Hwaiva humambo hwakatanga kumahombekombe eRwizi rwaNire kwemakore anoda kusvika zviuru zvitatu. Kwenguva yakareba kudaro yenguva Social sangano reEgypt yakawana kusikwa kwebudiriro yakanakisa ine maitiro makuru akatsungirira nekuchinja kushoma mumazana emakore.
Social Organisation yeEgypt
Kubudirira kweEgypt yekare kwakasimuka zvakanyanya nekuda kwekugona kukuru kwekuenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma eNile River Valley neDelta. Kutora mukana wemafashamo egore negore aiisa ivhu nevhu rakaorera, nzira yekudiridza yekurima yakagadzirwa, iyo yakabvumira. kugadzirwa kwakawandisa kwezvirimwa zvezviyo, nokudaro kuve nechokwadi kufambira mberi mumagariro netsika.
Hutongi hunoshanda hwakaisa simba pamusoro pezviwanikwa zvevanhu uye zvinhu zvakabvumira kusikwa kwetiweki yakaoma yemigero, kuumbwa kwemauto enguva dzose, kuwedzera kwekutengeserana uye kukura zvishoma nezvishoma kwemigodhi, geodesy yemunda uye tekinoroji yekuvaka iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuronga pamwe chete. kuvakwa kwe monumental zvivakwa.
Simba rinomanikidzira uye rinoronga reEgypt yekare rakanga riri gadziriro yehurumende yakasanogadzirwa, inoumbwa navaprista, vanyori, uye vatariri, inotungamirirwa naFarao, kazhinji kazhinji yakavakirwa panhevedzano yechitendero chakaoma kunzwisisa ine chinamato chakakudziridzwa chetsika dzemariro.
Sangano remagariro eEgypt yekare raitungamirirwa naFarao uyo, pamwe chete nemhuri yeumambo, akanga ari axis yezviitiko zvose uye akaisa simba rakakwana; pasi pafaro paive neboka revaprista vaiita basa rinokosha mukati memagariro evanhu; pazasi pane vakuru vakuru nedare rekutonga, gare gare boka remauto pamwe chete nevatengesi nemhizha, pasi pevarimi uye pakupedzisira varanda.
Farao
Izwi rokuti pharaoh rinobva pashoko rokuti per-aâ iro mumutauro wekare weEgypt rinoreva "imba huru", uye rinoshandiswa kuratidza madzimambo nemahosi akatonga Egypt yekare kwemakore anopfuura zviuru zvitatu. Mazita emazana matatu nemakumi mana nevashanu vafarao anozivikanwa kubva muuchapupu hwakawanda, kusanganisira mazita ehumambo akanyorwa nevanyori vekuEjipita. Mukati mesangano renzanga reEgipita, Farao akashandisa simba rakakwana, akaraira uto, akagadza mitero, akatonga vapari vemhosva, uye aidzora tembere.
Kubva kumadzinza ekutanga vanafarao vaionekwa sevamwari uye vaizivikanwa namwari Horus, kubva kudzinza rechishanu vainziwo "vanakomana vamwari Ra". Pashure porufu rwake, Farao akabatanidzwa namwari Osiris, akawana kusafa, uye ipapo akanamatwa somumwe mwari mutembere. VaEgipita vaidavira kuti Farao wavo akanga ari mwari mupenyu. Iye chete ndiye aigona kubatanidza nyika uye kuchengetedza cosmic kurongeka kana Maat.
Zvinoenderana nemafungiro ehuchenjeri hwehumambo, hunhu hwaFarao hwakapetwa kaviri: munhu uye humwari. Iyi pfungwa yehumwari yaFarao yakashanduka nekufamba kwenguva. MuHumambo hwekare (2686 kusvika 2181 BC), samwari wezuva Ra, waaive mwanakomana wake, pharao aitarisira kuchengetedza kurongeka. Pasi peMiddle Kingdom (2050 kusvika 1750 BC) Farao anosvika kune vanosarudzwa namwari Ra uye kushanda semurevereri. MuHumambo Hutsva (1550 kusvika 1070 BC) Farao ndiye mwana wamwari, mwanakomana wake wenyama.
Kubva muPyramid Zvinyorwa, mabasa echitendero echangamire akaiswa muchirevo chimwe chete: «Hunza Maat uye kusundira kumashure Isefet», izvi zvinoreva kuve mutsigiri wekuwirirana uye kusundira kumashure mhirizhonga. Farao anovimbisa kubudirira kweumambo kuburikidza nekureverera nevamwari kuti vadzore mvura yeRwizi rwaNire.
VaEgipita havana kutongorangarira kuti Farao aigona kudzora chinoitika chamafashamo samwari. Basa ravo diki uye rakaganhurirwa pakuwana nyasha dzevamwari, kuve nechokwadi chekugara uye kuwanda kwemvura kuburikidza nezvipiriso zvekunamata. Kudyidzana pakati paFarao navamwari inyaya yokuraramana. Mumatemberi, kugoverwa kweatari kunotsamira pamafashamo, uye kunopiwa chete pamamiriro ezvinhu erupo uye kushanda nguva dzose.
Farao aive nesimba rekuve mukuru wemauto nekugadza vakuru vemauto. Mune zvakawanda papyrus uye fresco reliefs farao anoratidzwa kukunda pamusoro pevavengi vake, izvi zvinoonekwa sechiratidziro che megalomania, kuzvidzora uye kudzvinyirira. Farao ndiyewo mutongi mukuru, akamisa matare edzimhosva, akatemerwa uye akatemerwa mitemo, akazivisa zvirevo zvehumambo zvekugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru, kukwidziridzwa, kutsiva, zviziviso zvemubairo, nezvimwe.
Nokuda kwekuchengetedza hurongwa hwemagariro evanhu hwakanga hwakakosha zvikuru kuti Farao ave nechokwadi chekutevedzana kwesimba rake. Ndokusaka aiva nemadzimai akawanda, asi mumwe chete wavo ainzi mambokadzi akagamuchira zita reMukadzi Mukuru wehumambo. Kana mambokadzi akafa, Farao aisarudza mumwe wevamwe vakadzi vake. Muitiro waizivikanwa pakati pavanaFarao wakanga uri wokuroora hanzvadzi dzavo vamene, uye kunyange vanasikana vavo vamene, sezvakangoita vamwari vakaroora mhuri dzavo vamene. Izvi zvakaitwa kusimbisa kuchena kweropa reumambo.
The royalty
Vakuru vesangano renzanga yeEgipita vaimiririrwa nemhuri yaFarao, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye varidzi venzvimbo vakapfuma. Pakati pezvinzvimbo zvakatanhamara zvaive chikamu chevakuru vekuEgypt yaive yeva vizier. Kukosha kwevhizier kwakasimbiswa panguva yedzinza rechina, kunyange zvazvo zvichizivikanwa kuti kuvapo kwechinzvimbo ichi kwakapfuura. Vizier ndiye mukuru wemasimba ese ekutonga, anotungamira ma greats eUpper Egypt uye Lower Egypt, ndiye mutongi mukuru uye ari kutungamira basa rakarairwa naFarao.
Iyo vizier ndiye mukuru wepakati manejimendi, anobata nekururamisira, asi basa rake guru nderekutonga kwehomwe nekurima. Iyo vizier inomiririra chinzvimbo chemutungamiri wehurumende uye chiremera chake chakangopfuura nechaFarao akagovera akati wandei emabasa ake kwaari.
Imwe yemabasa akakosha emuvizier yaive kutonga nyika mukati memazuva makumi manomwe ekuchema akatevera kufa kwafaro; ndiye aitungamirirawo mabiko emariro uye kuridzwa kwenziyo. Uye, pakupedzisira, ndiye akanga ane simba rokugadza, zvinobudirira, mugari wenhaka waFarao.
Chinzvimbo chaive chikamu chevakuru mukati mesocial organisation yeEgypt yaive yevanomarch. Manomarch vaiva vakuru vakuru vaitungamirira hurumende yedunhu kana kuti nome. Mambo aive mukuru wehutongi hwenzvimbo muEgypt yekare, ane basa rekudiridza, goho rekurima, uye zvakare kuunganidza mutero nekumisa miganhu yezvivakwa mushure mekufashama kwegore negore kweNairi, uye aive nebasa rekuchengetedza matura nematura.
Mumapurovhinzi, mambo akashanda senhume yaFarao achitora mabasa emutemo, echiuto uye echitendero. Vaivawo vatungamiriri vevafundisi vomuruwa rwavaitungamirira, vachipindira mune zvose zviri zviviri mukutarisira temberi uye mukushandiswa kwokunamatwa kunobudirira kwoumwari kunobatanidzwa, nzvimbo dzine kushanda kwakavakirwa pagadziriro yenguva dzose yeatari dzakatsaurirwa kuna mwari. .
Simba rehondo
Avo vaishandisa simba rehondo vakanga variwo rutivi rwavakuru musangano renzanga reEgipita. Mushure mehondo neHyksos, muChipiri Yepakati Period (1786-1552 BC), shanduko yekutonga yakaitika umo uto risingaperi rakagadzirwa. Kusvikira panguva iyo, muEgypt makanga musina hondo, asi nhevedzano ye "expeditions" yakasikwa kuti iende kuhondo. Nekusikwa kweiri uto rechigarire, chimiro cheMukuru wemauto chinooneka.
Mukuru wemauto ndiye pharaoh nemhuri yaFarao vakatungamira muzinda wemauto akasiyana, kunyangwe vakuru vemauto vanogona kunge vari vanakomana vaFarao. Vakuru vemauto nevakuru vepakati vaive vevakuru. "Mutariri wemauto" aive mukuru uye pasi pake pakanga paine: "Vakuru vevatorwa", "Mutungamiriri wemauto anovhundutsa", nezvimwe. Vakuru vakatakura tsvimbo refu, kuti vazvitsaure kubva kune mamwe mauto.
Boka roupristi
Utongi hwaidzora Egipita yekare hwaiva hwoumwari. Chokwadi changamire vainzi mwari. Samwari, akanga ane mutoro mukurusa wokuchengeta kurongeka kwoumwari muumambo hwacho. Nekudaro, zvinodikanwa kuti Farao ape vamwe vakuru vakuru vanogona kutora mabasa avo mumhemberero dzese dzinopembererwa mumatemberi mazhinji eEjipitori. Uku kwaiva kuberekwa kweboka revaprista mukati mesangano renzanga reEgipita.
Nokudaro Farao akagadza boka ravaprista, vamwe vavo vaigona kuva mitezo yemhuri yake, avo vakanga vane nzvimbo huru dzevhu musimba ravo. Vapristi vaizivikanwa nehuchenjeri hwavo, basa ravo guru raiva rekutarisira temberi uye nehanya nevamwari vavo kuti vadudzire zvido zvavo nekuzvizadzisa.
Pontiff, ainzi Shemu, akanga ari pamusoro pevakuru vakuru vevapristi. Pontiff aive murume akadzidza zvakanyanya, kazhinji mumwe wevakuru vetemberi, aive nehunyanzvi hwekutonga uye nehunyanzvi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Pakati pemabasa ake pakanga pane kushanda zvakanaka kwetemberi nenhaka yayo, uyezve aifanira kutungamirira mitambo yose inokosha. Chiremera ichi chinowanzo kutorwa kubva pakati pevafundisi, kunyangwe yaive kodzero yaFarao kugadza chero waaida pazvinzvimbo izvi.
Rimwe remabasa, pamwe rainyanya kukosha revapristi, raive kuchengetwa kwezvidhori zvinoera kana "zvirevo". Pakati pevaprista, vashoma vakasarudzwa vaiva neropafadzo yekupinda "munzvimbo tsvene" yetemberi imwe neimwe kuti vatarisire nzvimbo tsvene.
Boka ravaprista rakanga rine simba guru nokuzvitonga sezvo tembere imwe neimwe yaiwanzopiwa nzvimbo yakakwana yokuvimbisa chokurarama nacho kupfurikidza nezvirimwa nezvipfuwo zvayairendesa kuvarimi. Vapristi vaive nechisungo chekupa dzidzo yemachinda, vanokudzwa nevakuru vakuru venguva yemberi.
Dzidzo yaipiwa nevapristi kuvanafarao kana kuti vanokudzwa mutemberi yakanga yakaoma zvikuru, sezvo mukudzidzisa kwokunyora yaisanganisira zvimwe zvidzidzo, kunze kwounyanzvi chaihwo hwokudhirowa kwepeni, sezvo jogirafi, masvomhu, girama, nezvimwewo zvinyorwa zvitsvene; mitauro yekune dzimwe nyika, kudhirowa, tsamba dzekutengeserana uye diplomacy, nezvimwe, izvo zvakagonesa kuwana mabasa akasiyana.
Vanyori
Vanyori vaitsigira vakuru mumabasa avo. Ava vakuru vesangano remagariro eEgypt vaizivikanwa nekukwanisa kuverenga, kunyora uye kuva macalculator akanaka, aifanira kudzidza kwemakore anopfuura mashanu, saka vaiva vanhu vakadzidza zvikuru vakashanda sevanyori vaFarao. Ndivo vaitungamirira nyika, vakatarira kuvakwa uye kuunganidza mitero. Basa rayo chairo raisanganisira kunyora maodha, kurekodha uye kuchengetedza zviitiko zvese zvehupfumi.
Munyori weEgipita aimbobva muboka rakaderera, asi akanga akachenjera uye akadzidza. Akanga akasanorovedzana namagwaro apamutemo neokutengeserana enguva iyoyo, uye akaagadzirira kupfurikidza nokurayira kana kuti nedzimwe nzira, basa raaibhadharwa.
Vatengesi neVatengesi
Idzi nhengo dzesangano rezvemagariro eEgypt dzakatsaurirwa kutenga nekutengesa marudzi ese ezvigadzirwa kubva pakudya zvakanyanya, sezviyo, miriwo, michero, nezvimwe kune zvakanakisa uye zveumbozha zvakaunzwa kubva kunyika dziri kure uye zvinotengeswa kune uye kunyange Farao pachake nemhuri yake.
Vamwe vatengesi vaiva nenzvimbo dzavo vamene, nepo vamwe vaitengesera mumisika nomuzvitoro zvomumaguta. Vamwe vaiva neboka rezvikepe zvaifamba mumakungwa ari kure zvichitsvaka zvinhu zvinokosha zvinobva kunyika dziri kure. Vamwe vakafamba nenzira huru dzokutengesera dzapasi dzepasi rakare.
Mhizha
Vaiva vanhu vaitungamirira kugadzira nemaoko avo zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana kubva kune zvakakosha uye zvekushandisa zvakadai sezvimedu kusvika kune zvakatenderedza zvivezwa, frescoes kana bas-reliefs. Nyanzvi dzeEgypt dzichashanda mumhando mbiri dzemashopu: mashopu epamutemo, ayo akatenderedza mizinda nematemberi uye ndiko kunodzidziswa maartist makuru nemabasa, uye mashopu epachivande, anoitirwa vatengi vasina hukama kana nehumambo kana chitendero.
Varimi
Vanhuwo zvavo vakanga vari boka gurusa, uye vaigara mutumatumba tuduku nemhuka dzavo mumhenderekedzo yeRwizi rwaNire, upenyu hwavo hwaitsaurirwa kumabasa okurima, vachichengetwa nguva dzose navakuru vakuru vaFarao. Zvibereko zvezvakakohwewa zvakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri: chimwe chavo, uye chimwe chakaiswa mumatura evanafarao kuti vape machinda ehumambo Varombo vaiumba makumi masere muzana evagari veEgipita.
Vazhinji vevarimi vaishanda muminda vachigadzira zvirimwa, nepo vamwe vaishanda sevashandi mudzimba dzevakuru vakapfuma. Mumwaka wemafashamo, uyo wakatora inenge mwedzi mitatu, varimi vaiita mabasa makuru okuvaka ehurumende.
Varanda
MuEgypt maive neuranda, asi kwete mupfungwa yechinyakare yeshoko. "Vakamanikidzwa" serfs vaive nekodzero dzepamutemo, vakagamuchira muhoro uye vaigona kukwidziridzwa. Kubatwa zvisina kunaka kwakanga kusingawanzoitiki, uye pazvaiitika, muranda aiva nekodzero yokukumbira mudare, asi bedzi kana chirango chacho chakanga chisina kururama. Kuti vashumire mumhuri dzakanakisisa paitova nevazvipiri. Dzimwe nguva vanhu vasina mari vakazvitengesa kumhuri dzakapfuma.
Varanda vakagoverwa kuita basa repamba vangazviona vamene vane mhanza. Mukuwedzera kukamuri nepekugara, muridzi wavo aidikanirwa kuvagovera chiverengero chakati chamachira, oiri, uye zvipfeko.
Heano mamwe malink aunofarira: