Munyika yemhuka kune nhamba huru yemarudzi, kusanganisira shiri, zvisinei, havasi vose vanogona kubhururuka mumatenga uye nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvakajairika kuwana dzimwe shiri dzisingabhururuka. Kana iwe uchida kuziva kuti ndedzipi Shiri dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzisingabhururuke, tinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi nekuverenga chinyorwa ichi.
Shiri dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzisingabhururuka
Munguva yose yemhindumupindu, shiri dzakawanda dzakasarudza kurega kubhururuka ndokuramba dziri panzvimbo yakasimba. Sezvineiwo, muuyo nokuda kwaakawanda aaya marudzi waizova wokutsakatika, sezvo iwo akava nyajambwa ari nyore nokuda kwavanhu nemhuka. Avo vakapona vakaita saizvozvo nokuti vakanga vakakurisa (mhou) kana kuti nzvimbo yavo yokugara yakanga iri kure zvikuru (penguin). Saka kuchine dzimwe mhando dzeshiri dzisingabhururuke.
Sei kune Shiri dzisingabhururuke?
Tichifunga kuti shiri dzinobhururuka dzichitsvaka zvokudya, dzinosvika kune imwe mwaka yakasiyana-siyana, dzinotiza zvikara, dzinosvika munzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzekugara, dzinodzivirira nzvimbo yadzo uye dzinofadza shamwari dzadzo, saka nei marudzi eshiri angarasikirwa nekukwanisa kubhururuka? Munzvimbo dzine shiri dzisina zvikara zvepanyama, dzinovimba nezvokudya zvakadai semichero kana hove, hazvina chikonzero chekutama, uye kushandisa mamwe maitiro ekudzivirira uye kufambidzana, kutiza kunonyanya kukosha kwavari.
maitiro eshiri dzisingabhururuka
Shiri dzisingabhururuka dzichine mapapiro, asi dzinowanzova madiki kana kuti dzisati dzasimukira pane dziya dzinokwanisa kubhururuka. Maumbirwo eminhenga anogona kunge akasiyana, sekuve nechitarisiko chakapfava semvere kana kuve chidiki uye chakabatana kuti chivharise iwo uchituhwina. Shiri dzisina ndege dzinowanzova nemapfupa emapapiro mashoma kana kuti dzinogona kubatanidzwa pamwe chete, zvichiita kuti mapapiro aite zvishoma kudarika zvinodiwa pakubhururuka. Shiri zhinji dzisingabhururuke dzinoshaya keel ye sternum, ndiko kuti, chikamu chebhonzo chinonamira pamhasuru dzinobhururuka.
Kutsiva kushaikwa kwemapapiro, shiri idzi dzinowanzoita zvirinani kuvharika kwemapapiro, makumbo akasimba ekumhanya, pamwe nemakumbo akasarudzika ekushambira kana mamwe magadzirirwo anovabatsira kurarama pasi penzvimbo yavo yekugara. Mamwe mashandisirwo azvo ndeokuti anoshanda sezvimbi, anobatsira kupa mwero kana kuita semabhureki uye zvidzoreso zvevamhanyi vanomhanya. Dzimwe shiri dzisingabhururuka, dzakadai kakapo uye kiwi, dzakatogadzira zvinonhuwira zvakasimba zvinogona kudzivisa zvikara kana kubatsira kukwezva vakaroorana.
Shiri dzisina ndege dzinowanikwa munyika yose, kunyange zvazvo huwandu hwepamusoro hwemarudzi asingabhururuka hunowanikwa muNew Zealand. Kusvikira pakusvika kwevanhu pazvitsuwa makore anoda kusvika chiuru apfuura, pakanga pasina zvikara zvepanyika zvakakura munharaunda iyi. Kushaikwa ikoko kwezvikara, mukuwedzera kunharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugara uye hupfumi hwezvipenyu, hwakanga hwakanakira kushanduka kweboka rakasiyana-siyana reshiri dzisingabhururuka.
Shiri dzisina ndege dzinotarisana nekutyisidzira kwakawanda kunogona kuve nenjodzi kwadziri kupfuura shiri dzinobhururuka. Zvikara zvinoparadza zvakadai sekitsi nemakonzo zvinogona kunyatsobata shiri dzisingabhururuka, kusanganisira matendere. Pamusoro pezvo, shiri dzisingabhururuke dzinowanzo batwa nekuvhima, kuteya, uye kumwe kutyisidzira kwakaitwa nevanhu semarara, kusvibiswa, hove, nezvimwe. Nemhaka yokuti havagoni kubhururuka kuenda kunzvimbo itsva, kurasikirwa kwekugara kunotyisawo kune shiri dzisingabhururuka.
shiri dzisingabhururuka
Nekufamba kwenguva, nhamba huru yeshiri dzisingabhururuke dzave dzichizivikanwa munyika uye zvakadaro ruzhinji rwakaguma rwatsakatika nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvisingaenderane nadzo. Mumwe wemienzaniso yakakosha yanga iri shiri inonzi dodo, iyo yaive shiri yaivepo kwenguva yakareba, kubva ku10.000 BC kusvika muzana ramakore rechigumi nenomwe. Zvadaro, tichataura nezveshiri huru dzisingabhururuke dzichiri kugara nanhasi.
Mhou
Mhou ndidzo hombe uye zvakare ishiri dzinomhanya kwazvo paNyika. Ishiri dzisingabhururuke dziri dzerudzi rweStruthio, dzinowanikwa muAfrica, kwadzinogara musango uye dzinorerwawo kuti dziwane zvibereko zvadzo. Shiri dzinogona kumhanya zvekumhanya makiromita makumi manomwe paawa uye dzinowanzo shandisa kumhanya senzira yekudzivirira. Mhou dzomusango dzinotama-tama uye dzinogara mumapoka evanhu 70 kusvika ku5. Pamusoro pezvo, dzinokandirawo mazai makuru pakati peshiri dzose dziri munyika.
Rhea
Shiri inonzi rhea yakafanana nemhou uye emu, uye inoita seisinganzwisisike kana ichienzaniswa neshiri dzatinoona mazuva ese. Pasinei neizvi, inonakidza uye inoshamisa. Pachikwata cheshiri dzisingabhururu ichi pane mhando mbiri dzinozivikanwa nhasi, rhea yekuAmerica neiyo yakatumidzwa zita rekuremekedza muongorori weChirungu Darwin. Mhungu iboka reshiri dzinozivikanwa semarati kana shiri dzisingakwanise kubhururuka.
Rheas parizvino yakanyorwa sepedyo nekutyisidzirwa neIUCN, boka rekuchengetedza zvisikwa rinotarisa kuparara kwemhuka nemarudzi. Kuchengetedza rhea kwakakosha zvikuru. Vanogona kukura kusvika pamamita mashanu pakureba uye kurema kusvika pamapaundi makumi mapfumbamwe. Hazvishamisi kuti rheas ndiyo shiri huru muSouth America. Rheas dzine ruvara rwegrey uye miviri yavo yakafukidzwa neminhenga. Vane mitsipa nemakumbo marefu. Pane zvigunwe zvitatu chete patsoka dze rhea.
Kufanana nemhou uye emu, rhea inoshaya tsandanyama dzechipfuva dzinodiwa kusimudza muviri wayo unorema kubva pasi kuti utize. Saizvozvo, zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti nzvimbo yechisikigo yeshiri yerhea inowanikwa muSouth America, kunyanya munzvimbo dzeuswa, idzo nzvimbo dzakavhurika dzakakura dzakanakira kufura mhuka. Munguva yekuberekesa, rhea rinowanzogara pedyo nemvura yakaita semadziva nenzizi.
kiwi
Kiwi ishiri ine mukurumbira nekusabhururuka. Iyo inogara ichikurudzira kutora kaviri nekuda kwemuviri wayo mudiki wakatenderera, minhenga yakaita semvere, uye kumeso kusingadzivisiki kwendebvu. Kiwi inodiwa zvekuti ndiyo chiratidzo chenyika cheNew Zealand. Kune marudzi mashanu e kiwi, ose anowanikwa kuchitsuwa. Zviviri zvezvipenyu zviri panjodzi, imwe iri mungozi, uye imwe iri panjodzi huru. Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo huru dzenzvimbo yadzo yokugara sango zvino dzadzivirirwa, dzichiri kutarisana nengozi yokubatwa nemhuka dzinodya nyama dzakaunzwa dzakadai sekatsi.
Kiwi dzekusabhururuka mapapiro adzo asingaonekwi pakati peminhenga yakapfava. Dzinokandirawo mazai akakura zvikuru maererano nekukura kwemuviri wadzo nedzimwe shiri dzenyika. Vakuru kiwis vane mumwechete uye vakaroorana kwehupenyu hwose, vachipedza kusvika kumakore makumi maviri sevaviri vakatendeka. Shiri idzi dzinonyara dzinorarama usiku uye dzinoshandisa pfungwa yadzo yekunhuwidza kutsvaga mhuka dzakabatwa usiku. Kusiyana nemamwe marudzi eshiri, mhino dzadzo dziri kumucheto kwemiromo yadzo, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti dzibvise makonye, makonye, uye mhodzi dzavanodya.
Cassowary
Mhuka iyi inogona kuita seyakafananidzira dinosaur rekare rinoshanduka kuita shiri, asi chaizvoizvo rudzi rwemazuva ano: cassowary. Kune mhando nhatu dzecassowary, yekumaodzanyemba cassowary, yekuchamhembe cassowary, uye dwarf cassowary, ese ari chizvarwa kuNew Guinea neAustralia. Cassowary ndiyo shiri yechipiri inorema pasi rose (kuseri kwemhou chete). Ine nzara pazvigunwe zvayo zvinogona kukura kusvika masendimita mana kureba uye inogona kumhanya semakiromita makumi mashanu paawa.
Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinoonekwawo kuti, nokuti shiri haigoni kubhururuka, ine makumbo akawedzerwa akasimba uye akagadzirwa zvakanaka, izvo zvinoita kuti makumbo ayo ave nesimba rinoshamisa. Zvose izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyange zvazvo cassowary isingakwanisi kubhururuka, ichiri yakaoma zvakakwana kurwisa zvikara. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinofanirwa kusimbisa kuti avo chete vakambosangana nevanhu ndivo vanonyanya kurwisa.
Penguin
Penguin pasina mubvunzo ishiri dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzisingabhururuka kunze kwemhuri yeratite. Kune marudzi gumi nenomwe pasi rose, mazhinji acho anotaridzika zvakafanana kunze kwekusiyana mashoma muhukuru uye mavanga mumusoro nemuhuro. Blue penguin imhando diki pane yese, inongosvika 1 tsoka paurefu uye emperor penguin ndiyo hombe, inongopfuura 3 tsoka pakureba. Mapenguin anofamba asingatyi panyika, asi anoshambira zvakanaka, achishandisa mapapiro awo semafiritsi uye tsoka dzawo sezvidzoreso. Vakawanda vanogara pedyo nemapango uye munzvimbo dziri pedyo negungwa, nepo vamwe vachigara muAustralia neNew Zealand.
Emu
Kufanana nemhou, emus chikamu cheboka reratite reshiri dzisingabhururuka. Emus ndiyo shiri dzechipiri pakukura panyika, uye dzinewo mapapiro, asi dzakavharirwa pasi. Shiri idzi dzisingabhururuke zvakare dzine makumbo ane simba uye dzinogona kumhanya zvekusvika mamaira makumi matatu paawa. Vanotora matanho ega ega anosvika 30 tsoka. Minhenga yadzo yakaita semvere dzemakushe uye mapapiro adzo akareba masendimita manomwe chete. Emus ndevekuAustralia, kwavanochengetedzwa, asi vanonyanya kutorwa sezvipembenene nekuda kwehutsika hwavo hwekudzika zvirimwa zvekurima muhuwandu hukuru nekuzvidya.
dhadha rezasi
Kune marudzi mana edhadha remadhadha, matatu acho asingabhururuke. Imwe yacho, Fuegian Steamer Duck, inogona kuwanikwa muSouth America pamahombekombe ane matombo kubva kumaodzanyemba kweChile kusvika kuTierra del Fuego. Mhando dzedhadha dzinoputika dzinowana zita radzo kubva munzira yadzinoshambira, kana dzichinyatsofamba nokukurumidza, dzinoputira mapapiro adzo dzichikwesha makumbo adzo, uye dzinopedzisira dzichitarisa zvishoma sechitsiko chechikepe. Zvichakadaro, zita remhando yerudzi, Tachyeres, rinoreva "kuva nekwairi inokurumidza" kana "kukurumidza kufambisa chikepe."
Fuegian ndiyo hombe pamadhadha anopisa uye anorema kupfuura mamwe marudzi, nekure nehukuru hwakafanana nemhando huru dzehanzi. Hukuru hwadzo hukuru ndehwekubatsirikana kwavo sezvo zvichibatsira kuti zvikara zvisaende kure nematendere ane mazai kana nhiyo. Vakuru veFuegian Steamers vane vashoma, kana varipo, zvikara zvepanyama, nekuda kwemusanganiswa wehukuru hwavo uye hukasha. Mapapiro adzo anogona kunge ari mapfupi zvekubhururuka, asi anoashandisa pakurwa.
Campbell's Teal
Iyo Campbell teal imwe yemhando mbiri dzetizi isingabhururuka. Aya madhadha madiki anovhima ari usiku, achibuda usiku kuzodya tumbuyu nemaamphipods. Vakambowanikwa paCampbell Island, mazita avo, asi vakaendeswa kutsakatika ipapo mushure mekunge Norway makonzo awana nzira yavo panyika. Mushure mekunge huwandu hwevanhu hwawanikwa pane chimwe chitsuwa, mhuka idzi dzakarongwa sedziri mungozi yekutsakatika, uye vekuchengetedza vakashanda kwemakumi emakore kugadzira chirongwa chakabudirira chekuberekesa nhapwa.
Muna 2003, pakaitwa nhamburiko huru yokuchenesa kuCampbell Island yemakonzo nezvimwe zvipembenene, uye muna 2004, 50 Campbell Teals yakasunungurwa ikoko, zvichiratidza kudzoka kwemhuka dzacho pashure pokusavapo kwemakore anoda kusvika 100. . Kubva ipapo, iyo Campbell teal yakagadzikana ipapo. Kunyange zvazvo richiramba riri pandandanda yezvipenyu zviri mungozi yokutsakatika, kudzokera kuchitsuwa chokumusha kwacho kunopa tariro huru kumarudzi acho.
Titicaca Grebe
Magrebe ishiri dzinodiwa, asi rudzi urwu runoyemurwa zvakanyanya. Titicaca flightless grebe (inozivikanwawo seshort-winged grebe) inowanikwa muPeru neBolivia. Inogara zvakanyanya mumazita ayo, Lake Titicaca, asi inogona kuwanikwawo mumakungwa akasiyana akapoterera. Kunyange isingagoni kubhururuka, giribe reTiticaca rinogona kushambira zvakanaka. Zvinonyanya kutora tuvana tudiki semhuka.
Kusiyana nedzimwe shiri dzakawanda dzisingabhururuka dzakatyisidzirwa nezvikara zvakaunzwa nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, gororo reTiticaca rinotyisidzirwa nekushandiswa kwemagillnet nevabati vehove. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iko zvino yakanyorwa seyakaparara. Kunyange zvazvo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa, pane uchapupu hwokuti hapana nhamburiko yakabatana yokuchengetedza iri kuitwa nokuda kwemhuka iyi.
Imwe-armed cormorant
Zvitsuwa zveGalapagos ndiko kumusha kune mhando dzakawanda dzakashanduka hunhu, kusanganisira dzakasiyana siyana dzeshiri dzakasiyana. Imwe yadzo ndiyo yega cormorant munyika isingakwanise kubhururuka, inodaidzwa zvakakodzera kuti iyo isingabhururuka cormorant. Mapapiro madiki ecormorant asingabhururuke chiratidzo chekuti yakasiya mufaro wekubhururuka kwenguva yakareba sei. Kutaura zvazviri, mapapiro acho anenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu cheukuru hwaaizoda kuti zvikwanise kubhururuka.
Panzvimbo pokubhururuka pamusoro pemasaisai, mhungu isingabhururuke inoshandisa makumbo ayo ane simba kushambira kusvika mamita 300 kubva kumahombekombe, ichitsvaka hove uye dzimwe mhuka dzomugungwa. Tsvagiridzo yakaitwa kutsanangura kuti cormorant yakarasa sei kukwanisa kubhururuka. Muna 2017, Leonid Kruglyak wekuUniversity of California, Los Angeles akaona kuti shiri iyi isingabhururuke ine mazita akawanda emajini akachinja, kusanganisira majini anogona kukanganisa kukura kwemakumbo.
Vatsvagiri vanotenda kuti uku ndiko kusanganiswa kwemajini akachinja akagadzira mapapiro mapfupi uye mabhonzo madiki ezamu, nokudaro achibvisa shiri yekubhururuka kwayo. Iyo isingabhururuka cormorant imwe yeshiri isingawanzo shiri pasi rose, muchidimbu nekuti inowanikwa pazvitsuwa zviviri zveGalapagos. Nekudaro, zvakare inotapukirwa nekukuvadzwa nedutu uye yakaunzwa kune zvikara, saka mhando yacho inorongedzerwa senjodzi. Nhamburiko dzekuchengetedza dzakakosha pakupfuurira kwavo kurarama.
Kana iwe waifarira chinyorwa ichi nezve inonyanyozivikanwa Flightless Shiri uye uchida kudzidza zvakawanda nezve mamwe anonakidza misoro, unogona kuongorora anotevera malink: