Tsika yeToltec yaive imwe yekutanga budiriro huru yeMesoamerica yaivepo, saka, imwe yeavo vakapa mipiro yakawanda kudunhu reLatin America, kusanganisira ngano dzayo. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, nhasi tinoda kutaura pamusoro pezvipi zvikuru Vanamwari veToltecs uye maitiro ayo akakodzera. Gara nesu, uye tose ngatidzidzei nezve nzanga ine simba iyi pamwe chete!
Ndivanaani vaiva vaToltec?
Kunyangwe vazhinji vasingazvizive, maToltec aive chikamu cheimwe yebudiriro ine kukosha kwetsika kwakakura munharaunda yekare yekondinendi yeAmerica, Mesoamerica. Izvi zvaive nepamusoro-soro muPostclassic Period yevanhu, kunyanya pakati pemakore 950 AD. C. uye 1150 d. C (XNUMXth uye XNUMXth century AD).
Nzvimbo yavaigara, yakashanda uye ichiri kushanda nanhasi, pesvedzero yakakodzera mune dzimwe nzvimbo, yakafanana neiyo iyo makore mashoma gare gare yakakonzera maAztec. MaToltec akagara muCentral Plateau yeMexico, dunhu riri kusanganisa nyika dzeTlaxcala, Hidalgo, Mexico City, Nyika yeMexico, Morelos, nePuebla. Nekudaro, nzvimbo dzayo huru dzekufambira mberi aive maguta eHuapalcalco neTollan-Xicocotitlan.
Zvinoenderana nezvinyorwa zvisingaverengeki zvenhoroondo, kunyangwe vaive vanhu vanotama-tama, vakatanga rwendo rwavo rwekuenda kuchamhembe kwedunhu muna 511 AD. C. kusvika vavaka guta guru reTula, makore akapoteredza 800 AD. C. Vakagara ikoko, anenge mazana matatu emakore kutozosvikira pakusvika kwevaAztec.
Upfumi hwenzvimbo iyi hwaive hwakanangana nekurima, kunyanya kurima chibage nebhinzi. Chimiro chesangano chenzanga yavo chakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri: boka rakaropafadzwa, pakati paro tinowana varwi, vakuru vakuru, vakuru vakuru vehurumende navaprista; uye boka revashandi, iro raisanganisira mhizha nevashandi.
Kutenda kwake kwakave nemhedzisiro inoshamisa munzvimbo dzeYucatan neZacatecas. Kuwedzera kune ngano, zvivakwa uye mamwe marudzi ehunyanzvi hwekuita zvinowedzerwa kune nhaka yetsika. Vamwari vanopoteredza tsika iyi inofadza vakava chikamu chekuzvarwa kwevanhu veMesoamerican.
Kufanana neakawanda emagariro epamberi peColumbian, vaive nefungidziro ine simba yengano, izvo zvinoreva kuti vaive neboka guru revamwari vaipindira muzviitiko zvezuva nezuva. Chitendero chainzi shamanic, ndiko kuti, miitiro yepakutanga yaiita kuti vamwe vanhu vakwanise kuongorora uye kurapa kutambura kwevanhu.
Kazhinji, vainamata vamwari vaiva zvinhu zvechisiko, zvakadai se: denga, mvura uye pasi. Ivava vakarangarira umwari munzira yakati yechienzi, sezvo hwaiva hwavaviri, vamwari vavo vaviri vakuru vakanga vari Quetzalcóatl (musiki wenyika) uye Tezcatlipoca (musiki werima noruparadziko).
Vapristi, vainziwo vashaman, vaiita chirairo nevamwari vavo pazvibairo zvevanhu. Mipiro yakadaro yaiitwa chikamu chemhemberero, nokuti zvaidavirwa kuti vamwari vaida kuti vakwanise kuvapa zvikomborero.
Kunyange zvazvo chimiro chenzanga yavo chiri kukakavara kune vazhinji vemazuva ano, panguva iyoyo zvaive zvakajairika kuronga mitambo yebhora umo yaitemwa, zvichienderana nekuti ndiani aive akarasika, aive munhu aizopirwa muzita re Wemasimbaose .
Mamwe magwaro enguva ino anoratidza kuti vaToltec vakasarudza vamwari vavo vasingafungi zvikuru, havana kurangarira kwavakabva kana kuti kana vakanga vane chokwadi chaicho pamusoro pemasimba avo. Ava vanoti rinongori taundi raishuva kuwana vatungamiri vemweya kuti vavabatsire mune zvavanoda uye zvavanoda zuva nezuva.
Dzidziso dzechitendero dzavaive nadzo dzaive dzakavakirwa, pamwe netsika dzavo, pakurwa nekunetsana, zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndezvekuti vaive pakati pehunyambiri hwatakambotaura. Kwavari, chadenga hachaigona kushanda nemazvo pasina hondo kana kurwa kunoitika, saka, mumwe nemumwe wevamwari vavo aive akasanogadzika maitiro evarwi pamwe chete nevanhu vanotyisa uye vane ngozi.
Chikamu chakanaka chetsika dzinoonekwa sedzakananga kune veToltec, mushure mekufamba kwenguva yakagamuchirwa nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana akazotevera, ndosaka zvakajairika kuti zvitendero zvigovane nedzimwe budiriro, senge maMayans.
Vanamwari Vakuru veToltecs
Sezvaungave watoona, vaToltec vakagamuchira vamwari vose vavakanzwa nezvavo, nhamba huru yavo yakagoverana nedzimwe nzanga. Pachezvayo, zvinganzi vane vanamwari vanopfuura mazana mana, nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, takasarudza vakatanhamara zvikuru. Pakati pezvikuru tinowana gumi anotevera:
Quetzalcoatl
Ndiye mwari wekutanga webudiriro yeToltec, anozivikanwa senyoka ine mhumhu. Nemhaka yokuti inonambwa somunhu mukurusa, inobatanidza muunhu hwayo kukwanisa kuunza marudzi ose edzidziso kumunhu. Pamusoro peizvi, izere nemisimboti yemweya isingaperi.
Quetzalcóatl inoonekwa mumazhinji emarudzi echiMesoamerican tsika, izvo zvinomuita munhu akakosha mukuchengetedza hukama hwakagadzikana pakati peimwe neimwe yepfungwa dzechitendero dzine mapoka akasiyana anogara munzvimbo iyi. Anonzi anokwanisa kupa chipo chezivo, pamwe chete nemamwe mavara akadai sekubereka, kugadzira zvinhu, chiedza, uye uchenjeri.
Pakutanga, aionekwa semuchengeti wezuva uye wemhepo. Muchokwadi, mungano yekare yemazuva mashanu, inoenderana kuti Quetzalcóatl ndiye akapa hupenyu kuZuva rechishanu, ratiri kurarama naro nhasi, uye pamwe chete naXólotl akatanga kusikwa kwevanhu.
Zita rokuti "nyoka ine minhenga" imhaka yekuti inobva mumutauro weNahuatl, ""quetzali" zvinoreva* peni uye «jasi» nyoka. Uyezve, rinonongedzerwa kwariri nenzira yakadaro nokuda kwechimiro charo chenyama. Ndiye munhu wekutanga anotarisira kutenderera kwehupenyu, pamwe nekuguma kwahwo. Ane hunhu huviri, sezvo ari iye anopokana mapatya weTezcatlipoca.
tezcatlipoca
Inomiririra rimwe divi rehunyambiri, ndiko kuti, yakaenzana neQuetzalcoatl. Tezcatlipoca yakabatana zvakananga nedenga nenyika, asiwo nerima neusiku. Ndimwari wemurwi uye anopikisa, anowanzo kunzi * "rima rinosvuta girazi" kana "girazi rakasvibiswa". Iri kwese kwese, izvo zvinoibvumira kuona zvese zvese uye kutsakatisa nyore nyore mumwe nemumwe wevavengi vayo.
Semhedzisiro yebasa rayo rekuparadza, yaive nemukurumbira wekuve mwari werima pane vese vanoumba pantheon yetsika yeToltec, chimiro chayo chaiwanzo shandiswa kutyisa vana. Nekudaro, nekuda kwechokwadi chekuti aivewo n'anga uye prodigy svikiro maererano nemashiripiti matema, akabatana nemapatya ake mukusikwa kwemunhu. Nenzira imwecheteyo, haina kumbobvira yarega kupihwa chiratidzo sechitubu chehupenyu uye kudzivirira kwemagumo emunhu.
centeotl
Ndimwari ane hukama hwepedyo nehunyambiri, sezvo aine vhezheni yechirume neyechikadzi. Zvichienderana nekunaka kwake, anoshandura chitarisiko chake, sezvo nenzira iyi anogona kuva mutariri mumitambo yose nemhemberero dzinoitwa.
Panguva iyoyo, zvaive zvakajairika kuti mwari wechibage avepo muMesoamerican mythologies, iyo Toltec yakanga isiri iyo. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti chaive chirimwa chakanyanya mudunhu, saka Centéotl ndiye aive mwari ainyanya kukosha. Saizvozvo, dzimwe nguva akagadzwa semuchengeti wemusande wekufara nekudhakwa.
Tlaloc
Zita remwari wemvura nemvura rinoenderana neTlaloc. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, imwe yeanonyanya kukosha, anoremekedzwa uye, pamusoro pezvose, aitya, sezvo chikamu chikuru chehupfumi hweToltec, zvekurima, zvaienderana nazvo. Nguva dzose, vagari vemo vaipa zvibayiro kuna Tlaloc sechipo chekuita kuti kunaye pazvirimwa zvavo uye kuvapa chipo chevhu rakaorera. Zvaidavirwa kuti kana mwari uyu atsamwa, akatumira mabhanan’ana nemadutu panyika.
Mitero yaibhadharwa kwaari yaiitwa mumwedzi wokutanga wegore mumapako ane hova kana hova dzemvura yakadzikama, zvose kuitira kuti tive nechokwadi chokutumbuka kwegore negore. Zita rayo rinobva mumutauro wechiNahuatl, pamwe kubva ku «tlāl»zvinoreva nyika uye -oc inova ndiyo inozorora kana kuramba yakatsenhama, zvinoreva setsanangudzo yekupedzisira "iyo inorara kana kuzorora pasi" kana kushoma kazhinji, "nekita yepasi".
Xochiquetzal
Xochiquétzal chiratidzo chakajeka chemwarikadzi werudo, runako, uye mafaro. Saizvozvo, zvinotendwa kuti ndimwari wehudiki, maruva uye hunyanzvi, kuvepo kwahwo kune hukama nekuzvarwa uye nekuwanda kwechisikigo munzvimbo.
Mukati meToltec mythology pane nyaya inotaura kuti umwari uyu aiva mudzimai waTlaloc, uye vamwe vamwari vakasiyana-siyana. Inowanzo kubatanidzwa nezviratidzo zvichireva kune yakakwirira uye yakakura nyika yekunyengera uye yevakadzi. Kuti vamuremekedze, atari dzakagadzirwa nemaruva ecempasuchil uye nokudaro kuwana nyasha dzake.
Mixcoatl
Mwari uye mutsigiri wevavhimi ndiye Mixcóatl, anozivikanwawo seCamaxtli. Vasati vabuda zuva nezuva kunovhima, vaToltec vakazviisa kuna mwari uyu kuti vave vakashinga uye vanokwanisa kudzoka nemhuka yakakura kumhuri dzavo. Mune mamwe magwaro enhoroondo, Mixcóatl anoratidzwa samwari wehondo wetsika iyi, kunyange zvazvo kutaura kwakadaro kwakajairika, sezvo mukutenda kwake vamwari vasingaverengeki vane unhu hwechipiri hwokuva murwi.
Ndimwari anofadza kwazvo vateveri vake, kunyangwe mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenharaunda chitendero chake chaive chakasungirirwa kune cheMilky Way, ichi chiri rudzi rwekumiririra kwayo uye, nekudaro, kusimbisa ruzivo rwakadzama rwaive nemaToltec. .yezvakasikwa zvose.
itztlacoliuhqui
Njodzi uye nhamo dzevanhu zvinonzi Itztlacoliuhqui, uyu mumwe wevamwari verima veToltec pantheon. Ndiye muchengeti wemuchengeti wekutonhora, chando, chando, kurangwa uye chivi. Kutenda kuhukama hwake hwerima nezvose zviri pamusoro apa, mitero yakabhadharwa kwaari yaisanganisira zvibayiro zvakawanda uye mapanga.
Nekuda kwekukakavadzana kwake neZuva, aive akabatana zvachose nekudziya kwakaderera. Ndiye mumiriri akakodzera wekururamisira uye wezviridzwa izvo zvakagadzirwa neobsidian. Pane dzimwe nguva, akanga ari mumwe wavamwari aiumba dare redzimhosva, uyewo uyo aitungamirira chirango chacho.
Xipe Totec
Xipe Tótec ndiye mwari wehupenyu, rufu, uye zvekurima. Iyo ine mukurumbira wengano umo inorondedzera kuti yakadambura ganda rayo kuti ipe zvokudya kune avo vaiida. Mune mamwe mashoma, zvinonzi kufa nekubvisa dehwe ndiko kwakaita kuti chibage chibudirire.
Rimwe remazita ake emadunhurirwa nderamwari wemasimbaose wevashandi vegoridhe, anotsanangurwa mumagwaro sechisikwa chepamusoro uye chinoteura ropa aida zvibayiro zvenguva dzose kuti ave nechokwadi chekuchengeteka uye kubudirira kwenyika. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, anonzi mwari ane utsinye uye ane utsinye, sezvo dai asina kupa zvibayiro, musha ungadai usina pfuma. Mamiriro acho akanga akanyanya kuipa zvokuti vaprista vaipfeka dehwe rakabvaruka uye vaifanira kutamba kuti vamufadze.
tonacatecuhtli
Mumutauro wepakutanga wechiNahuatl, Tonacatecuhtli inogona kutsanangurwa saishe wezvokudya ("tonacayotl", tsigira; «tecuhtli", Changamire). Ndiyo sosi iyo inopa vanhu chikafu, inoonekwa semumwe wevasiki vamwari vezvese uye iyo yakanyanya exponent yechisikigo uye kubereka.
Zvakajairika kuona kunamatwa kwake munzvimbo yese yeMesoamerican, kunyangwe semumwe wevamwari vepakati vepantheon, chete nenzira yakasiyana munzvimbo imwe neimwe. Maererano nenhoroondo dzisingaverengeki, Tonacatecuhtli ndiye aive nemhosva yekuparadzanisa nyika negungwa, izvo zvaive zviri pamwe chete. Kunyange zvazvo Omecihuatl naOmetecuhtli vari ivo vagadziri vehupenyu, ndiye akavapa hupenyu uye akasika pasi rose.
Zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo zvinovimbisa kuti Tonacacihuatl aive mukadzi wake, ane zita rinorevawo "Mukadzi weNyama Yedu kana Chekudya". Ose ane mukurumbira mukuru nekuti iwo mucherechedzo wemutsa nemweya wehama. Mumwe wake anowanzo kuvhiringidzika nevamwe vamwarikadzi vakadai saCitlalicue naXochiquétzal.
Ehecatl
Ehécatl ndiye mwari weToltec akabatana nemhepo sehunhu hwayo, uye imwe yekutanga kubuda mutsika iyoyo. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti zvinhu zvina zvakakosha zvinoumba budiriro yeMesoamerican zvaive mhepo, pasi, moto uye mvura, chimwe nechimwe chichivimbisa kubhadhara zvinodiwa zvekutanga zvenzvimbo. Kuvapo kwayo kwakakosha kwazvo kuti tikwanise kunzwisisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze yakaitika.
Akaita basa repamusoro mukusikwa kwenyika maererano nengano dzeToltecs. Kutaura idi, ndiye akaita kuti zvibvire, kupfurikidza nokushandisa kufema kwake, kufamba kwezuva nokuuya kwemvura. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, anogara achibatanidzwa naTlaloc, mwari wemvura. Ukama hwepedyo pakati pezviitiko zviviri zvechisikigo zvinowanzokonzera kuti zviitike panguva imwe chete.
Kuti unzwisise zviri nani nyaya yacho, kutenderera kwekutanga kweZuva rechishanu, riripo maererano nezvaanotenda, Ehécatl akafuridza Nanahuatzin (mwari wechiedza) uye Tecciztécatl (mwari weMwedzi) mushure mekunge vakandwa mumoto wemoto kuti vave ivo. nyeredzi dzichavhenekera pasi gare gare. Somugumisiro wemhepo dzakapiwa, zvose zvakatanga kufamba muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Ngano yakadaro inogona kuonekwa muchechi yekarenda yenguva, iyo "Four Movements".
Naizvozvo, Ehécatl akagamuchira zvibayiro zvimwe chetezvo zvaipiwa kuvamwari vose vapamberi peColumbia. Nokufuridza, zvakapawo upenyu kune zvakanga zvichangobva kusikwa. Paakawira murudo nemwarikadzi maguey akanaka, Mayahuel, akapa vanhu chipo chekugona kuda.
Kazhinji, akanga ari mwari akadzikama uye ane rugare, uyo panguva imwechete akashanda sechiratidzo chakajeka chekukurudzira uye ushingi. Ikoku kunoisa semativi akafanira kumativi mana, ndiko kuti, manyuko mana emhepo. Vanhu veToltec vaimumiririra semwari mutema akapfeka chifukidziro chakanongedza, uyo pamutsipa wake akapfeka chishongo chine goko remollusk kwakabva kurira kwemhepo. Pamusoro peizvi, vaigara vachiratidzwa nemuromo mutsvuku wavaibvisa nawo nzira yeTlaloc.
General maitiro echitendero cheToltec
Sezvawatoona, chitendero cheToltec kana ngano ine nhevedzano yeakanyatso cherechedzwa maitiro ayo anobatsira zvikuru pakuidzidza. Nechikonzero ichi, takanyora zvinotevera zvinomwe pakati pezvinonyanya kukosha:
- Chitendero chavo chinorondedzerwa sevanamwari vakawanda, zvinoreva kuti mutsika dzavo vanoremekedza uye vanonamata vanamwari vakasiyana-siyana, kwete mumwe chete. Pfungwa inopikisa yekutenda uku ndeyekutenda Mwari mumwechete.
- Vamwari vaizivisa zvishamiso vaive nehukama hwakasimba nehunhu hwaamai uye zvinhu zvinougadzira, vaive ratidziro dzakajeka dzemvura, mhepo, Zuva, Mwedzi, nezvimwe.
- Vanhu vakuru vesangano rechitendero-nzanga vaiva vaya vanonzi vashaman, nyaya dzakafanana nedzevapristi. Ivava vakafembera, vakadeedza midzimu uye kuita kurapa kuburikidza nekushandisa masimba emidzimu uye zvigadzirwa zvechisikigo. Dzimwe nguva, vaipawo mazano uye kutungamira vanhu vaiuya kumisangano yavo.
- Sezvimwe mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzeMesoamerican, ruzhinji rwevamwari vaiva nemhando yehuviri hunoshamisa, kazhinji nemabasa aiitwa pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa.
- Kuti vakudze vamwari vavo nenzira yakafanira, vakagadzira zvivako zvaishamisa zvikuru. Pakati pemabasa ake makuru, Temberi yeTlahuizcalpantecuhtli uye Temberi yeVarwi veChichén Itzá inomira.
- Mukurarama kwavo kwose, vaToltec vaidavira kuti upenyu hwevanhu hwaitsamira pavanamwari. Naizvozvo, zvakanga zvakajairika kwavari kushandisa chibayiro chomunhu kukudza nokukurukura navo.
- Kuvigwa kwepamutemo kwaidzorwa pasi pemitemo yakasimba yechitendero. Zvose rufu noupenyu zvairangarirwa sechimwe chinhu chakambosimbiswa mukarenda nezvishuvo zvavamwari.
Kana chinyorwa ichi chaive chaunoda, usasiye usina kutanga waverenga: