Guta reTeotihuacán raive rimwe remadhorobha akanyanya kukosha ekare, rakavakwa muzana ramakore rekutanga BC, raipfuura zviuru zana vagari, raive guta rechitanhatu pakukura munyika yekare yeAmerica uye kuratidzwa kwehukuru hwetsika iyi! Dzidza zvese nezve Teotihuacan architecture!
Teotihuacan kuvaka
Tsika yeTeotihuacan yaive pre-Columbian nzanga yaigara kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwemupata weMexico, pakati pezana ramakore rekutanga Kristu asati asvika uye zana ramakore rechisere shure kwaKristu. Inoonekwa seimwe yetsika dzinoshamisa dzeMesoamerica, sezvo zvese kwayakatangira uye kunyangarika kwayo zvichiri kukurukurwa zvakanyanya pakati pevanoziva nyaya yacho.
Sehumbowo hwekuvapo kwayo matongo makuru eiyo yaive nzvimbo yayo huru uye huru yemadhorobha, guta reTeotihuacán.
Teotihuacan architecture muenzaniso wesimba uye chiono chenharaunda ino, iyo yakaratidza, nekuda kwekunyatsoronga kwayo uye dhizaini, kuve yakasimukira zvakakwana kuita hurongwa hwemadhorobha hwehukuru hwakadaro, hwaive musimboti wetsika neMesoamerica.
Maitiro uye kukosha kweTeotihuacan architecture inoratidzwa muzvivakwa zvakasiyana uye mabasa akagadzirwa muguta reTeotihuacán, iro ruzivo mune sainzi senge masvomhu uye nyeredzi yaidiwa, pasina kuregeredza chechitendero uye ngano chikamu chakafuridzira hupenyu.
Zvivako zvakasiyana-siyana zvakavakwa nekurongeka kwakakwana, zvakarongwa kuitira kuti chiedza chakaita kuti zvishongo zvavo zvioneke.
Chivako chayo chairatidzirwa nechimiro chejometri uye chakachinjika, zvivakwa zvaro zvakasiyana zvakarongeka uye zvakashongedzwa zvakashongedzwa, nemifananidzo, murals uye cladding, zvese zvine chekuita nekuona kwayo cosmogonic.
Teotihuacán yaive imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga dzemumadhorobha munzvimbo yepakati peyava kunzi nyika yeMexico, yakavakwa pakati pezana ramakore rekutanga Kristu asati asvika nezana ramakore rechinomwe mushure maKristu, pamwe hombe muMesoamerica.
Chimiro chekuvaka chetsika chakavaka maguta ekutanga akaoma ndokuzonyangarika, pasina kusiya mucherechedzo wekuti vaive vanaani, izvo zvinotisiya tiine ruzivo rushoma rwekuti vanhu ava vaive vanaani.
Kunyange zita chairo reichi chivako chemaguta chisati chava kuSpain hachizivikanwi, sezvo Teotihuacán rakanga riri zita rakapiwa navaMexico pavakasvika mazana amakore gare gare. Pakusvika kwavo vakawana matongo eiyi metropolis inoshamisa, iyo ingadai yakavakwa, mukufunga kwavo, nevanhuwo zvavo.
Kubwinya uye kukura kwezvivako zvakaita kuti vafunge nezveguta rezvisikwa, saka vakaritumidza nezita rechiNahuatl reTeotihuacán: guta revanamwari.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokatyamadza uye zvakakosha zveTeotihuacan dhizaini chiyero chayo, Piramidhi inozivikanwa yeZuva inzvimbo yakakura kwazvo, pamwe yakakura yakavakwa munyika yekare. Yakanga iri imwe yezvivakwa zvakarebesa kuMadokero, kusati kwave nekugadzirwa uye kusimudzira skyscrapers.
Pamusoro pezvo, vagadziri vezvivakwa uye varongi vemaguta eTeotihuacan vakashanda nemazvo pachiyero chenzvimbo yakavakomberedza, kufamba munzira yeVakafa kunokubvumira kuti utende hutongi hwechikomo chiri pamhene, zvisinei, kana wangotanga kusvika paPiramidhi reMwedzi rinotsiva gomo.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chekuvakwa kweTeotihuacan ndiko kushandiswa kwetalud-tablero, iyo inogona kuonekwa mumapiramidhi eguta, ichi chiri chimiro chikuru. Iyo slope-tablero inonyanya kuisa chikuva pamadziro nezvinhu zvine matombo zvinotsvedza nenzira yakafanana kune yakatsetseka, ndiko kuti, ine chimiro che concave kumusoro.
Teotihuacan yainyanya kutonga uye kunyanya zvekuti kana iyo talud-tablero maitiro ikaonekwa kumwe kunhu, inokurumidza kubatanidzwa neiyo metropolis yekare. Chimwe chinhu chinozivikanwa zvikuru chezvivakwa zveguta ndiko kushandiswa kwepuratifomu imwe pamusoro peimwe, iyo inova duku sezvo chivako chinokwira.
Zvinhu zvakashandiswa
Zvinhu zvinonyanya kushandiswa muTeotihuacan architecture, kunyanya mukuvaka kweguta reTeotihuacan, zvakatorwa kubva munzvimbo dzakapoteredza, kunyanya matombo nehuni. Nekudaro, tizivise zvakadzama zvimwe zvezviwanikwa zvakashandiswa netsika iyi kune izvi zvivakwa zvikuru:
- Simende yeTeotihuacan: yakanga iri murwi wakagadzirwa neguruva rematombo uye madhaka akashandiswa kuvhara madziro ezvivakwa.
- Lime plaster: yakagadzirwa nejecha, mvura uye lime, yakafanana nepurasita. Inoshandiswa kumadziro kuitira kupera kwakanaka uye yozopendwa.
- Tepetate: dombo rakatorwa kubva pasi penzvimbo iyi.
- Tezontle: dema kana tsvuku dombo rinoputika, rine porous uye rakasimba, asi riri nyore kuveza uye kuumbwa.
- Adobe: aive matombo akagadzirwa nemadhaka nemashanga, akaiswa pazuva kuti aome uye aome. Icho chinhu chinowanzoita kushata nekukurumidza, zvisinei, chaishandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo yepakati pezvivakwa.
- Huni: yakashandiswa pakuvaka uye simba reguta, raishandiswa nenzira yakanyanyisa zvekuti kutemwa kwemasango kwaive kwakanyanya uye kwakazara.
kuronga kwemaguta
Teotihuacan inoumbwa nenzvimbo, mapiramidhi madiki akati wandei, temberi nedzimba dzehumambo zvakagadzirirwa vapristi nevakuru, zvinofungidzirwa kuti kune zviuru zviviri zvenhurikidzwa yedhipatimendi, inofukidza anenge makumi maviri emakiromita mativi.
Guta iri rine mativi aya rakakwezva vanhu vazhinji vanobva kumarudzi akasiyana uye mapoka emitauro eMesoamerica, avo vakagara muTeotihuacan, vachigara mudzimba dzemhuri dzakawanda dzakafanana chaizvo nezvivakwa zvemaguta anhasi.
Zvivakwa zvikuru zveguta zvakabatanidzwa neanozivikanwa Calzada de los Muertos, mugwagwa wevakafa kana miccaotli, mugwagwa ungaita mamita makumi mana wakafara uye anenge makiromita 2.4 kureba.
Pakati pezvivakwa zvakakura uye zvakakosha uye zvimiro tinowana Piramidhi yeMwedzi, Piramidhi yeZuva, Citadel uye Temberi yeQuetzalcoatl.
Architectural mipiro
Parizvino Teotihuacán ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha dzekuchera matongo muMexico, iyo inenge gumi muzana chete yakacherwa, ichiwana masampuli akawanda uye zvinoshamisa zvimiro.
Zvisinei, zvichida inonyanya kushamisa yeTeotihuacan architecture uye kunyanya yeguta iri mapiramidhi maviri ekare uye inonzi Nzira yevakafa. Ngationgororei zvakadzika mune izvi zvinoshamisa zveMesoamerican zvekuvaka mipiro:
Piramidhi reZuva
Yakavakwa kutenderera gore 200 mushure meKristu, ndicho chivakwa chikuru muTeotihuacan. Vakaiwana yakatarisa kumadokero uye ine hurefu hunoita 216 tsoka kana 66 metres, hwaro hwayo hunoita 720 ne 760 tsoka, mumamita anenge 220 ne230.
Mamiriro ePiramidhi eZuva anotsikwa, akadzikama mapuratifomu anotsiva ekunze uye akatenuka ekunze anowanikwa mune mamwe mapiramidhi.
Iri piramidhi nderimwe remahombe uye ekare pakati peMexico, gomo rose rechimiro chinoshamisa. Vazhinji vanoti kune vakarivaka, piramidhi ringadai rakamiririra gomo.
Mutsika dzekare makomo aive nzvimbo inoera uye kunyanya mapako ari mukati mawo, saka zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti tunnels inowanikwa mukati mepiramidhi inogona kufananidzira iwo mapako matsvene, kubva maererano nengano vanhu vekare vakabuda.vanhu. Muchiitiko ichi chimiro chaizova nechiratidzo chikuru zvikuru mumitambo yechitendero.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kana tikatarisa nzvimbo yepiramidhi, iyi dzidziso inogona kuva yechokwadi, nokuti kuseri kwaro kune gomo guru uye mativi ose maviri, Piramidhi yeZuva negomo rinopindirana zvakanaka.
Maererano nekumwe kuongorora kwemavara akaitwa kumatombo echigadziro, zvinonzi piramidhi yakatanga kupendwa tsvuku, zvichida nokuti yaiva nzvimbo yemhemberero yekubayira kwevanhu.
Dzimwe dzidziso dzinoratidza kuti piramidhi rose rakanga rakapendwa zvitsvuku kuti riite serakafukidzwa neropa, chiono chaifadza vanamwari sezvavaitarira vari mudenga.
Piramidhi yeMwedzi
Kuchamhembe kwePiramidhi reZuva kune chimwe chivakwa chidiki chinozivikanwa sePiramidhi reMwedzi, chinonzi chakavakwa makore makumi mashanu apfuura.
Chivako ichi chiri kumucheto kuchamhembe kweCalzada de los Muertos uye yakatarisana nekumaodzanyemba. Kunyangwe iri diki, ndiyo yechipiri yakakura chivakwa muguta, ine hurefu hwemamita makumi mana nematatu kana 43 tsoka uye hwaro hunosvika 140 ne130 metres kana 156 ne426 tsoka.
Iyo inewo yakasarudzika yekutevedzera contour yegomo riri pedyo uye yaishandiswa kuita mhemberero, zvakare yaiitirwa zvibayiro zvevanhu, pakutanga yaive zvakare yakapendwa mutsvuku.
Mupiramidhi iyi, kusiyana nemamwe, kuchera kwakaitwa mukati uye guva rehumwe unhu hunokosha hwakawanikwa, huine zvinhu zvakawanda uye zvinhu, kuva iyo yakanyatsochengetedzwa pakati pevose vakawanikwa muTeotihuacán, zvinokwanisika kuti kune mamwe makuva mazhinji mairi uye mune mamwe mapiramidhi.
The Causeway of the Dead
Miccaotli kana nzira yevakafa sezvainozivikanwawo mugwagwa wakatwasuka unobatanidza Piramidhi yeZuva nePiramidhi yeMwedzi, yakakomberedzwa nemapiramidhi madiki, asi ese akaenzana kureba.
Zita rayo rakagadzirwa nevaMexicas, avo pavakaona nzvimbo iyi kekutanga vakaona mugwagwa wakaganhurwa nezvikomo zvidiki, kune zvizvarwa zvemo zvikomo izvi zvakanga zvakafanana nemakuva ayo nokuda kwehukuru hwawo aigona kuvigwa vamwari nemadzimambo makuru, nokudaro. zita renzira kana nzira yevakafa.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kujekesa kuti zvikomo zviduku izvi zvose mapiramidhi ayo nekufamba kwenguva akafukidzwa nenyika uye zvinomera zvakakura zvakasikwa pazviri.
Iyo Citadel
Iri kumucheto kwekumaodzanyemba kweAvenue yevakafa, ipatio kana plaza inosvika mahekita gumi nemashanu, ine dzimba dzekugara dzepamusoro uye inotongwa neTembere yeQuetzalcoatl, rudzi rwepiramidhi yakashongedzwa yakashongedzwa nemisoro yakawanda yematombo. yamwari weNyoka Ine minhenga.
Inofungidzirwa kuti yakavakwa kutenderera gore re150 yenguva yedu, ichishanda pane imwe nguva senzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika, yehupfumi uye yetsika yeTeotihuacán.
Iri patio hombe ndiyo nzvimbo yekwakabva kumabvazuva nekumadokero nzira dzinopfuura nemuguta uye dzinopindirana neNzira yevakafa, iyo nzira inomhanya kubva kuchamhembe ichienda kumaodzanyemba. Mharadzano yemigwagwa miviri iyi yakakamura guta reTeotihuacán kuita mativi mana, imwe neimwe yaive hombe. nharaunda.
Iyo citadel yakakomberedzwa neGreat Platform, nzvimbo ine makona mana inoratidza gumi neshanu zvigadziko zvepiramidhi, zvivakwa zvakaita se pyramidal sezvinoratidzwa nezita rayo, uye ine imwe kana akati wandei temberi pamusoro payo, iyo inosvikwa nematanho ari chikamu cheiyo. yechivako.
Iwo mana mabhesi emapiramidhi ari kumadokero ane masitepisi anoenda kuCalzada de los Muertos, mamwe anotungamira kuGreat Plaza. Zvivako zvese izvi zvaive zvakabatana nemadziro kana mudhuri waivhara imba yese.
Temberi yeQuetzalcoatl
Mwari anozivikanwa seNyoka Ine Feathered ane muTeotihuacán, Guta reVamwari, temberi iri moyo weCitadel uye muenzaniso wakanaka weTeotihuacan architecture.
Iine chimiro chepiramidhi yakaderedzwa uye ine madziro akashongedzwa akashongedzwa, ane motifs akawanda ematombo emisoro yehumwari, inobuda kubva kune imwechete yaimbova yakatsvuka.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti yakavakwa mumatanho maviri, sezvo chivakwa chikuru chiri pakati pe100 ne200 AD, chine chimwe chivakwa chakavakwa kudivi rayo rekumadokero, makore akapoteredza 300 AD.
Temberi inoratidza mamwe ekutanga anomiririra eNyoka Ine Feathered kana Quetzalcoatl, inoonekwa muMesoamerica yese mutsika dzakasiyana uye nguva.
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