Munguva dzepamberi peColumbian, maZapotec aive mamwe ebudiriro yakakosha muMesoamerica, inozivikanwawo seMonte Albán tsika; kutanga kwayo kwakakonzerwa neOlmecs. Kuburikidza nechinyorwa chino, tinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze zvishoma nezve The Zapotecs uye nezvimwe
Zapotec Culture
Imwe yebudiriro yakasimukira muMesoamerica panguva yepre-Columbian yaive tsika yeZapotec, kunyangwe kwayakabva kusati kwanyatsojeka, vaZapotec vaitenda kuti vaive vazukuru vemakore, saka, sevana vamwari vakananga, vakazvidaidza ivo pachavo. vanhu vanogara mumakore kana kuti “binni záa”; zita remadunhurirwa rairevawo kugara kwavo mumakomo marefu. Tsika iyi yakatanga pakati pe500 BC na800 AD, ichisiya humbowo hwekufambira mberi kwayo ine simba guru reTeotihuacan.
Marudzi ekutanga echiZapotec akagara munzvimbo dzine makomo enzvimbo yemazuva ano yeMexico yeOaxaca, uye nekufamba kwenguva vakapararira kuGuerrero, Puebla uye Isthmus yeTehuantepec. Nehungwaru, vaZapotec vakasarudza chikomo chenzvimbo yakakura kuti vavake dzimbahwe ravo guru: Monte Albán, iyo, nekuda kwenzvimbo yaro 400 metres pamusoro pemupata uye zvivakwa zvaro zvinoyevedza, yakaratidza simba rayo. Kuma 750 AD C. Tsika dzeZapotec dzakadonha nekutora basa reMixtec.
Nzvimbo Yekugadziriswa kweZapotecs
VaZapotec vakagara mumupata weOaxaca, makiromita 200 kumaodzanyemba kweMexico City yemazuva ano; dzimbahwe rayo guru raiva Monte Albán, iri makiromita gumi kubva kuguta reOaxaca, iyo yaiva nzvimbo inokosha kubva ipapo unogona kuona mipata (seti yemipata mitatu yenzizi). Guta guru racho rakanga rine zvivako zvakaenzana nepiramidhi zvezvivakwa zvinoyera, makuva, uye misika.
VaZapotec vakagadzira misha yakawanda inokosha, iyo yakakamurwa kuva maguta matatu: mupata, makomo, uye kumaodzanyemba. Vakakwanisa kuzvimanikidza munzvimbo idzi kuburikidza nehukama hwepedyo hunobudirira neOlmec budiriro pamhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kweGulf, kuburikidza nekukombwa kwemauto uye kusungwa kwevatungamiriri vanokwikwidza kubva kumaguta ari pedyo. Kuma 900 AD C. Guta reZapotec reMitla (mumupata weOaxaca) rakava iro rinokosha zvikurusa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nokuda kwezvivakwa zvaro zvine zvivako zvakaisvonaka zvakarongwa zvakapoteredza plaza.
The Zapotecs: Social Organization
Sezvimwe mune mamwe mapre-Hispanic civilizations, iyi budiriro yakamiririrwa neyakazivikanwa stratification:
- Mutongi kana Gocquitao: akanga ari mumiririri pamberi pavamwari vari mundege yepanyika uye muprista mukuru.
- Elite: inoumbwa nevaprista, masoja nevatengesi, vaichengeta simba ravo kuburikidza nokuroorana nehama dzevatongi venzvimbo dzakakundwa.
- Mhizha: nyanzvi mukugadzira matombo, looms uye ceramics.
- Varimi: vaitungamirira nzira yokudiridza yemhando yepamusoro, iyo yakavabvumira kubudisa zvokudya zvakawanda, zvakadai sechibage.
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reZapotecs
Marudzi eZapotec aizivikanwa nekukura kwemauto kwakavabvumira kuti vawedzere tsika yavo, vachitungamirirwa neumambo hwechitendero. Maguta akanyanya kukosha ebudiriro iyi aive: Monte Albán, Yagul, Teotitlán neZaachila, iyo yavakakwanisa kutonga kuburikidza nehukama hwekutengeserana nevavakidzani veOlmecs, uye kukunda kwemauto uye kutorwa kwevatongi vanokwikwidza vemaguta akavakidzana.
Mutauro
Tsika dzechiZapotec dzaishandisa mutauro mukuru, ndiko kuti, mutauro wakaumbwa nemitauro yakawanda yakasiyana-siyana yaisanzwisisika pakati pavo. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nehukama hwepedyo hwekutengeserana hwaive nemamwe maguta akavakidzana, seOlmecs, Teotihuacans neMayans.
VaZapotec vakagadzira nzira yavo yekunyora, yakatsigirwa nezviratidzo nezviratidzo, zvakavezwa mumatombo, zvivako uye makuva. Mukuwedzera, ivo vakagadzira gadziriro yenhamba inomiririrwa nemifungo nembariro, iyo yavakarondedzera mugore remazuva mazana maviri namakumi matanhatu uye iyo yaizova hwaro hwekarenda yeMayan neAztec.
Chitendero
Chitendero cheZapotec chakazivikanwa nemhaka yokuti vaZapotec vaidavira vanamwari vakawanda, vachidavira kuti mugumo womunhu une chokuita nemhuka. Maererano neizvi, vaiwanzoisa madota muimba yevacheche, kuitira kuti tsoka yeimwe mhuka inofananidzira unhu hwemwana. Vairemekedza uye vaikudza vakafa vavo, vavaiviga mumidziyo yevhu uye vaishongedza nezvipo, vozouya kuzovaka temberi dzemariro. Mwari wavo mukuru akanga ari Xipe Totec, rudzi rwamwari woUtatu anoumbwa na:
- totec: mwari mukuru aivatonga.
- Xipe: iyo yakamutsa kune zvese zvisingatenderere.
- tlatlauhaqui: mwari wezuva.
Vamwari vakasiyana-siyana vetsika yeZapotec vaibatanidzwa nezvakaitika, mhuka kana hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwaimiririrwa sezvinotevera:
- Cocijo pitao: mwari wekutinhira nemvura, anofananidzwa nemusanganiswa wenyoka, jaguar uye hunhu hwegarwe.
- pitao cozobi: humwari hwechibage chechidiki, chinomiririrwa nemasiki yemhuka, yakachekwa nemashoko eminhenga nenzeve dzechibage.
- Coqui Bezelao: mwari werufu nepasi.
- Xonaxi Quecuya: yakazviratidza mukudengenyeka kwenyika.
- Pitao Cozana: aiva mwari wemadzitateguru.
- Picique Zina: Kutevedzera chiremwaremwa chine chokuita nerima, rufu, uye tsika dzokubvisa musoro.
Economy
Hupfumi hwetsika iyi nebasa rayo hwaidzorwa neagronomy, kuvhima, kukohwa, kubata hove nehunyanzvi. Vakafambira mberi nenzira dzekudyara pamatenga emateru, izvo zvakavapa goho rakakura rechibage, manhanga, matomatisi nechokoreti.
Nzira yekutengeserana yeZapotec yakanga yakavakirwa pachokwadi chokuti imba imwe neimwe yakashanda sechinhu chinobudirira; uyezve, kutengeserana kwakaitika mumusika, umo chibage kana kofi zvaishandiswa semari. Iyo yekutengeserana inobatana nemamwe maguta uye, kunyanya, neOlmecs yakatungamira tsika yeZapotec kuti ive pakati peMesoamerican axis.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chehupfumi hwenharaunda iyi ndechekuti nyika yega yega yaive nenzvimbo yehunyanzvi hwehupfumi. Mudunhu remupata, machira ehari uye etswanda akagadzirwa kubva kumhando dzakasiyana dzeshinda dzemuriwo, uye machira edehwe nedonje akagadzirwa akananga kuchamhembe kwenzvimbo iyi.
Kushanda kweZapotec Economy
Rudzi rweZapotec kuburikidza nekuvandudza nzira dzekudiridza nekurima pamateru emakomo ebhinzi nechibage, pamwe chete nemigero iri munzvimbo dzakati sandara kuti vawane michero nemimwe miriwo; uye chii chakanga chiri kuwedzera kuduku kuhupfumi hweZapotec rakava bhizinesi rine mari yakawanda.
Kubva kuvatengi, vanova vagadziri vakakura, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuita imwe ketani yezviito, zvakare kusvika pamwero mukuru, sekutsinhana kwezvinhu zvisingabvi, pamwe nekushambadzira, izvo zvakawedzera kuvandudza hurongwa hwehupfumi hweZapotec. Sekune rumwe rutivi, maZapotec akashanda panguva imwe chete indasitiri yemhando yezvigadzirwa, inongogumira pakugadzirwa kweceramics uye kugadzirwa kwemafibhi emucheka.
Iyi mitsara pamwe nekurima pamwero mukuru zvakatoita kuti pave nekutsanangurwa uye kushandiswa kwesimbi yemhangura ine mufananidzo weT. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, tinoona kuti hupfumi hweZapotec hwakaremekedza zvizere nheyo dzehutano hwechokwadi hwehupfumi: kushandiswa kwezvinhu. , kugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kugovera uye kushambadzira kunoguma. Zvichida kukura kwakakasira uku, pamwe chete nemamiriro ekunze uye hupfumi husina kusimba, zvakakonzera kudzikira kwetsika yeZapotec mukuparara kwebudiriro iyi.
Kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi
Tsika dzeZapotec dzaive nemataurirwo etsika akasiyana, anoonekwa nekuve akasarudzika munzvimbo dzakasiyana, dzakadai se:
Architecture
Ivo vaisiyaniswa nebasa ravo rekuveza matombo mukuyamura kwakaderera sezvinhu zvekushongedza zvezvivakwa; yairatidzwawo nekushandiswa kwakawanda kwemosaics, openwork, mapuranga uye murals sekushongedza. Muzvizhinji zvezvaakasika, zviono zvehondo nezvibairo zvakatekeshera.
Magadzirirwo emavhoriyamu mapfupi emhando yakachinjika uye pamakona akarurama, anopupurira kugona kukuru mukutarisira nzvimbo. Mukuwedzera, vakasvika pakushandisa mbiru dze monolithic sezvitsigiso zvematenga akati sandara.
funerary art
Vakaita zvivako zvakaomarara zvemariro zvine vharanda, makamuri uye mbiru, zvakashongedzwa nemifananidzo; Pamusoro pezvo, vakapenda midziyo yevhu nemavara akasiyana seyero, bhuruu, chena, tsvuku nedema.
Cerámica
Yaiva yemhando yeutilitarian uye yekushongedza yemitambo uye yekuvigwa; vaishandisa unyanzvi hwepamusoro pakuveza ngarava dzine mifananidzo yevanhu kana yemhuka. Pakutanga vaishandisa ivhu regrey rine kupera kwakakwenenzverwa, gare gare vakachinja kuita orenji nemagadzirirwo ekushongedza. Zvifananidzo zvevhu zvakagadzirwa nerunako hukuru uye chinomiririra mwari Pitao Cocijo zvakare chakatanhamara.
Zvivezwa
Zvivezwa zvetsika iyi, chimwe chinhu chekuwedzera kwekuvakwa kwayo mumakuva, makuva uye stelae, vakawana mupiro unokosha wehunyanzvi, wakasiyaniswa nekubatanidzwa kwevamwari kana vapristi vakaiswa sezvipo mumakuva.
Izwi repamusoro reiyo effigy yeZapotec rakafananidzwa mudombo reLos Danzantes, riri munzvimbo inotakura chirevo chimwe chete muMonte Albán.
Kunyora
Manyoro airatidzirwa netsika iyi akanga ane chimiro chakati chezwi rimwe nerimwe kana kuti temu yomutauro waro, inoumbwa nezviratidzo kana kuti hieroglyphs. Panguva yekunyora, vaishandisa zvinhu zvakabikwa zvakadai sematanda, machira, mapepa, makushe, uye kunyange hurungudo dzakavezwa, mateko, mapfupa, uye hari. Vaiwanzotaura nyaya dzehupenyu hwemazuva ose uye zvikamu zvehondo.
Zvipfeko
Zvipfeko zvakashandiswa nevanhu veMesoamerican ava, veSpain vasati vasvika munyika idzi, zvakaratidzwa mumifananidzo yekare. Tinoona kuti maZapotec evarume nevakadzi vaiwanzochengeta guva ravo kana buri rakashama, kureva kuti, riri pachena. Kwavaipfeka mbatya, kuitira kureruka kuvhara nhengo yesikarudzi, kwaibva muchiuno zvichidzika. Varume vaipfeka maxtlatl kana kuti mastate, rudzi rwejira remuchiuno, uye vakadzi siketi, yaigadzirwa nemucheka werustic wavaidhaya ivo pachavo.
Kune maonero anopesana maererano nemamwe ose akaunganidzwa anoumba zvipfeko zveZapotec, vazhinji vanosimbisa kuti vaigara vasina shangu uye chero zvishongedzo.
Nokufamba kwemakore, zvimwe zvinhu zvichabatanidzwa muzvipfeko zveZapotec; Kunyange zvazvo jira remuchiuno rakanga riri rudzi rwakakosha rwemapfekero evarume, zvibhurukwa zvemukati zvakabatanidzwa zvakauya kuzozvitsiva kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Zvipfeko zvevakadzi zvichave zvakafumiswa, kutanga nekushandiswa kweenredos, zvakadhayiwa nedhayi dzechisikigo, pamwe nerustic uye ine mwero huipiles.
Kushongedzwa kwechitendero cheSpanish, pamwe nemimwe nhungamiro yehunhu uhu, inokwanisa kuwedzera dzimwe mbatya kune chipfeko cheZapotec. Iyo yakanyanya kupedzwa huipil kana kuti bidaani, iyo ine sikweya isina maoko kumusoro; saka, kushandiswa kwepetticoat kana bizuudi kunoitwa zuva nezuva kune vakadzi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vakadzi vakaumba boka rinokudzwa retsika yeZapotec vakapfeka zvipfeko zvakanyanyisa, pamwe chete nekushandiswa kwemunzeve nemitsipa sezvishongo.
Kubata pamuviri kweukuru mukati menzanga yeZapotec, pasi peimwe stylized optimum, yaizokurudzira vakadzi kuti vaonekwe, kunyanya pakati peavo veIsthmian mavambo, avo vakatsvaga kuruka maMesoamerican motifs muchipfeko cheZapotec. nevaya vedzimwe tsika dzedzimwe nyika.
The Zapotec Calendar
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokwezva zvetsika yeZapotec, pasina kupokana, kucherechedzwa uye kuverenga kwenguva zvichienderana nenguva dzenyeredzi, nekuda kweizvi vakashandisa makarenda maviri:
- pije: rakanga riri karenda rechitendero neremhemberero, iro rakatora mazuva 260, rakapararira pamusoro pemwedzi gumi nemitatu.
- yza: Yakaitirwa mabasa ekurima nezvematongerwo enyika, yaive nemazuva 365 nemwedzi 18 zvichibva pakutenderera kwezuva.
Mwedzi wega wega waive nemazuva makumi maviri uye pakupera mamwe mazuva mashanu ekupedza gore. Kunyange zvazvo danho rekarenda richipiwa kuvaMaya, vakanga vari vaZapotec vakamborishandisa.
Zapotec tsika nhasi
Panguva ino, kuchine mamwe marudzi eZapotec mumipata yokumaodzanyemba kweOaxaca uye muIsthmus yeTehuantepec, zvisinei, pasinei zvapo nokutaura rudzidziso rweKaturike, vanochengeta miitiro yakati yamadzitateguru avo.
Mutauro weZapotec chikamu chenhoroondo yengano, sezvo uri pakati pemitauro yemuno inonyanya kutaurwa muMexico. Mutsika dzakadzika midzi, mune mitambo yakawanda yechitendero yakadai se:
- Las Velas, ibasa rakazara nemavara rinopembererwa pakati paChivabvu 17 na24 wegore rega rega, richipa mubairo wevasande vakasiyana muChechi yeKatorike.
- Zuva revakafa ndiro mutambo mukuru wetsika iyi, inopembererwa kwemazuva mapfumbamwe, kubva munaOctober 22 kusvika kuNovember 1, iyo, maererano netsika dzavo, rufu runoreva kutamira kune imwe nyika.
- Lunes del Cerro, mhemberero inoreva chiito chekupa, mupfungwa iyi, mupiro unoumbwa nekutamba nenziyo dzinonzi Guelaguetza, dzinopihwa kune vatori vechikamu.
Mipiro yeZapotec Tsika
Tsika dzeZapotec dzakapesvedzerwa neveOlmec; zvisinei, budiriro yeZapotec yaiziva nzira yokukwenenzvera nayo uchenjeri hwakawanwa ndokuwana kukwirira kwakaoma mukuvaka, unyanzvi, kugadzira mabhuku, uye indasitiri. Mimwe yemipiro mikuru kune gare gare budiriro inosanganisira:
- Chibage sechigadzirwa chikuru.
- The advanced irrigation system.
- Kugadzirwa kwemaitiro ako ekunyora.
- Kugadzira karenda.
- Kugadzirwa kwedhijitari system.
Kana wakawana chinyorwa ichi kubva kuLos Zapotecas chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe izvi: