi aive akabatana zvakanyanya nemabasa ekugadzira goridhe, kutengeserana uye kubata hove, kugara munzvimbo dzemakomo eSan Jacinto uye pamahombekombe eRwizi rweMagdalena, pamberi uye panguva yekukunda.

Pakati pemisiyano yakakosha zvikuru maererano neZenú yepasi, kwaive kushandiswa kwezvikomo zvekuvigwa nemakuva. Mushakabvu wavo akazorora mumidziyo mikuru yakavigwa pasi peuriri hwedzimba dzavo. Vapfuri vegoridhe venzvimbo iyi vaishandisa zviwanikwa zvegoridhe, zvine mhangura yakawanda, pazvinhu nezvimedu zvekushandisa hombe uye zvakajairika.

Vaiwanzova nechitarisiko chegoridhe pasinei nemhangura, nokuda kweizvi vakaiswa pasi pemakemikari ekupisa, ayo ainyungudutsa mhangura pamusoro uye achisiya chidimbu chendarama. Nekudaro, ruvara urwu rwaiwanzopera nekufamba kwenguva, uye chidimbu chairatidza oxidized copper hue.

Pakati pezvimedu zvakajairika zvaunogona kuwana: mhete dzedenderedzwa uye semicircular, mhete nemhete, nhamba dzevanhu vane zvipfeko zveumbozha, misoro, mabhero uye zvimwe zvipenyu kubva kumhuka dzesango. Mabasa avo akapfuurira kunyange pashure pokukunda, zvisinei, apo rudzi rwavo rwakawanwa ndokuvhozhokerwa, rutivi rukuru rwezvidimbu rwakanyangarika, pamwe chete nebasa rendarama.

Kuderera kwetsika yeZenu

Nyika yechizvarwa cheZenú yakashandurwa zvachose apo veEurope vekutanga vakasvika pazvikepe zvavo kuzoronga uye kuongorora iyi iri kure yegungwa. Vakaona mumhenderekedzo idzi mukana wokuva nechiteshi chengarava chinokosha muAmerica uye mukana wokuva nepfuma isingaverengeki munyika dzavo.

Muna 1533, pakavambwa guta reCartagena de Indias, vanhu vekuEurope vaive vasina kupokana nezvehupfumi hwese hwaive hwekuvigwa kwechivanhu hwaive hwakananga kunharaunda yeRwizi rweSinú. Vakaronga nzendo dzakawanda dzokuongorora, dzine chinangwa chikuru chaiva chokupamba mirwi yemakuva.

Nekusvika kwevaEurope uye nechisimba cherudzi rweZenú, kudzorwa kwenharaunda yavo uye kutonga kwemadzinza kwaive chokwadi, kuri pasi pemitero yakanyanyisa, yakarongwa sechibharo chebasa rekumanikidzirwa uye hosha dzakauya navo. kubva kumadokero, huwandu hweZenú hwakadzikira zvinokatyamadza uye nayo tsika yavo yese yakanyangarika.

Muna 1773, Mambo weSpain akaraira kuti mahekita zviuru makumi masere nenhatu muSan Andrés de Sotavento ive Zenú reserve, zvisinei, izvi zvakanyangarika muna 1905 nekuraira kweNational Assembly yeColombia.

Kubva ipapo, vagari vemunzvimbo iyi vanga vachirwira kudzoreredzwa kwenzvimbo ino yekuchengetedza, maitiro akabereka chibereko muna 1990, apo San Andrés de Sotavento akabata zita iri zvakare.

Nekudaro, iyo gadziriro yaingobata nharaunda yezviuru gumi mahekita, iyo yakazove zvishoma kudarika zviuru makumi maviri, uko kune vangangoita zviuru makumi matatu vagari vachiri kuedza kuchengetedza tsika dzekare.

Mutauro weVaZenue

Vanhu vekuAmerica ava pakutanga vaitaura mutauro weGuajiba kana kuti Guamacó, parizvino vazukuru vavo vanoshandisa chiSpanish semutauro wavo.

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi1770, Guamacó yaitaurwa munharaunda dzinonzi Cereté neAlto San. Nekudaro, korona yeSpain yakarambidza kushandiswa kwemitauro yakasiyana-siyana yakapoteredza XNUMX, ichi chiri chikonzero chekutsakatika kwayo zvachose.

Pamutauro wekare uyu, mazita mashoma enzvimbo, maruva, mhuka uye mamwe mazwi emutauro wayo wecolloquial wemahombekombe-savanna anopona. Mutauro wetsika yeZenú pashure pokukunda kweSpain wakanyangarika zvishoma nezvishoma, zvokuti wakarangarirwa somutauro wakatsakatika.

Zvisinei, Bazi Rezvetsika reColombia rinoti pari zvino kune vanhu vanenge 14 muzana vanotaura mutauro wekuzvarwa uyu, vari panjodzi huru yekutsakatika zvachose. Parizvino pane zvirongwa nemapurojekiti akanangana nekudzoreredza mutauro uyu.

Social sangano

Apo vakundi veSpain vakawana nyika dzeZenú, dzakakamurwa kuva matunhu matatu kana kuti cacicazgos, Panzenú munharaunda yeSan Jorge, Zenúfana muHenchí uye yakaderera Cauca mipata, uye Finzenú pakati uye yakaderera Sinú mipata.

Nharaunda idzi dzaitungamirirwa nemuti wemukaka, wemurume kana mukadzi. Iri rakanga riri basa rekutonga nekudzora nzanga yeZenú, munzvimbo dzose.

Pasinei nenyaya yekuti cacicazgo imwe neimwe yaive nemukuru, zvisinei, mapoka akaramba achichinjana nguva dzose, kunyanya mune zvehupfumi, sezvo zvigadzirwa zvevamwe zvaidiwa nevamwe uye kuburikidza nekuchinjana munhu wese aikwanisa kuwana zvavanoda kwete ivo vakagadzira.

Madzishe aive nemabasa akasiyana-siyana mune zvese zvehupenyu hwenharaunda. Zvematongerwo enyika, zvechitendero uye zvehupfumi mabasa, semuenzaniso: kuranga uye chirango mumamiriro ezvinhu anobvumira, kugadzirisa kusagadzikana uye kukakavara kwevanhu, kupa mvumo yemuchato, nezvimwe.

Misha yeZenú yakanga yakaumbwa nedzimba huru, dzakarongeka uye dzakatsvinda. Aive akavakirwa pamateru kana mapuratifomu, pamusoro pemvura. Pakafa mumwe wevatungamiriri vavo, vakavigwa pamateru aya, miviri yavo yakashongedzwa zvakanaka nematombo anokosha nezvidimbu zvegoridhe, zvichienderana nechinzvimbo chavainacho, kukwirira kwenzvimbo, zvipfeko zvakakura uye kureba kwemurwi.

Humambo hwematrilineal, kureva kuti, mwana anotsanangurwa nemutsara waamai, asiwo zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoenderana uye zvinotenderera pamurume, semuenzaniso, mhuri dzinogara mumusha webaba. Kuberekesana kwaibvumirwa, ndiko kuti, kuroorana kwevanhu vemarudzi akasiyana.

Vakadzi mutsika yeZenu

Mutsika iyi yekare, vakadzi vaiva nebasa rinokosha munzanga, vachimiririra kubereka, huchenjeri uye ruremekedzo.

Nechikonzero ichi, hazvina kunetsa kuwana mavara echikadzi mukutaura kwehunyanzvi. Kazhinji kazhinji yakagadzirwa nevhu, nhamba idzi dzakawedzerwa kune zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaunganidzwa mumakuva, sechiratidzo chekubereka kwevanhu uye ivhu.

Kuisa iyi mifananidzo miduku mumakuva kwaibatanidza kubata pamuviri uye kuberekwa patsva, hongu mune imwe nyika, kungofanana nembeu dziri muvhu dzinomera nokukura.

Mhemberero dzemariro dzakakosha kunharaunda, naizvozvo, zvakajairika kuti munhu wose apinde achiunza mimhanzi uye kutamba kwechiitiko chacho. Murwi unogadzirwa paguva nenzira yakatenderedzwa kazhinji kazhinji unoedza kutevedzera dumbu raamai, nzvimbo inoitirwa pamuviri, kutozosvikira pakusununguka. Izvi zvakashongedzwa nemuti wakashongedzwa nemabhero egoridhe, akaiswa pabazi rimwe nerimwe.

Pamariro, vakadzi nevarume vane chiremera munharaunda vaishandisa zvidzitiro zvepachipfuva zvegoridhe, mucherechedzo weuviri hwemunhurume uye danho rekuzvara kwevakadzi. Kubata pamuviri uye kuberekwa kwakakosha zvikuru mukati meZenú tsika, ndicho chikonzero vakadzi vainyanya kukosha muupenyu hwemagariro evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika munharaunda iyi.

Mumakore ekumaXNUMX, apo vakundi vakawana Zenúes, imwe yemapurovhinzi nenzvimbo yechitendero inozivikanwa seFizenú yakatungamirirwa naToto, uyo aitarisira nhamba yakati kuti yenharaunda dziri pedyo.

Economy

Nyika dzaigarwa neZenú dzaive nematsime emvura akanyanya kukosha munzvimbo yese iyi yegungwa reCaribbean, saka kusimukira kwehupfumi netsika kweavo vaigara kumahombekombe kwaro kwaivimbisa, kuita mabasa akakosha kuti vararame. kubata hove.

MaZenúes akagadzira mabasa akasiyana ehupfumi, akamira mune mamwe chaiwo. Imwe yeakanyanya uye yakakosha kurima, kurima zvakakosha zvigadzirwa mukudya kwavo sechibage, chili, mufarinya, bhinzi, manhanga nemayam. Pakati pemichero yakakohwewa uye inopedzwa manwiwa, melon, mango, corozo, guava uye soursop.

Imwe yemabasa ehupfumi etsika yeZenú kubata hove. Mhando dzakasiyana dzehove, babilla kana alligator nehicotea turtle, zvaive zvigadzirwa zvakakosha mumhuri yega yega. Munharaunda dzakawanda, kurima kwekamba kwaiitwa vashoma.

Vaivawo vakatanhamara pakuruka uye kugadzira tswanda, izvo vaiita chokwadi chokuchengeta goho remamwe marudzi emichindwe, uswa uye mizambiringa, yaifanirwa kugadziridzwa mabasa amaoko nebasa rokuvaka. Vaiva vakatanhamara pakugadzira zvidimbu zvakanaka uye zvinobatsira zvakarukwa kana kuti kurukwa neshinda dzakatorwa mumiti. Heti, mabhasikiti nemabhasikiti, mafeni, mabhegi, mabhegi, mavhasi, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zvakarukwa kuti zvishandiswe zuva nezuva uye kuchinjana kwekutengeserana.

Parizvino, zvinhu izvi zvichiri kugadzirwa nemuseve uye napa cane fibers, zvidimbu zvakawanda zvechiratidzo chenyika dzeColombia uye zvakazvarwa kubva kutsika yekare yeZenú, zvinotengeswa kune mamwe miganhu. Iyo vueltiao hat, semuenzaniso, chiratidzo cherudzi rweColombia, chiri chimiro cheCaribbean savannas, kunyanya Córdoba, Sucre neBolívar.

Iyo inogadzirwa nefiber inowanikwa kubva munzimbe museve palm, chirimwa chinoshandiswawo kumadziro dzimba, kugadzira miseve yekuredza uye sechishongo. Iyo fiber inoiswa muzuva kuitira kuti irasikirwe nehunyoro uye yakaoma zvachose, ichishandura yakareruka kamu cream, inenge chena.

Kana faibha yaoma, inosviba nedhaka, kuruka ngowani yacho nemavara maviri. Pakati pemhando dzejira tinowana izvo zvinonzi spider pints, cricket breast, etc. Pakutanga mitsara yemagumo emapendero eheti yakagadzirwa nevana, nokudaro vachipa basa uye kudzidza tsika. Kune nharaunda dzakasimukirawo pakuruka mahammoki makuru uye anoshamisa pamichina mikuru.

Mune dzimwe nharaunda kwaiitwa kuvhimwa kwetwumbuva tunonzi picures or sereques nedzimwe shiri dzemumvura dzakaita semhungu nemhando dzakasiyana dzetuki.

ngano nechitendero

Zvinotendwa zveZenú tsika zvinotarisa, semune dzimwe tsika dzepakutanga, kune zvisikwa zvepamusoro, vagadziri ve cosmos, nyika uye zvipenyu zvose. Muchiitiko ichi, chizvarwa cheZenués chakasimbisa kuti pakutanga kwenguva chinhu chiri chose chakanga chiri choga, kunyarara uye kutonhora, kwakanga kune vamwari vaviri bedzi, vairangarirwa kuva vamwari vavasiki.

Aya mafananidzo ehumwari, vasiki vezvese zvatinoziva, kusanganisira vekutanga maZenúes aigara muGran Zenú, ainzi Mexion, akafanana chaizvo neZenúes mumuviri, asi achipenya uye achipenya, mumwe wavo aive Manexca, mwarikadzi ane zamu rimwe chete, rehukuru. runako

Kufanana netsika zhinji dzechiAborigine dzekare, chizvarwa cheZenú chairemekedza nekukudza hunhu nesimba rayo guru. Vaiona kuti upenyu hwepanyika chipo uye rufu rwaitarisirwa pasina kutya uye nemweya yakanaka, nokuti muupenyu hwapashure mudzimu wakanga usina zvaunosungirwa kuita nomuviri wenyama uye naizvozvo upenyu pane imwe ndege hwaidzikama uye hunofadza.

Nekune rimwe divi, rufu rwaive nyaya yekukosha kukuru uye nekupfuura kunharaunda iyi, yaionekwa senguva yakajairika muhupenyu hwemunhu chero upi zvake, aine setsika yekuisimudzira nemhemberero nemhemberero dzinodiwa, kunyanya kutungamira. mweya wemufi..

Muimba yeZenú zvakanga zvisiri zvechienzi kuwana rudzi rwemezzanine kana kuti mezzanine yakagadzirwa nematanda kana kuti wattle kuti uchengete bhokisi zvakachengeteka. Iko kune vakawanda mazuva ano, chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa uye chisingafadzi zvishoma kuchengeta dhirowa kana urn pamba, asi ichi chaiva chikamu chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva hweZenú, sezvo zvakajairika kuiwana sechikamu chezvishongo uye zvinhu zveimba.

Hauzivi kuti rufu parunogogodza pagonhi, saka gadzirira. Bhokisi racho kana kuti bhokisi raifungidzirwa kuti rishandiswe neveruzhinji uye raikwereteswa chero ani zvake arikurida munguva yokushayiwa. Zvechokwadi, bhokisi rinozoitwa gare gare rine tsanangudzo yakafanana kune iyo yakagamuchirwa nechikwereti, sechiratidzo chekuremekedza uye kuonga kumhuri iyo yakapa rupo.

Munhu akafa achaiswa mukati mebhokisi, achigara zvakanaka, maziso nemuromo zvakavharwa, sezvo nzvimbo isina kufanira kana kuti masaini zvichireva kuti mweya unoramba uchidzungaira, ungatora nhengo yemhuri kana kuti uri kuchema chimwe chinhu chisina kupera kana kuti chisina kukodzera chakaitika munharaunda yavo. pedyo.

Nemutumbi wakaiswa nenzira yakarurama mudhirowa, hama dzake dzinofamba naye kumativi eimba yake nenzvimbo dziri pedyo, kuitira kuti arangarire nzvimbo idzodzo uye "anotora nhanho dzake munyika ino". Weti yacho inowanzotakurwa pamapfudzi eshamwari nehama dzepedyo, avo, pashure pokunge vashanyira musha wemushakabvu, vanoendeswa kunzvimbo yavaizovigwa.

Gare gare nekugamuchirwa kwezvitendero zvechiKristu uye musanganiswa weizvi nezvitendero zvekare, vasati vaenda kunzvimbo yekuvigwa, vanopfuura nechechi. Muimba yemushakabvu, mhuri inoisa rudzi rweatari, iyo ichave yakashongedzwa nemaruva, mamwe makenduru, girazi remvura nekotoni. Kubva mugirazi iroro zvinonzi, mweya wemufi uchanwa mvura mazuva mapfumbamwe eNovena, kutaura zvakanaka kune nyika ino.

Kuti utore bhokisi kunzvimbo yekuvigwa, mitsara miviri yakarongeka nevabatsiri, vachitevedzera nzira, munhu wose achatakura makenduru akabatidzwa kuitira kuti chiedza ichi chisimbise mufi rwendo rwakanaka rwemweya, pedyo namwari Zenú, Tií.

Munhu wacho achavigwa nemusoro wake wakananga kumadokero, uko kunosviba, nezvinhu zvavo uye zvidimbu zvinoenderana. Ivhu rakaiswa pabhokisi riri mukati megomba richabatanidzwa nematanda matatu ematanda anozivikanwa se rammers. Pakadai apa panodiwa ma rammer maviri echikadzi nechirume chimwe chete chinoburitsa kurira sengoma kana yarohwa pasi.

Ruzha urwu runoperekedzwa nemitsara uye mazwi akatsaurirwa kumufi kana anonongedzera kurufu. Nenzira imwecheteyo, inoperekedzwa nekutamba kune rhythm yekurova ikoko, inoonekwa sechikamu chinokosha chemhemberero, sezvo rufu runongova kutanga kwehupenyu hutsva, kuberekwa patsva uye chikonzero chekufara. Mutumbi wemushakabvu unozorora kubva kune zvese zvairarama munyika ino uye mweya wake unozvarwa patsva pane imwe ndege.

Tsika inoti avo vanomutakura nekumuviga vanwe zvinwiwa zvechivanhu zvakaita semasato, chicha, ñeque kana chirrinche. Kana mariro apera uye mufi avigwa, kupera kana kutaridzika kweguva kunoenderana nehukuru hwechiremera kana chinzvimbo chechizvarwa munharaunda yavo, nekuti zvichienderana nekukosha kwavo kana hukuru hwavo, mhirizhonga kana murwi wevhu unofukidza dhirowa rinenge riine saizi chaiyo.

Kana chizvarwa chacho chaive chimuti kana kuti imwe nhengo inokosha munharaunda, murwi wevhu wakasiyana zvachose neunogara mugari wemo, sezvo uchiwanzova mukuru uye wakakwirira. VaZenúes vanodavira kuti rufu ichokwadi chinorumbidzwa netsika dzakakosha nemhemberero, dzinowanzozivikanwa seDispatch of the soul kana novena. Novena iyi inoitwa mumba memushakabvu, paine mhuri, shamwari nevanozivana navo, kwemazuva mapfumbamwe.

Chinangwa chekuita tsika iyi ndechekutsigira hama mukutsvaga kunyaradzwa kwekurasikirwa kwavo, kuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana anozovabvumira kuti vatsungirire kuchema, semuenzaniso, kugovera zvokudya uye zvinwiwa zvakadai sekofi, masato, tapetusa uye chicha, kuwedzera. kupedza nguva pakati pemitambo yemukana nehurukuro diki.

Mumanovenarios, vakadzi vanowanzotaura, varume vanotamba, vanorondedzera nyaya, ngano, ngano nemajee uye vadiki vanowanzotamba nekunakidzwa, nepo munhu wese achidya nekunwa izvo zvinopihwa kwavari. Itsika yekutsvaga n’anga, inova inoona nezvekukumbira nekuyananisa mweya wemufi, kuti ucheneswe ugopinda mugomo rinoyera. Husiku hupfumbamwe ibasa rakaoma rezandero, kutozosvikira akwanisa kuendesa mufi nenzira kwayo.

Mukutenda basa ravo, rezandero richapindwa nemhuri yemushakabvu, vopihwa zvekudya nekunwa, sezvo tsika iyi inoitwa muhurongwa hutatu husingafanirwe kuchinjwa. Mazuva anoitwa nenguva nerezandero na7:00 pm, 11:00 pm uye 2:00 am.

Veruzhinji vanodyidzana nechikafu chemhuri yemushakabvu pamazuva mapfumbamwe aya anosanganisira mufarinya, mbambaira, mabanana nekofi. Kutumirwa kana kuoneka kwemweya kunoitika pazuva repfumbamwe rerufu pakati pehusiku. Rezandero achadzokorora minyengetero yake paanobuda ndokubvisa zvombo zveatari yakaisvonaka iri mumba. Imwe neimwe nhengo yemhuri ichadzima kenduru sechiratidzo chekuenda kwemushakabvu kubva munyika ino yevapenyu, pakupedzisira zvese zvinoramba zviri murima uye minamato yakakodzera inodzokororwa.

Magonhi eimba anochengetwa akazaruka uye akajeka, kuitira kuti mweya ubve panzvimbo. Vagari vemunzvimbo iyi vanotsinhira kuti ani nani anovhiringa kuenda kwemufi nechikonzero chipi zvacho anogona kurwara kana kuendeswa kunyika yevafi nemweya.

Zenu tekinoroji uye tsika

Pamusoro pekuchengetedza chimiro chakaomarara chemagariro nehupfumi panguva iyoyo, maZenúes aizivikanwa nekuve tsika yepamberi. Vanoshamisa maartist uye mainjiniya, sekutsanangurwa kwavanoitwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda munzvimbo iyi, zvisinei ivo vaive nehunyanzvi uye hunoshanda mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda. Pazasi iwe unogona kuwana akawanda ehunyanzvi hwake:

Hydraulic Engineering

Mwoyo wenyika yavo waive delta chigadzirwa chekuvapo kwenzizi ina, San Jorge, Sinú, Cauca neMagdalena, iyo yaive neyakajeka yekugarofashama panguva yekunaya kwemvura. Tsika yeZenú yakaratidza hunyanzvi hukuru mukuvaka, kutonga uye manejimendi akasiyana masisitimu ekudiridza.

VeZenú vakava nyanzvi mukugadzira nekuvaka migero yekudzora mafashamo. Vakavaka hurongwa hune hungwaru uye hunoshanda, hunokwanisa kuunza mvura kumahekita anopfuura mazana matanhatu ezviuru kwemakore anopfuura chiuru. Ivhu rakasiiwa nekuchera migero ndiro rakashandiswa pakuvaka maturusi paive nedzimba nemapurazi.

Iyi network inooneka yenyika nemvura, uko hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwakaitika, yakava chikamu chakakosha chetsika yeZenú iyo inowanzoratidzwa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvavakagadzira. Iyi network yemigero yakavakwa neZenúes yakanga yakakura uye yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kudzora mafashamo anogara aripo enzizi, achitungamirira kuwandisa kwemvura yadzo kunzvimbo dzechisikigo, kutora mukana weiyi sediment, kuwana inoshamisa uye inobudirira rwizi rwekutaurirana network.

Kucherwa kwemigero mikuru kwakasimbisazve kuti mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura, mvura yaiyerera zvishoma nezvishoma ichipinda munzizi. Ivhu rakawandisa rinobva mukuchera kwakashandiswa kugadzira materesi akakwirira, uko kurimwa kwaiitwa gore rose.

Sezvaunogona kufungidzira, iyi hurongwa yakabvumira Zenú kuti ishandise zviri nani nzvimbo, kutora nzvimbo dzakambosiiwa nemafashamo uye kukwira kwemvura. Kune rumwe rutivi, mumatanho aya marudzi makuru emarudzi emvura anowedzera, turtles, caimans uye caimans, kuwedzera kune marudzi akawanda ehove, iyo yaiva nzvimbo inokosha yezvokudya zvevanhu.

Iyi nzira yokuchenjera yokushandisa nayo nyika yavo, ichivabvumira kugara uye kudyara panyika iyo, nemhaka yemafashamo, yakanga isina kukodzera nokuda kwedonzo iroro, yakavapa zita rakakodzera remainjiniya emvura omunguva yavo.

Matero uko zvirimwa zvemufarinya, chibage, donje zvakazara. bhinzi, nezvimwewo, pamusoro pekugona kubata hove kwakawanda, yakavimbiswa kuti nharaunda dzakawanda idzi dzaigona kurarama.

mupfuri wendarama

Unyanzvi hweava vapfuri vegoridhe vekare hunokatyamadza nanhasi, basa ravo remanyepo, shinda yakarukwa yegoridhe yakapfava, yakakandwa nenamo neunyanzvi, zvidimbu zvikuru zvetsika yeZenú.

Magadzirirwo echinyakare eZenú imhando yekuratidzira nharaunda nemararamiro avo, akakomberedzwa nemigero yavaigara mumipata iri pedyo neGulf of Morrosquillo, vaimboshanda nekushongedza zvimedu zvavo semhando yewicker pateni, yakafanana nemambure avo ehove. , machira, midziyo yevhu, tswanda, uye zvinhu zvegoridhe nezvinhu.

Ndarama yaishandiswawo nedzimwe nzira, yakaroverwa mundiro uye nenyundo, kugadzira zvishongo zvaiwanzoitwa nealloy ine giredhi repamusoro resimbi iyi.

Chimiro chechimiro chezvinhu zvinogadzirwa neZenú mumakomo eSan Jacinto ndiko kumiririrwa kwezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwechisikigo, shiri dzinogara pabazi, feline figures, alligators uye amphibians. Nguva zhinji zvimiro zvevarume zvaiwedzerwa makuhwa, zvipikiri, mazino, nezvimwe.

Shiri, makarwe, hove, mhembwe, blue-billed curassow, uye dzimwe mhuka dzemumakomo nemachakwi, dzaivewo matsime ezvokudya, dzaiwanzoratidzwa muzvishongo zvegoridhe, zvichida sekuratidzira kuonga, rudo uye rukudzo nokuda kwepasi uye zvisikwa.

Mimwe yemifananidzo yegoridhe yepasirese yemhuka yakashandurwa kuita pendants uye zvishongo izvo zvakaiswa kumagumo ematanda kuti zvishongedze. Vakagadzirawo mhete dzemhuno kana mhete dzemhuno, pectorals, mapini, mhete nemhete. Kuwedzera kune echokwadi uye mamwe akawanda akashongedzwa manhamba evanhu ari nyore uye akajairika maitiro uye zviitiko: vaimbi vane zviridzwa, vakagara pazvigaro, vakamira, nemiriwo kana michero, nezvimwe.

Zvizhinji zvezvidimbu zvakaisvonaka zvakavigwa navafi vazvo, mukuwirirana negamuchidzanwa reiyi tsika yomuzvarirwo. Kazhinji izvi zvaiitwa mumigero yakazofukidzwa nemirwi mikuru yevhu, zvichiita kuti ive nyore kunangwa nemakororo akakuvara, makororo uye vafambi vaigara vachipamba mahombekombe eCaribbean nezvitsuwa.

Hapana anonyatsoziva uko Zenú yakawana ndarama uye apo basa rakatanga naro, richiriita kuti rive rakakwana kutozosvikira rasvika pazvidimbu izvo zvichiri kushamisa nyika yose, sezvo zvichifungidzirwa kuti tsika yacho yakatekeshera kweanenge makore ane zviuru zviviri.

Cerámica

Ihari yeiyi tsika yekuzvarwa inoratidzirwa neanthropomorphic uye zoomorphic manhamba, yakanyatso tsanangurwa uye izere neruzivo, zvakafanana nezvivezwa. Vakashandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana, matekiniki, masitayipi uye maumbirwo. Zvidimbu zvacho zvaiwanzo shandiswa zvezuva nezuva uye zvemumba, izvo zvakasarudzika zvaiwanzo shandiswa mumhemberero netsika.

Muhari wacho waive nezvinoshongedza uye zvekushongedza, izvi zvinoenderana nekushandiswa kwazvaiitirwa. Marudzi ainyanyozivikanwa ekushongedza aive:

incised decoration
dotted decoration
Geometric mufananidzo kupenda: rudzi urwu rwekushongedza rwaiwanzova mutsvuku uye dema, ine runyoro-ruvara kumashure.

Iwo anonyanya kufarirwa manhamba uye zvimedu zvakagadzirwa neZenú artisans ndezvi:

Makapu marefu ane hwaro hwakaita sebhero.
Zvidhori zvevakadzi vane masiketi marefu, torso isina kupfeka uye mapendekete ane tattoo nemazamu.
jingle mabhero
zoomorphic muridzo
Zvifananidzo zvevakadzi vane pamuviri
Zvipfuwo

Masampuri eceramic etsika yeZenú anomiririra zvimedu zveunyanzvi zvinoburitsa kufarira kwakawanda zvisinei nekubatsira kwavo. Iwo zvidimbu zvine kukosha kukuru uye kufarira mune pre-Hispanic art.

Zvizhinji zvezvimedu izvi zvinogona kuonekwa mumiunganidzwa ye "Gold Museum" yeBanco de la República muBogotá neCartagena de Indias, iri kuratidzwa kwehukuru hweunyanzvi hwepakutanga tsika dzeColombia, kunyanya tsika dzeZenú.

Zenu petroglyphs

San Jacinto neSan Juan Nepomuceno maguta maviri mudhipatimendi reBolívar, iyo pakati pezvimwe zvinhu inozivikanwa senzvimbo inopona mamwe zvidimbu zvekuchera matongo zvinogona kutorwa sehupfumi hweZenú tsika.

Nhaka yakavanzwa mumatumbo emusango, matombo makuru akareba pamusoro pemiti, uchapupu hupenyu hwemagariro ekare umo zviitiko zvakasiyana uye nhamba dzejometri dzinogona kuonekwa. Iyi mifananidzo uye yakavezwa, inozivikanwa se petroglyphs, yakagadzirwa pamatombo makuru kubva ku4.000 BC uye inoonekwa seimwe yemabasa ekare emhando iyi muAmerica.

Mune aya maseru eColombia, nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzekuchera matongo dzinogona kuoneka dzine zvidimbu zvinomiririra zveZenú kana Sinú tsika. Inofungidzirwa kuti inonyanya kukosha, zvidimbu zviri pachikamu cheArroyo Rastro, munharaunda yeSan Juan Nepomuceno, inoratidza chiso chemutungamiri weZenú, ane pane zvimwe zviso, izvo vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vanofungidzira zvinomiririra madzitateguru eiyo cacique.

San Jacinto

San Jacinto, ingangoita zana remakiromita kubva kuCartagena de Indias, ine nhoroondo uye nhaka yeakasiyana-siyana uye anonakidza mhizha nemimhanzi, kune avo vanofunga kuti muguta rino vanogona chete kuwana hammocks, mabhegi uye akawanda mabhegi akashonga maracas nezvigubhu, hazvina kudaro. , inharaunda uko kune zvakawanda zvekuwana.

Iyo inozivikanwa senyika yeBig Hammock, inozivikanwa nemicheka yayo kubvira kare, apo yaive imba yeimwe yetsika dzekare muAmerica, maZenúes. Nekudaro, zvakare inzvimbo yekufarira kune avo vanofarira nzvimbo dzekuchera matongo.

Iyo Community Museum yeSan Jacinto, Bolívar, inzvimbo yetsika munharaunda iyi yakatanga kushanda mumaXNUMXs, kunyanya seMunicipal Library chirongwa.

Zvisinei, kwete kuverenga chete kwakaunzwa pamwe chete munzvimbo ino, kupenda, kutamba uye matongo akabatanidzwawo mune iyi pfungwa. Parizvino, iyo Community Museum inoratidza midziyo uye zvimedu zvakagadzirwa nemakeramiki, zvakasakara, izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinobva ku4000 BC. Kune rumwe rutivi, pedyo zvikuru neguta, rakavanzwa munyika dzine miti mikobvu, dzinenge sango, kune nzvimbo mbiri idzo vakawanda vanoda upenyu hwekunze uye vanoda tsika dzeko havatadzi kushanyira:

Rastro Creek Petroglyphs

Vazhinji vanoita nzira netsoka kubva kunzvimbo yekupinda inozivikanwa seConejitos neighbourhood, zvinoreva kuti inopfuura maawa maviri kufamba, kune avo vasingafarire chiitiko ichi mumotokari zvinogona kutora maminitsi makumi maviri, zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze. zuva Nzvimbo yacho yakanyorwa nesimbi zviratidzo uye mifananidzo yemabasa emaoko ane zita re Petroglyphs, Arroyo Rastro.

Wafamba chinhambwe chakanaka uye uchisiya purazi rinonzi La Nasa, uchawana chikamu chenyika chine rukova chaunofanira kuyambuka kuti usvike panzvimbo inokwira matombo makuru kwazvo, ane zvakavezwa zvakagadzirwa neZenúes yekare.

MuArroyo Rastro, iwe unogona kuona megaliths, zviyeuchidzo zvakagadzirwa nematombo makuru, asina kuchekwa ematombo, mamwe akavanzwa kubva muziso rakashama.

Mune izvi unogona kuona mamwe petroglyphs akavezwa pamusoro, mamwe akapera nekufamba kwemakore. Aya madhirowa anoratidza mifananidzo yemamwe macaciques ekuzvarwa, ane zvishongo zvawo uye ngowani, pamwe nezvimwe zviso.

Jaguar Leap

Iyi nzvimbo yehupfumi hwekuchera matongo inowanikwa maminetsi makumi maviri kubva kuSan Jacinto, mudhorobha reSan Juan Nepomuceno. Iyo inozivikanwa seEl Salto del Jaguar, sezvo matombo makuru ane mavanga akafanana chaizvo nemakwara ejaguar.

Matombo makuru uye anotsvedzerera akafanana nemadziro anoyevedza akashongedzwa korona nemifananidzo inotevedzera maumbirwo emamwe marudzi emhuka uye ayo anotsigirwa nemimwe mifananidzo yerudzi rweZenúes, muurefu hwose hwebwe.

Idzo inzvimbo dzisina kunyatsoongororwa, saka, kugadzikana kwemhoteredzo, iyo inongoitwa neruzha rwemufaro rweshiri uye zvipembenene, hazvishamisi. Idzo inzvimbo dzisina kujairika dzinopa basa rinoyemurika uye rakakura kune avo vanoda tsika dzepakutanga uye zvidimbu zvavo zvekuchera matongo.

Zenu Gold Museum

Banco de la República Cultural Center muCartagena ine nzvimbo nhatu: Bartolemé Calvo Library, Zenú Gold Museum uye Banco República chivakwa.

Zenú Gold Museum, inozivikanwawo seRegional Museum yeZenú Culture, yakatangwa muna Kurume 1982, ichiratidza pakuvhurwa kwayo kuratidzwa kwezvikamu mazana manomwe, uko vanopfuura mazana mashanu vapfuri vegoridhe.

Kugadziridzwa kwayo kwazvino kwakange kuri muna 2006, parizvino iine zvidimbu zve902 zvekuchera matongo, zvinosanganisirwa mu:

Zvinhu zvesimbi: 747
Ceramic zvinhu: 105
Bone zvinhu: 11
Shell zvinhu: 34
Zvimedu zveceramic zvimedu: 5

Zvinhu zvegoridhe zvakanyungudutswa mumahwendefa, mabhero, misoro uye zvimiro zvemhemberero zvinoshongedza madziro ematombo ekoloni enzvimbo iyi muCartagena.

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