Mvura yakachena uye Marine Waterfowl

Shiri dzemumvura dzinobva mumhoteredzo yegungwa iboka reshiri dzakakwanisa kuchinjira kuupenyu mumhoteredzo yorudzi irworwo ine munyu. Kunyangwe ichokwadi kuti ivo vakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, maererano nerudzi rwehupenyu hwavanotungamira, pamwe nehunhu hwavo, maitiro uye physiology, zvakajairika kuona kuti zviitiko zvekushanduka-shanduka kwakaitika. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve Waterfowl, tinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi nekuverenga.

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waterfowl

Sezvatakambotaura, mumakirasi akasiyana eshiri dzemumvura dzinogara munzvimbo yegungwa, zviitiko zve convergent adaptive evolution zvakawanikwa, zvinoreva kuti vauya kuzogadzira shanduko dzakafanana dzekushanduka-shanduka mukutarisana nematambudziko emhando imwe chete. hukama nenharaunda, kunyanya maererano nenzvimbo dzavo dzekudya.

Yekutanga yemvura inogara munzvimbo yegungwa yakakwanisa kushanduka munguva yeCretaceous, maererano nezvidzidzo zve paleontological, asi mhuri dzemazuva ano dzakaratidzwa kuti dzine mavambo avo munguva yePaleogene.

Kazhinji, shiri dzemvura dzinogara mugungwa dzinogara kwenguva refu, zvinoreva kuti dzine tarisiro yehupenyu hurefu, dzinosvikawo pakukura kwepabonde kuti dzibereke kunonoka uye vashoma vechidiki vanozowanikwa muhuwandu hwavo, kune vanhu vakuru vemuenzaniso. kupira nguva yakawanda, kuti vabudirire mukurerwa kwavo.

Mazhinji emarudzi eshiri dzemumvura ane tsika yekugara mumakoroni, ayo, zvichienderana nemarudzi, anogona kusiyana muhuwandu hwevanhu kubva kune gumi nemaviri shiri kusvika kumamiriyoni avo. Mamwe marudzi anozivikanwa nokutama kwegore negore kwenguva refu, uko kunoatungamirira kuti ayambuke equator uye, muzviitiko zvizhinji, kupota nenyika.

Iri boka reshiri rinokwanisa kudya pamusoro pegungwa kana kukwanisa kunyura uye kuwana zvokudya kubva pakadzika, kana kuti vanogona kuzviita nenzira mbiri. Mamwe marudzi anonzi pelagic, zvinoreva kuti ari pamhenderekedzo yegungwa, asi mamwe marudzi anopedza nguva huru yegore zvachose kure negungwa.

Maumbirwo eshiri dzemumvura munharaunda yegungwa achagadziriswa nezvinhu zvakawanda. Muenzaniso weizvi ndiko kuenzana kwemuviri weshiri, zvinova mhedzisiro yerudzi uye basa rekubhururuka kwadzo, izvo zvinogona kuiswa mumapoka ekuvhima, kufamba kuenda kunzvimbo dzekugara kana kuberekesa, uye kutama.

Shiri yemumvura ine, paavhareji, huremu hwemuviri hunosvika 700 g, mapapiro akareba 1,09 m uye nzvimbo yemapapiro e0,103 m². Zvisinei, zviyero izvi zvichaenderana nemaitiro ekubhururuka uye kwakabva mhuka.

Shiri dzemumvura dzinogara mugungwa dzakachengeta nhoroondo refu yekugarisana nevanhu, kubvira kare dzave dziri chikamu chekudya kwevavhimi, vabati vehove vakashandisa nadzo kutsvaga mabhanga ehove uye vakakwanisa kutungamirira kuhove. vafambisi vezvikepe vakananga kumahombekombe. Nekuti akati wandei ezvipenyu izvi ari kutyisidzirwa nemabasa evanhu, mafambiro ekuchengetedza nharaunda anoadzidza zvakanyanya uye anozviziva nguva dzese.

Waterfowl Classification

Isu tinofanirwa kukuudza kuti hapana tsananguro imwe chete yaunogona kusimbisa kuti ndeapi mapoka, mhuri uye zvipenyu zviri shiri dzemvura dzegungwa uye mazhinji acho, neimwe nzira, anogona kutorwa seanopokana classifications. Zita reshiri dzemumvura kana shiri yegungwa harina taxonomic value; ingori boka, iro rinogona kunzi rakagadzirwa zvishoma, risingashandiswe mune zvesainzi nzvimbo dzekuronga.

Izvo munhu angafunga ndezvekuti imhando yemhando yakakurumbira taxonomic classification, sezvo ichibatanidza akawanda taxonomic mapoka, kunyangwe isingabatanidzi mamwe marudzi. Zvimwe chete chinoshamisira icho shiri idzi dzakafanana ndechekuti dzinodya munzvimbo dzakakura dzemvura yegungwa, asi, sezvazvakaita nemashoko mazhinji anoshandiswa mubiology, vamwe havadaro.

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Nenzira yakajairika, zvinokwanisika kurongedza seshiri dzemvura yezvakatipoteredza zvemugungwa zvese sphenisciforms uye procellariiforms, pamwe neese pelecaniformes, kunze kweaningids uye mamwe caradriforms, pakati peiyo stercorariids, lárids, sterids, alcids. uye makona. Zvinowanzoitika kuti phalaropes inosanganiswawo, nokuti, pasinei nokuti ishiri dzinobhururuka, maviri emarudzi avo matatu ari egungwa kwemwedzi mipfumbamwe pagore, nguva iyo inoyambuka equator uye kudya mugungwa.

Zvakare zvinosanganisira gaviformes uye podicipediforms, iyo inoita matendere adzo mumadziva, asi inopedza nguva yechando mugungwa, saka inoiswa mumapoka seshiri dzemvura. Kunyangwe paine mamwe mamergino anosanganisirwa mumhuri yeAnatidae, ayo ari mugungwa munguva yechando, akabviswa negungano kubva muchikamu ichi. Mazhinji madhiri nemhembwe anogona kutorwa semugungwa, nekuti kwaanogara ari pamahombekombe, asi haana kurongeka nenzira iyi.

Evolution of Aquatic Shirds and the Fossil Record

Shiri dzemumvura dzinogara mugungwa, nekuda kwekuti dzinopedza hupenyu hwadzo munzvimbo dzakaita sedimentary, ndiko kuti, munzvimbo dzinogara dzinenge dzinenge dzisingaperi sedimentation yezvinhu, dzinomiririrwa zvakanyanya muzvinyorwa zvezvisaririra. mavambo avo munguva yeCretaceous.

Muenzaniso weizvi ndewekuti ma<em>hesperornithiformes ndeenguva iyi, iboka reshiri dzisina kubhururuka, dzakanga dzakafanana ne<em>loon , dzaikwanisa kunyura nenzira yakafanana neidzi nemaloon, dzichishandisa makumbo adzo kufamba pasi pemvura, kunyangwe mhuri iyi yeCretaceous yaive nemuromo une mazino akapinza.

Kunyange zvazvo hesperornis isingaoneki yakasiya chero vana, shiri yekutanga yemvura yemazuva ano yemvura yakasimukawo munguva yeCretaceous, ine mhuka yakanzi Tytthostonyx glauconiticus, iyo inoratidzika kunge yakabatana neprocellariiforms kana pelecaniformes.

Munguva yePaleogene, makungwa anotungamirirwa nekutanga procellariids, giant penguin uye mhuri mbiri dzakaparara, dzaive Pelagornithidae nePlotopteridae, dzaive boka reshiri huru dzakafanana nepenguin. Iro genera razvino rakatanga kukura munguva yeMiocene, kunyangwe iyo puffinus, iyo inosanganisira iyo yava kuzivikanwa Maned shearwater uye Sooty shearwater, kubva panguva yeOligocene.

Mhando huru dzeshiri dzemumvura dzinogara mugungwa sezviri pachena dzakatangira mukupera kweMiocene nePliocene nguva. Pakupera kwekupedzisira, cheni yezvokudya zvegungwa yakagadziridzwa, nekuda kwekuti kwaiva nekuparara kukuru kwenhamba yezvipenyu, pamwe nekuwedzera kukuru kwenhamba yemhuka dzinoyamwisa mugungwa, zvinhu zvakadzivirira shiri dzemvura. kubva pakuwanazve kusiyana kwayo kwekare.

Waterfowl Hunhu

Hunhu hweshiri dzemumvura dzinogara mugungwa dzakasiyana, saka tichaedza kutsanangura imwe neimwe yadzo:

Kugadziriswa kwehupenyu hwemugungwa

Cormorants, kufanana nekormorant yakareba-nzeve, inoratidza mutsara weminhenga yakasiyana, nokuti inobvumira mweya muduku kudarika, asi inokwanisa kutora mvura. Ichi chigadziriso chinovatendera kuti vatore thermoregulate uye kurwisa kurwisa kwechisikigo.

Shiri dzemumvura dzemugungwa dzine zvakawanda zvinoshanduka kuti dzikwanise kurarama nekudyisa mumakungwa. Chimiro chemapapiro azvo chakabva kune niche yavakashanduka, nenzira yekuti kana musayendisiti akatarisa kwavari, vachakwanisa kuziva ruzivo rwakabatana nemaitiro avo uye kudya.

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Muchokwadi, mapapiro marefu uye kuderera kwemapapiro kurodha kunonyanya kurudzi rwepelagic, nepo shiri dzakasiyana-siyana dzicharatidza mapapiro mapfupi. Dzimwe mhuka, dzakadai se<em>albatross, inowana zvokudya zvayo pamusoro pegungwa, dzine simba shoma pakubhururuka kwoga uye dzinotsamira parudzi rwokubhururuka kunonzi dynamic, umo mhepo inotsauswa nemafungu inokonzera shiri iyi. kusimuka, pamwe chete nokutsvedza kumusoro kana pasi.

Iyo nyaya yeakawanda alcid, penguin uye petrels anoratidza mapapiro ayo avanogona kushambira pasi pegungwa uye mune dzimwe nguva, senge penguin, ivo havana kugona kubhururuka. Shiri idzi hadzikwanise kunyura kusvika pamamita mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu uye dzinogona kuchengeta oxygen, ingave mumasaga emhepo kana kuburikidza nemyoglobin mumhasuru dzadzo.

Mapenguin ane ropa rakakura, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kwavari kuchengetedza okisijeni yakawanda. Panguva yekuda kunyura, dzinokwanisawo kuderedza kurova kwemwoyo yadzo uye kuunza ropa kunhengo dzadzo dzakakosha chete.Zvinenge shiri dzose dzemumvura dzinogara mugungwa dzine tsoka dzakarukwa, izvo zvinoita kuti dzifambe zviri nyore pamusoro uye, kana iri yemarudzi akati wandei, kunyura.

Procellariiforms vane pfungwa yekunhuwa iyo yakasimba zvakanyanya kune shiri, uye vanoishandisa kuwana chikafu chavo munzvimbo dzakakura dzemakungwa, uye pamwe vanoishandisawo kutsvaga makoroni avo.

Iyo supraorbital glands ine shiri dzegungwa dzemumvura inovabvumira kuti vatore osmoregulate uye kubvisa munyu wavanodya kana vachinwa uye vachidyisa mumvura iyi, kunyanya kana iri crustaceans. Kubuda kweaya maglands, ayo ari munzvimbo yemusoro weshiri, anosimuka kubva mumhino dzayo uye anenge akazara sodium chloride, kunyangwe zvidiki zvidiki zve potassium uye bicarbonate zvinogona kuwanikwa, pamwe nechikamu chidiki cheurea. ...

Aya glands ari pasi pekutonga kweparasympathetic nerve uye basa ravo rinogona kumiswa neanesthesia nemishonga yakadai se carbon dioxide inhibitors. Uku ndiko kushanduka kwekushanduka kwave kwakakosha, nekuti itsvo dzeshiri idzi hadzina simba rekugadzirisa uye kubvisa izvi zvakawandisa zvemunyu.

Kunyange zvazvo chiri chokwadi kuti shiri dzose dzine gland remhuno, harina kusimukira semakoranzi kana mapenguin.Pakarepo, shiri dzemugungwa dzine mazamu e<em>supraorbital akakura zvakapetwa kagumi kusvika kune zana pane ayo ane shiri dzepanyika, nokuti izvi zvichaenderana ne uwandu hwemunyu hwavanosangana nawo murwendo rwavo nemukudya.

Hyposmotic regulation, ndiko kuti, iyo nzira iyo zvipenyu zvine hugaro hwazvo mumamiriro emunyu wakanyanya kukwanisa kuzvichengetedza, zvinogonawo kuitika kuburikidza nekuderedzwa kwekuyerera kwezvinokonzeresa, sezvakaita weti, iyo yakaderedzwa, kudzivirira kurasikirwa nemvura kubva. muviri zvisina basa.

Kunze kwemacormorants nema tern akati wandei, uye zvakafanana neshiri zhinji, shiri dzese dzemumvura dzinogara mugungwa dzine minhenga isingapinde mumvura. Zvisinei, kana zvichienzaniswa nemarudzi anogara panyika, ane minhenga yakawanda, kuitira kudzivirira muviri wavo. Iyi minhenga yakaoma ndiyo inoita kuti shiri isanyorove; Sezvimwechetezvo, dhishi iri pasi rinodzivirira shiri kuti isatonhore.

Cormorants inoratidzira yakasarudzika mutsetse weminhenga, nekuti inoregedza mhepo shoma uye, semhedzisiro, inonwisa mvura, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kwavari kushambira pasina kurwisa buoyancy kunokonzerwa nekuchengetwa kwemhepo pakati peminhenga, kunyangwe Ivo zvakare vanokwanisa kushambira. kuchengetedza mweya wakakwana kuti dzisarasikirwa nekupisa kwakanyanya kana dzasangana nemvura.

Minhenga yeshiri zhinji dzomugungwa dzomugungwa, idzo nokushanduka-shanduka dzakaomerera kumavara akadai sematema, machena kana kuti grey, zvechokwadi hadzina ruvara pane minhenga yeshiri dzinogara panyika. seshiri dzemumvura dzinopisa kana mamwe mapenguin, asi kuchinja kwemavara ikoko kuchawanikwa mumiromo nemakumbo.

Iyo minhenga yeshiri dzemumvura dzine hugaro hwadzo mumakungwa inoshanda secamouflage, inodzivirira, sezvakaita mamiriro eruvara rweminhenga yeAntarctic duck-petrel, iyo yakakopwa kupenda ngarava dzehondo dzeUnited States Navy , inokwanisa kuderedza kuonekwa kwayo pagungwa; nepo inogona kunge iine hutsinye muchikamu chezasi chichena chine mhando dzakawanda, izvo zvinovabatsira kuti vahwande kubva kune mhuka yavo pazasi Chikonzero nei mapapiro emapapiro echikwata ichi cheshiri ari matema, nekuda kwekuunganidzwa kwe melanin, ndiko kukwanisa kudzivirira minhenga kuti isaora, kunyanya nekukweshana.

Kudya uye Kudya

Shiri dzemumvura dzinogara mugungwa dzakakwanisa kushanduka kuti dzikwanise kuwana chikafu chadzo kubva mumakungwa nemumakungwa; uyezve, physiology yavo uye maitiro aifanira kuchinjira kukudya kwavo.

Mamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu aya akaita kuti zvipenyu kubva kumhuri dzakasiyana, uye kunyange kubva kune zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakakwanisa kugadzira nzira dzakafanana mukutarisana nematambudziko akafanana ezvakatipoteredza, iyo ndiyo muenzaniso wakaisvonaka wekushanduka-shanduka, sezvinogona kuonekwa pakati pepenguin uye alcids. .

Maererano neongororo yakaitwa, zvakaonekwa kuti nzira ina dzinokosha dzinogona kuonekwa dzinoshandiswa neshiri kudya mugungwa, idzo dziri kudya pamusoro, kudzingirira chikafu nekunyura, kunyura, uye kubata mhuka. Kunyangwe, hongu, pakati peaya mazano mana akasiyana akawanda anogona kuwanikwa.

kudyisa pamusoro

Mhando zhinji dzeshiri dzemumvura dzinogara munzvimbo dzemugungwa dzinowana chikafu chadzo kubva pamusoro pegungwa, nekuti mafungu anokwanisa kuwana huwandu hwechikafu chakadai sekrill, hove dzeforoji, squid nedzimwe mhuka dzinogona kusvika pamuromo wayo nekungodonha. musoro wayo mumvura.

Iyi nzira inogona kupatsanurwa mumhando mbiri: kudya pamusoro pemvura mukubhururuka kuzere, chimwe chinhu icho petrels, frigatebirds uye hydrobatids vanogona kuita, uye kudyisa vachishambira, ndiko kwavanowana chikafu chavo. shearwater uye petrels.

Ngatitii muchikamu chekutanga tichasangana nedzimwe shiri dzemumvura yemugungwa dzinenge dzichidarikidza. Vamwe vanokwanisa kutora snacks zvavo kubva mumvura, sezvazvinoita kune frigatebirds uye mamwe matern, uye vamwe vanoita mhando yekufamba uye vanotokwanisa kumhanya vachitenderera uye kutenderera pamusoro pemvura, sezvazvinoita kune mamwe mahydrobatids. .

Vazhinji vavo havatombodi kumhara mumvura kuti vadye, uye vamwe, semafrigatebirds, vanozoomerwa nekutangazve kutiza kana vakamhara mumvura. Imwe mhuri isingadi kumhara mumvura kuti idye iRynchopidae, ine unyanzvi hwakasiyana hwekuvhima, sezvo ichibhururuka pedyo nepamusoro pemvura yakashama shaya, iyo inozozvivhara yoga kana muromo wayo ukabata chimwe chinhu. Ndosaka muromo wayo uchiratidza rudzi urwu rwenzira yekuvhima yakakosha uye ndeyekuti shaya yaro yepasi yakareba kupfuura yekumusoro.

Muboka iri, shiri zhinji dzinotuhwina dzinoratidzawo miromo inoshamisa, iyo yakagadziridzwa kuti igare imwe mhando yemhuka. Shiri dzePachyptila neHalobaena genera dzine miromo ine mafirita, anonzi lamellae, ayo anogona kusefa plankton kubva mumvura yadzinonwa.

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Ma<em>albatross akawanda nepetrels ane mabhiri akaita hoko ayo anogona kubata nawo mhuka dzinokurumidza kufamba. Gull dzine miromo isinganyanyi kunyahwaira, izvo zvinoratidza mararamiro adzo, ayo ane mukana wakakura. Mupurovhinzi yeBuenos Aires, makudo vanowana bhenefiti huru kubva mumabasa okuredza uye vanodya pwere dzeanchovy uye yellow croaker. Iyo kelp gull iri, mukati meboka remaradhi, iyo ine yakakura kwazvo trophic spectrum; nepo Olrog's Gull iri kunyanya nyanzvi.

kutsvaga dive

Chinstrap penguin imwe yemhando dzeshiri dzemugungwa dzinotsvaga chikafu chayo nekunyura. Kudzingirira kunyura ndiko kunoda kudzvanyirirwa kwakanyanya kubva kushiri dzemugungwa maererano nehunhu hwadzo uye mafambiro adzo, asi dzinowana mubairo wekukwanisa kuve nenzvimbo huru yekudyisa kupfuura yeshiri dzinogara pamhepo chete. pamusoro.

Vanokwanisa kuzvifambisa pasi pemvura vachibatsirwa nemapapiro avo, sezvinoitwa penguin, alcids, pelecanoids uye mamwe marudzi epetrels, kana kuti vanozvifambisa netsoka dzavo, sezvinoitwa necormorants, loons, loons uye mamwe marudzi. yemadhadha anodya hove.

Kazhinji, shiri dzinobhururuka nemapapiro dzinenge dzichimhanya kudarika shiri dzinobhururuka nemakumbo.Asi muzviitiko zvose izvi, kukwanisa kushandisa mapapiro kana makumbo kunyura kwakakonzera kudzikamisa kushanda kwadzo kune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, sezvinoitika kune shumba nemakumbo. idzo dzinofamba nekuomerwa kukuru, mapenguin asingakwanise kubhururuka uye ma<em>alcid akarasikirwa nekubudirira kwekubhururuka kwawo kuti akwanise kunyura zviri nani.

Muenzaniso weiyi razorbill rinoda 64% simba rakawanda kuti ribhururuke pane petrel rakaenzana.Marudzi mazhinji eshearwater ari pane imwe nzvimbo pakati pezviwanikwa zviviri izvi, sezvo aine mapapiro marefu.kupfuura shiri dzinobhururuka nemapapiro, asi kuve nepamusoro mapapiro ekurodha kupfuura mamwe epamusoro-anodyisa procellariids; izvi zvinovapa kugona kunyura kusvika pakadzika dzika, ukuwo zvichivabvumira kuvharira madaro mahombe zvakanaka.

Mumhuri iyi, shiri yakanakisisa yokunyura iTasmanian shearwater, iyo yakanyorwa ichituhwina mamita 70 pasi pegungwa. .

Pashiri dzose dzinonyura dzinenge dzakatsunga kudzingirira mhuka dzadzo, idzo dzinonyanya kushanda mumhepo i<em>albatross, uye zvinoratidzika kuva zvisina tsaona kuti idzo dzinoshambira zvikurusa. Panyaya yepolar uye subpolar zones, iyi ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa neshiri dzemvura dzegungwa kuti dziwane zvokudya zvadzo, nokuti hazviiti nesimba kuti zviitike mumvura inodziya. Nemhaka yokuti havakwanisi kubhururuka, shiri dzakawanda dzinobhururuka dzinonyanya kuderera muhuwandu hwavo hwekudya kune dzimwe, kunyanya munguva yekuberekesa, apo nestlings inoda kudya nguva dzose nevabereki vavo.

plummet

Gannets, boobies, fetontiformes, mamwe maternids nepelican yebrown inokwanisa kunyura kubva mumhepo. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kwavari kuti vashandise simba rekusundirwa ikoko kutyora mutsara wechisikigo webuoyancy, izvo zvinokonzerwa nemhepo inovharirwa muminhenga, uye kushandisa simba shoma pane mamwe madhivha.

Nekuda kweizvi, vanokwanisa kushandisa zviwanikwa zvekudya izvo zviri kuparadzirwa zvakanyanya, kunyanya kumakungwa anopisa ayo akashandiswa zvakanyanya. Kazhinji, inzira yakasarudzika yekuvhima pakati peshiri dzegungwa; vamwe vane miitiro yakajairika, yakadai segull uye skuas, vanoishandisa, asi neunyanzvi hushoma uye kubva pakakwirira.

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Brown pelicans inotora makore kuti iwedzere zvakakwana unyanzvi hunodiwa kuita dive, kana vangoiwana, vanokwanisa kusvetuka kubva pamamita makumi maviri pamusoro pemvura uye kugadzirisa muviri wavo kusati kwaitika, nokudaro kudzivisa kukuvara. Chinhu chakataurwa ndechekuti boka iri reshiri rinongokwanisa kuvhima mumvura yakachena, nekuti dzinokwanisa kuona zviri nani mhuka dzadzo dziri kumusoro.

Kunyange zvazvo nzira iyi ichinyanya kushandiswa munzvimbo dzinopisa, kubatana kwakaita nzira iyi uye kujeka kwemvura hakuna kunyatsoratidzwa.Mhuka dzakawanda dzinoshandisa nzira iyi, pamwe neshiri dzinodya pamusoro, dzinotsamira chose pa tuna nema dolphin idzo izvo zvinoendesa zvikoro pamusoro, kuti zvigone kudya.

Kleptoparasitism, carrion uye predation

Chikwata ichi chakapamhama uye chinoreva dzimwe nzira dzinoshandiswa neshiri dzemumvura dzinogara munzvimbo yegungwa, idzo dziri chikamu chechikamu chinotevera chetrophic. Kleptoparasites ishiri dzegungwa dzinowanzodya chikafu chedzimwe shiri. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika kumafrigatebirds neskuas, ayo anoshandisa nzira yekudyisa iyi, kunyangwe magull, tern nemamwe marudzi achikwanisawo kuba chikafu.

Tsika iyo mamwe marudzi eshiri ane matendere usiku yakadudzirwa senzira yekunzvenga dzvinyiriro yadzinoitwa neuhu humbavha hwemuchadenga. Kazhinji, rudzi urwu rwemafambiro runova rwakajairika panguva yekugara, apo vabereki vanounza zvokudya kumatendere uye vanogamuchirwa nevakuru vechidiki, vanokurumidza uye vane utsinye kupfuura shiri dzakwegura.

Uyezve, zvakaratidzwa kuti kleptoparasites inogona kusarudza avo vakabatwa zvakanaka. Nekudaro, kleptoparasitism haina kuita basa rakanyanya mukudya kwemhando ipi neipi yeshiri, chii chiri chikafu chinovaka muviri chinowanikwa kuburikidza nekuvhima. Ongororo yakaitwa pamusoro pekuti frigatebird yakazvipira sei kuba chikafu kubva kune yakavharwa gannet, yakagumisa kuti yekutanga yakakwanisa kuwana zvakanyanya makumi mana muzana ezvekudya zvainoda, asi paavhareji yaingowana 40%.

Marudzi mazhinji emagull anodya zvakaora zveshiri kana kuti mhuka dzomugungwa pose apo mukana unowanikwa, sezvinoita hofori petrels. Mhando dzakawanda dze<em>albatross ishiri dzinodyawo zvakaora, ongororo yemuromo we<em>albatross yakaratidza kuti tsindi zhinji dzavaidya dzakakura zvikuru kuti dzibatwe dziri mhenyu uye dzinosanganisira mhuka dzinobva pakati pemvura, izvo zvisingasvikike. yeshiri idzi.

Zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti mamwe marudzi anodyawo kune dzimwe shiri dzegungwa, dzakadai segull, skuas uye pelicans, idzo dzinodya mazai, nhiyo uye pwere dzinobva munzvimbo dzinogara matendere padzinopiwa mukana. Saizvozvo, hofori petrels inogona kutora hukuru hwemapenguin madiki uye seal pups.

Waterfowl Life Cycle

Hupenyu hweshiri dzemumvura dzinogara mugungwa hwakasiyana nehweshiri dzine pokugara panyika. Kazhinji, ivo vanhu vane hunyanzvi, uye vanokwanisa kurarama nguva yakareba, iyo yakaverengerwa pakati pemakore makumi maviri nemakumi matanhatu, asi ichokwadi zvakare kuti kusangana kwavo kwekutanga hakuitike kusvika vava nemakore gumi uye ivo zvakare. shandisa nguva yakawanda yekuedza muvana vashoma.

Zvizhinji zvezvipenyu izvi zvinongova nembeu imwe chete pagore, kunze kwekunge netsaona dzakarasikirwa nembeu yekutanga, kunze kweiyo sooty mongrel nemhando dzakawanda, dzakadai seprocellariiforms kana sulids, dzinongokwanisa kukandira zai pagore. .

Shiri dzemumvura dzine hugaro hwemugungwa dzinochengeta vana kwenguva refu kwazvo, dzinogona kusvika mwedzi mitanhatu, inova nguva refu kwazvo pakati peshiri. Muenzaniso weizvi ndewokuti, kana nhiyo dze<em>guillemot dzabhururuka, dzicharamba dzichigara nevabereki vadzo mugungwa kwemwedzi yakawanda.

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Frigatebirds ishiri dzinoratidza kutarisirwa kwevabereki zvakanyanya, kunze kweshiri shoma shoma nehornbill yekumaodzanyemba, inova rudzi umo nhiyo dzinowana minhenga mushure memwedzi mina kana mitanhatu dzobva dzaramba dzichichengetwa. vabereki kweimwe mwedzi gumi nemana.

Nekuda kwenguva yakakura yekutarisira kwevabereki kwevana vavo, kubereka kweshiri idzi kunongoitika makore maviri ega ega, pane kuve gore negore. Iyi nzira yehupenyu inogona kuitika nekuda kwekuoma kwehupenyu hwemugungwa, kunyanya izvo zvine chekuita nekuvhima mhuka dzakapararira munzvimbo dzakawanda, pamwe nekutadza kuberekana nekuda kwekuti kune makungwa asina kunaka. mamiriro ezvinhu uye kushomeka kwezvikara zvichienzaniswa neshiri dzinogara panyika.

Kutenda kune chokwadi chekuti vanopedza simba rakawanda mukukwanisa kurera vadiki uye nekuti kuwana chikafu kunowanzovamanikidza kuti vaende kure nenzvimbo yavanochengeterwa dendere, mumarudzi ese emugungwa, kunze kwe phalaropes, ese ari maviri. vabereki vanofanira kutora chikamu mukuchengeta nhiyo uye vakaroorana vane mudzimai mumwe, zvishoma kwemwaka.

Mhuka zhinji, dzakaita semagull, alcid nemapenguin, dzinokwanisa kuchengeta murume mumwechete kwemwaka yakawanda, uye mhando zhinji dzepetrels vanodyidzana kwehupenyu hwose. Albatross uye procellarids, avo vanoroorana kweupenyu hwose, vanoda makore akati wandei ekupfimbana kuti vakwanise kumisa chisungo chevaviri vasati vaita vana, kana iri nyaya yealbatross, pane dhanzi rekupfimbana rakakwenenzverwa iro chikamu chekuumbwa kweichi chinongedzo.

Nesting uye Colony Kuumbwa

95% yeshiri dzemumvura dzinoumba makoroni, ayo ari pakati penzvimbo huru dzinogara shiri pasi rose. Makoroni eshiri dzinopfuura miriyoni akanyorwa, munzvimbo dzinopisa, sezvinoitika muKiritimati muPacific, uye munzvimbo dzepolar, sezviri kuitika muAntarctica. Mapoka mahombe aya anobatira anenge matendere chete.Kana dzisiri mumwaka wokukwirana, shiri dzisingabereki dzinogara munzvimbo dzine mhuka dzakawanda.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fl-0UF-CLVU

Nzira iyo makoroni anoiswa nayo inoshanduka zvikuru. Zvinokwanisika kuwana matendere ega ega akagoverwa ane nzvimbo yakakwana pakati pavo, sezvinoitika mune albatross colony, kana kuti yakanyanyisa, sezvinoitika ne guillemot colony. Mumazhinji emakoloni aya marudzi akawanda anogona kuita dendere, kunyangwe iwo akapatsanurwa zvinooneka neimwe mhando yekusiyanisa niche.

Mhuka dzemvura dzinogara mugungwa dzinogona kugara mumiti, kana dzichiwanikwa imomo, asiwo mumiti, dzimwe nguva dzichivaka matendere adzo pamusoro pavo, mawere, maburi epasi uye matombo ane matombo. Muchiitiko ichi, zvave zvichikwanisika kuona maitiro akasimba enzvimbo yeshiri dzegungwa dzemhando imwe chete kana dzakasiyana. Muchokwadi kune shiri dzine hukasha dzakaita sesooty tern dzinodzinga zvisikwa zvishoma kubva munzvimbo dzinodiwa dzekugara.

Munguva yechando, petrel inodzivisa kukwikwidzana nePacific shearwater ine hukasha yekuisa matendere. Kana mwaka wekuberekesa ukapindirana, Pacific shearwaters inogona kuuraya pwere dzemhuka kuitira kushandisa migodhi yadzo.

Vakatendeka kunzvimbo yavakazvarirwa, nenzira imwe cheteyo yavanoshandisa nzvimbo imwe chete yokuvanda kana kuti yokugara kwemakore akawanda, vachienderera mberi nechisimba vachidzivirira zvavanofunga kuti nharaunda yavo kubva kune avo vavanofunga kuti vavengi vavo.Izvi zvakawedzera mukurumbira wavo. Kubudirira mukubereka, kupa nzvimbo yekuti vaviri vaviri vaungane uye kuderedza kushanda nesimba kwekutsvaga nzvimbo itsva yedendere.

Zvisinei, kuwana nzvimbo yokuvakira mhuka kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakanaka panyaya yokusvirana, kana nzvimbo itsva ikaratidza kuti ine zvibereko.Vechiduku vanenge vakura vanokwira kekutanga vanowanzodzokera kunzvimbo yavakazvarirwa uye dendere pedyo nekwavakazvarirwa. Tsika iyi, inozivikanwa sephilopatry, yakasimba zvokuti ongororo yakaitwa yeLaysan albatross yakaratidza kuti avhareji yedaro riri pakati penzvimbo inochochonya shiri yacho nenzvimbo inoberekera shiri yacho pachayo Yaiva mamita makumi maviri nemaviri.

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Imwe ongororo, asi yakaitwa neCory's shearwater dendere pedyo nechitsuwa cheCorsica, yakaratidza kuti pwere pfumbamwe kubva pa61 dzakadzokera kunoroorwa kunzvimbo yadzinoberekerwa ndokugara munzvimbo yokuvanda yadzakakurira, vaviri vakatokwanisa kurara navo. mai vavo chaivo . Philopatry inoita seinosimudzira kubudirira kwekubatana uye inopesvedzera kusarudzwa kwevakaroorana muchiitiko cheCape gannet uye gannet yeAustralia.

Nzvimbo dzeshiri idzi dzinowanzowanikwa pazvitsuwa, mawere kana makomo, munzvimbo dzinonetsa kuwana mhuka dzinoyamwisa.Izvi zvimwe zvinopa imwe dziviriro kushiri idzi, dzinowanzowanikwa dzisina kudzivirirwa panyika. Kuumbwa kwemakoroni kunoonekwa mumhuri dzeshiri dzisingadziviriri nzvimbo dzadzo dzekudyisa, sezvakaita swiftlet, ine chikafu chinoshanduka zvakanyanya uye chingave ndicho chikonzero nei ichionekwa kakawanda mushiri dzemvura. vanogara mugungwa.

Imwe bhenefiti inobvira yekugara mumapoka ndeokuti anogona kushanda senzvimbo dzeruzivo, umo shiri dzegungwa, dzinobhururuka kuti dzidye mugungwa, dzinokwanisa kuziva rudzi rwemhuka dziripo. , nokungocherechedza dzimwe shiri dzinogara mugungwa. koloni pavanodzoka.

Nekune rumwe rutivi, panewo zvazvakaipira, sezvo kugara mumusha zvichireva kuti zvirwere zvinogona kupararira nekukasika. Imwezve ndeyekuti makoroni anowanzo kukwevera pfungwa dzezvikara, kunyanya dzimwe shiri. Marudzi mazhinji eshiri dzinopamba akamanikidzwa kudzokera kumatendere adzo usiku kuti dzisabatwa.

Kutama

Muenzaniso weshiri dzemumvura dzine hugaro hwadzo mugungwa uye dzinotama ndidzo mapelican anosvika gore negore muCuba achibva kuNorth America munguva yechando kuchamhembe kwehemisphere. Sezvinoita mamwe marudzi, shiri dzemugungwa dzine tsika yekutama kana mwaka wekukwirana wapera.

Pashiri dzose dzinotama, rwendo rwunoitwa ne<em>arctic tern ndirwo rwakareba, sezvo shiri iyi inoyambuka equator yepanyika kunopedza chirimo chemuAntarctica. Mamwe marudzi anoitawo nzendo dzinoyambuka equator, zvose kubva kuna changamire kuenda kuchamhembe uye kune mhiri. Huwandu hwematern anoyevedza ane matendere ahwo muBaja California anopatsanurana mushure menguva yekusangana kuita mapoka anoenda kuchamhembe kumhenderekedzo yepakati peCalifornia, nepo vamwe vanoenda kumaodzanyemba kuPeru neChile kuti vazvimisire munzvimbo yazvino. yeHumboldt.

Sooty Shearwaters zvakare inoita gore negore kutenderera kutenderera kunokwikwidza iyo yeArctic Terns. Idzi ishiri dzinoita matendere adzo muNew Zealand neChile uye munguva yezhizha dzinobhururuka dzichienda kuNorth Pacific coast, munzvimbo dzakaita seJapan, Alaska neCalifornia, dzichiita rwendo rwegore rwemakiromita 64.

Dzimwe shiri dzemumvura dzinotama zvinhambwe zvishoma kubva kunzvimbo dzekugara uye kuparadzirwa kwadzo mumakungwa makuru kunotariswa nekuwanikwa kwechikafu. Muchiitiko chekuti mamiriro egungwa haana kukwana, shiri dzemvura dzomugungwa dzinotamira kunzvimbo dzine mamiriro ari nani, dzichiva nzvimbo yekugara zvachose kana iri shiri iduku zvikuru.

Mushure mekubhururuka, shiri dzechidiki dzinowanzopararira kupfuura vanhu vakuru uye munzvimbo dzakasiyana, saka hazvishamisi kuti dzionekwe kunze kwekugoverwa kwenzvimbo yemarudzi. Vamwe vavo, semaalcid, havana kutama kwakarongeka, asi boka rinokwanisa kuenda kumaodzanyemba kana mwaka wechando uchisvika. Nekudaro, mamwe marudzi eshiri haapararire, sezvinoitika mune mamwe mahydrobatids, pelecanoids uye phalacrocoracids, asi gara padyo nenzvimbo yematendere adzo gore rose.

kubva mugungwa

Kunyange zvazvo tsananguro yeboka iri reshiri ichipa pfungwa yokuti dzinopedzera upenyu hwadzo mugungwa, marudzi mazhinji eshiri dzomugungwa muupenyu hwadzo hwose anouya kuzogara zvishoma kana kuti zvikuru munzvimbo dziri mukati menyika. makiromita kubva kumahombekombe. Mamwe emarudzi aya anodzokera kugungwa kuzodya; semuenzaniso weizvi, matendere echando petrels akawanikwa 480 km mukati meAntarctic kondinendi, kunyangwe zvisingaite kuti inzvimbo yavanogona kuwana chinhu chekudya pedyo nenzvimbo idzodzo.

shiri dzemvura-9

Marbled murrelet dendere mumasango ekutanga uye anotsvaga maconifers makuru nemapazi mazhinji ekuvaka dendere rawo ipapo.Mimwe mhuka, senge Californian gull, inovaka matendere adzo uye inodya mumadziva, kunyangwe gare gare inoenda kumahombekombe. Mamwe marudzi e phalacrocoracids, pelicans, gulls uye tern haamboendi kugungwa, asi anogara mumadziva, nzizi nemachakwi; mamwe makudo anogara mumaguta nemuminda. Panyaya idzi, dzinonzi ishiri dzepasi kana dzemumvura dzine madzisekuru emugungwa.

Dzimwe shiri dzemumvura, kunyanya dziya dzinogara mu tundra, senge stercorarids uye phalaropes, dzinofambawo pamusoro penyika. Dzimwe mhuka, dzakadai semapetrels, razorbills nemagannets, dzine hunhu hushoma, asi dzinomborasika kubva mugungwa sevanodzungaira. Izvi zvinowanzoitika mushiri diki dzisina ruzivo, asi dzinoitikawo kune vanhu vakuru vakawanda vaneta vachipfuura nemumadutu makuru, ayo anozivikanwa sokuparara kwechikepe, izvo zvinoreva kuti kupunzika kwechikepe, kunoitwa nevanoona shiri kakawanda.

Hukama nemunhu

Kubva kare-kare, rudzi urwu rweshiri dzakachengetedza hukama nevanhu, saka tichazoongorora zvinhu zvakawanda zvadzo:

shiri dzegungwa nekuredza

Mhuka dzemvura dzinogara mugungwa dzine hukama hurefu nevanobata hove uye vafambisi vezvikepe, kubva mairi mabhenefiti nezvakaipa zvakatorwa. Sechinyakare, vabati vehove vaishandisa shiri dzemugungwa sechiratidzo chekuvapo kwezvikoro zvehove, pamwe nemahombekombe egungwa ane zviwanikwa zvekuredza uye nzvimbo dzinobvira dzekumhara.

Kutaura zvazviri, kubatana kweshiri dzomumvura nenyika kwaikosha kuti vanhu vokuPolynesia vawane zvitsuwa zviduku muPacific kunonyatsozivikanwa. Saizvozvowo, shiri idzi dzakapa zvokudya kuvaredzi vanga vari kure nenyika, pamwe chete nechirauro. Kunyange cormorants dzakasungwa dzakashandiswa kubata hove. Zvisina kunanga, hove iyi yakabatsirikana kubva kuguano inogadzirwa neshiri, sezvo iri fetireza yakanakisa kumahombekombe akatenderedza.

Kana iri iyo yakaipa mhedzisiro inogadzirwa neshiri dzemvura dzegungwa pamaindasitiri ehove, iwo anonyanya kugumira pakupamba kunoitika mumiti yemvura. Kana vari ivo, pakuredza tambo refu, shiri idzi dzinoba chirauro. Muchokwadi, kunewo mishumo yekuderera kwemhuka nekuda kweshiri dzegungwa, asi, kunyangwe paine humbowo hweizvi, mhedzisiro yacho inoonekwa sediki pane inogadzirwa nemhuka dzemugungwa nehove dzinodya, dzakadai se tuna.

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeshiri dzemugungwa dzakabatsirikana nekubata hove, kunyanya hove dzakaraswa nemarara. Muenzaniso weizvi ndewekuti dzekupedzisira chikamu che30% chekudya kweshiri idzi muNorth Sea uye kusvika 70% yezvokudya mune dzimwe shiri dzegungwa.Maitiro emhando iyi anogona kuva nezvimwe zvinokonzeresa, sechiitiko che kuwanda kweboreal fulmar mukati medunhu reBritish, izvo zvakanzi zvakakonzerwa nechikamu chekuwanikwa kwekirasi iyi yekurasa.

Marasa anowanzo batsira shiri dzinodya pamusoro pegungwa, semaganeti nepetrels, asi kwete shiri dzinodzingirira chikafu nekunyura, semapenguin. pane albatross, ine hupenyu hurefu uye inotora nguva yakareba kusvika pakukura kwepabonde uye kukwanisa kuroorana; uku ndiko kunetseka kwakakodzera kune vanochengetedza.

Nyaya yekubatwa netsaona kweshiri dzinobatwa mumambure kana kuti dzakakochekera patambo dzehove dzave nemhedzisiro yakaipa pahuwandu hwevanhu muhuwandu hwadzo; Somuenzaniso weizvi, nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti ma<em>albatross 100 000 anopindwa muropa uye anonyura gore negore mumitsetse ye<em>tuna inoiswa nokuredza tambo refu.

Asi, kazhinji, gore rimwe nerimwe mazana ezviuru eshiri akabatwa ndokufa, chimwe chinhu chinonetsa zvikuru kana tichifunga nezvemamwe marudzi asingawanzowanikwi, akadai se<em>short-tailed albatross, ndechokuti vagari vadzo vakaderedzwa kusvika bedzi. 2000 vanhu. Maererano neongororo yakaitwa neNational Programme yeOn-Board Observers yeUruguayan Tuna Fleet, mhando dzinonyanya kukanganiswa nerudzi urwu rwechiitiko nekubata hove kwenguva refu ndeye black-browed albatross, fine-billed albatross uye the white-throated shearwater. Shiri dzemugungwa dzinotendwawo kuti dzinotambura nemhedzisiro yekuredza zvakanyanya.

shiri dzemvura-10

Kushandisa

Chimwe chinhu chakonzera kudzikira kunotyisa kweshiri dzemumvura kuvhima kwadzanga dziri zvinhu uye kuunganidza mazai adzo, kuti dzidyiwe nevanhu, kunyangwe izvi zvakonzera kutsakatika kwemamwe marudzi, pakati pawo pane giant auk uye brilliant cormorant. Aya marudzi eshiri aivhimwa nyama yawo nevagari vomumhenderekedzo yegungwa kwenguva refu kwazvo; Uyezve, kumaodzanyemba kweChile, kumwe kuchera matongo kwakaitwa pakati pepakati kwakaratidza kuti kuvhima kwealbatrosses, cormorants uye shearwaters chaive chiitiko chakajairika kubva makore angangoita 5000 apfuura.

Ndicho chikonzero nei zvipenyu zvinoverengeka zvakatsakatika munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, zvikurukuru marudzi anenge 20 e29 aichimbozviita haachabereke paEaster Island. Mukati mezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, kuvhimwa kweshiri idzi nokuda kwemafuta adzo neminhenga kuti dzitengeswe pamusika nokuda kweheti kwakasvika pamwero womuindasitiri.

Muttonbirding, iyo yaive muunganidzwa wehuku dzeshearwater, yakaitika seindasitiri yakasimukira yakakosha muNew Zealand neTasmania, uye nyaya yeSolander's petrel, iyo inozivikanwa munzvimbo idzi seProvince petrel, yaive nemukurumbira zvikuru nekusvika kwayo. mukuonekwa kunoshamisa paNorfolk Island, umo mhepo yevagari vekuEurope vane nzara yakaitika.

Munyaya yeFalkland Islands, zvinozivikanwa kuti mazana ezviuru zvemapenguin anotorwa gore negore nokuda kwemafuta avo. Kwenguva refu, mazai eshiri dzemvura dzine nzvimbo yadzo mugungwa dzave dziri tsime rinokosha. vafambisi vezvikepe vanoita nzendo refu, uye zvakaonekwawo kuti kushandiswa kwavo kwakawedzerawo pane dzimwe nguva apo vanhu vanogara mumaguta vakakura munzvimbo dziri pedyo neboka reshiri.

Pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, vaunganidzi vezai veSan Francisco vakakwanisa kuunganidza mazai anosvika hafu yemirioni pagore paFarallon Islands, nhambo munhau yeFarallon Island umo shiri dzichiri kuedza kupora. Nehurombo, zvese kuvhima uye kuunganidza mazai zvichiri kuitwa nhasi, kunyangwe zvisiri nesimba rakafanana nerekare, uye kazhinji, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti nekutonga kukuru.

Imwe nyaya ndeiya yevaMaori vanogara kuStewart Island, vanoramba vachiunganidza nhiyo dze sooty shearwater, nenzira imwe cheteyo yave ichiitwa mumazana emakore, nemaitiro avo echivanhu, ayo akagamuchira zita rekuti kaitiakitanga. , kutarisira. yekuunganidza, kunyangwe iye zvino vachizviita mukubatana neYunivhesiti yeOtago, kuti vakwanise kudzidza huwandu hweshiri. Zvisinei, muGreenland, kuvhima kusingadzorwi kuchiri kuenderera mberi, izvo zviri kutungamirira mhuka dzakati kuti kuderera kwevanhu kwenguva refu.

Zvimwe kutyisidzira

Kune kumwe kutyisidzira kwevanhu kwakakonzera kudzikira kana kutsakatika kwehuwandu hwevanhu, makoroni nemarudzi eshiri dzemumvura dzemumvura. Pane izvi, chakanyanya kuoma chingave chiri kutangwa kwemarudzi akasiyana. Shiri dzemugungwa, idzo dzinogara pazvitsuwa zvidiki zviri kure, dzakakanganwa maitiro mazhinji ekuzvidzivirira avaimboshandisa pazvikara.

Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika nekatsi dzomusango, dzinokwanisa kubata shiri dzakafanana muukuru hwe<em>albatross, nemakonzo akawanda akapinza, akadai segonzo rePolynesia, anogona kuba mazai akavigwa mumakomba. Imwe mhinganidzo inomiririrwa nembudzi, mhou, tsuro uye dzimwe mhuka dzinodya uswa dzakakwanisa kukonzeresa matambudziko, kunyanya kana mhuka idzi dzichida zvinomera kuti zvizvidzivirire kana kuti zvifukidze nhiyo dzadzo.

Asi dambudziko guru mumakoloni rakagadzirwa nevanhu, vanovhiringidza hupenyu hwavo hwemazuva ose. Avo vanodzishanyira, kunyange vashanyi vane vavariro dzakanaka, vanokwanisa kutyisidzira vakuru kubva mumatendere, zvichiita kuti mazai nemanhingi zvisiiwe uye zvisiiwe zviri nyore kune zvikara.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinogona kuitika kuti matendere anoparadzwa nevashanyi. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaitwa maererano nemapenguin eArgentina Patagonia neNew Zealand zvakaratidza kuti kushanya kunokanganisa mararamiro eshiri idzi. Ongororo pamusoro pekukanganisa kwekushanya kwechisikigo pamakoloni eOjigualdo penguins yakaratidza kuti kuvepo kwevanhu pamahombekombe kwakatadzisa vanhu vakuru kuwana huwandu hwekudya hunodiwa nhiyo dzavo, izvo zvine simba guru pakukura kwemuviri uye mikana yavo kupona.

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Zvisinei, imwe tsvakurudzo yakaratidza kuti nyaya yeMagellan penguin, iyo inogarawo muPatagonia, yakasiyana zvikuru nokuti haisiyi dendere rayo pamberi pevanhu, izvo zvakakonzera kugumisa kuti zvinogoneka kuti kubereka kwe mhando iyi inogadzirwa kuti ienderane neinodzorwa ecological tourism.

Asi chinetso chikuru itsvina, iyo yakaparira kuderera kukuru mumamwe marudzi. Mwero wekuti mhoteredzo inokanganiswa nehumwe muchetura uye zvinosvibisa zvinokonzeresawo kunetseka kwakanyanya.Shiri dzemumvura dzakabatwa neDDT kutozosvikira, sezvinei, kushandiswa kwekemikari iyoyo kwakarambidzwa nekuda kwekukuvadza kwainokonzera kune zvakatipoteredza; Pamusoro pazvo, mhedzisiro yayo pawestern gull yakaita kuti vazhinji vevakazvarwa patsva vaive vanhukadzi, asi zvakare yakakonzera kukanganisa mukukura kweembryo uye kunetsa mukubereka.

Mumakore ekuma90, chinhu ichi chakabata Magellanic penguin neKelp Gull muArgentine Sea. Shiri dzemumvura dzakabatwawo nekurasika kwemafuta, nekuti chinhu ichi chinoparadza kusamira kwemapapiro adzo. , izvo zvinoita kuti shiri idzi dzinyure kana kufa nekuda to hypothermia.Rumwe rudzi rwetsvina inovakanganisawo chiedza, icho chine mhedzisiro yakaipa pane dzimwe mhuka, kunyanya shiri dzemumvura dzemugungwa.dzine tsika dzeusiku, sezvakaita petrels.

Kuchengetedza

Kudzivirirwa kweshiri dzomumvura itsika inogona kunzi yekare, nokuti muzana remakore rechitanhatu, Cuthbert wokuLindisfarne akanga atobudirira kudzika mutemo wava kunzi ndiwo mutemo wokutanga wokuchengetedzwa kweshiri muFarne Islands. pakazosvika zana ramakore rechi XNUMX, senge hofori auk, Pallas's cormorant kana dhadha reLabrador.

Pakupera kwezana remakore iroro, mitemo yokutanga ine chinangwa chokudzivirira shiri yakatanga kushanda, pamwe chete nemitemo yokuvhima yairambidza zvakananga kushandiswa kwepfuti yomutobvu, nokuti yakanga yaisira shiri dzakawanda muchetura.

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Chepfu yemutobvu mushiri dzemumvura ndiyo inokonzera kupererwa neropa kwakanyanya uye kusagadzikana kwekufamba kweropa, immune system, uye tsinga, pamwe nekukanganisika kwechiropa, itsvo, uye kubereka. Mhando iyi yechepfu inogona kutungamirira shiri kurufu mumazuva mashomanana kana mavhiki, asi chimwe chinokanganisa chavanoita ndechokuti vanobudisa migumisiro yakaipa pakukwanisa kweshiri kuti dzifambe.

MuUnited States, ngozi dzinotyisidzira kuvapo kweshiri dzomumvura hadzizivikanwi kumasayendisiti ari rutivi rwesangano rokuchengetedza. Muna 1903, Mutungamiri Theodore Roosevelt akazivisa kuti Pelican Island, Florida, inofanira kutorwa seutiziro hwemhuka dzesango, nechinangwa chekudzivirira shiri, kunyanya pelican ine matendere mairi.

Muna 1909 purezidhendi mumwe cheteyo akapa chiziviso chakadzivirira Farallón Islands. Kusvikira kuzuva rino, nyika dzinodzorwa nedzimwe nyika dzine nzira dzokuzvidzivirira nadzo, dzakadai sedziya dzinoungana paHeron Island muAustralia kana kuti paTriangle Island muBritish Columbia. vakabvumira kubviswa kwemarudzi edzimwe nyika anoparadza kubva muzvitsuwa izvi, izvo zviri kuramba zvichikura.

Chokwadi, katsi dzemusango dzakadzingwa muAscension Island, sezvakaita makava ekuAleutian Islands nemakonzo kubva kuCampbell Island. zvikara, uye kunyange kudzoka kwemarudzi akanga aendeswa kune dzimwe nyika kwakadzoka. Mushure mekunge katsi dzadzingwa paAscension Island, shiri dzegungwa dzakadzokera kumatendere ikoko kekutanga mumakore anopfuura zana.

Kuferefetwa kwemapoka eshiri dzemumvura dzemugungwa kuchaita kuti mukana wadzo wekuchengetedza uvandudzwe uye kudzivirira nzvimbo dzadzinoshandisa pakuberekesa. Munyaya yeEuropean shag, inogara muWestern Palearctic, kutama kwayo kunotsanangurwa nekutendeka kwayo kune imwe nzvimbo. Ongororo yakaitwa panharaunda yeCíes Islands muSpain yakagumisa kuti, sezvo kuberekana kwave kuchibudirira zvikuru apo shiri idzi dzinokunda nzvimbo itsva, zvino nzira dzokudzivirira hadzifaniri kungobva panhamba kana kuti kukura kwevanhu. tichifunga nezve etiology yemarudzi.

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Panyaya yeKelp Gull, iyo inogara pedyo nemhenderekedzo yeArgentina nePatagonia, kunofungidzirwawo kuti zvakakosha kugadzira zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza izvo zvinofunga nezvemaitiro adzo ekukwirana. ndiko, kuti hutano hwayo uye kuchengetedza mamiriro anoshanda sechiratidzo chemamwe marudzi eshiri. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika kupelican yebrown iri muzvitsuwa zveGulf of California, kuMexico.

Mamiriro echokwadi ekuchengetedza shiri dzegungwa muSpain haana kudzidzwa uye akafuratirwa kusvika kuma80, apo data yakatanga kuunganidzwa uye kuitwa kuwanikwa. Saizvozvowo, kubvira 1954, pakasikwa Spanish Ornithological Society, inofungidzirwa kuti mamiriro eshiri munyika achinja.Muna 2016, O Grove Ornithological Reserve yakagadzirwa muPontevedra, Galicia, yaive yekutanga mudunhu iri uye. iyo ine nzvimbo dzemugungwa, uye mairi unogona kuona mhando dzakadai seBalearic shearwater uye shag yeEurope.

Panguva imwecheteyo, muLatin America, kunewo zvirongwa zvine chinangwa chekuchengetedza mhuka dzemugungwa neshiri dzemumvura, setsvagiridzo yakaitwa muGorgona Island Natural Reserve muColombia, kana nzvimbo dzakawanda dzakachengetedzwa mudunhu reBuenos Aires. , muArgentina. Asi nhasi zvinosimbirwa kuti kuitira kuti shiri dzemumvura dzichengetedzwe zvakanaka kuti titarise ethology yadzo uye kukwira kwadzo.

Chimwe chezvirongwa chinofanira kusimudzirwa nderimwe rekuda kuderedza kufa kweshiri dzemumvura dzine kwadzinogara mugungwa nekuda kwekuredza hove dzinoshandisa nzira dzakaita sekushandisa hove husiku, kana kudhaya chirauro neruvara rweblue kana. zvinoiisa pasi pemvura, zvakadai sokuwedzera uremu hwemitsara yayo kana kushandisa zvityiso. Nhasi, ngarava dzakawanda dzokuredza dzepasi pose dzakamanikidzwa kushandisa unyanzvi hwakadaro.

Kurambidzwa kwepasi rose kubata hove nemagillnet kwaderedza huwandu hweshiri nedzimwe mhuka dzemugungwa. Kunyange zvazvo, chero zvazvingava, mambure anoramba akavharwa, ayo anowanzova chibereko chetsaona iri mugumisiro werudzi urwu rwokuredza zvisiri pamutemo, rinoramba riri dambudziko guru kumhuka dzomugungwa.

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Imwe yemapurojekiti eMillennium, inova nhanho yekutanga kuzadzisa Zvinangwa zveMillennium Development, yakaitwa kuUnited Kingdom neScottish Seabird Center, iri padyo nenzvimbo hombe dzinochengeterwa shiri muBass Rock, muFidra uye munzvimbo. zvitsuwa zvakapoteredza. Iyi nharaunda ndiyo inogara makoroni akakura emagannet, auks, stercorariids uye mamwe marudzi.

Nzvimbo iyi inoita kuti vashanyi vakwanise kuona vhidhiyo mhenyu kubva kuzvitsuwa uye kudzidza nezve kutyisidzira kuri pasi peshiri idzi uye nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo; Mukuwedzera, mufananidzo une nyika ino pamusoro pokuchengetedza shiri wakavandudzwa. The tourism inotarisa kutarisa kwe acuatic shiri Marine inopa mari kunharaunda dzemahombekombe uye inopa simba guru uye ruzivo pamusoro pekuchengetedza kwavo. Ndizvo zvazvakaita neNorth royal albatross colony paTaiaroa Head muNew Zealand, iyo inokwezva vashanyi zviuru makumi mana pagore.

Kana ari matanho ekudzivirira shiri idzi kusvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, izvi zvave zvichiperekedzwa nekuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo dzadzo, kunyanya maererano nekuchengetedza kana kudzoreredza manejimendi emadhamu, mazariro, machakwi, kutonhora kwechando kana kuzorora, pamwe chete kuchengetedzwa kwezviwanikwa zvavo zvekudya, kuburikidza nekugadzirisa mamiriro emarudzi ekuvhima uye izvo zvisiri izvo zvezvidzidzo zvesainzi.

Pakati pezvibvumirano zvepasi rose uye zvibvumirano zvakasvikwa, iChibvumirano cheKuchengetedza kweAlbatrosses nePetrels, icho chakasimbiswa neArgentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Spain, France, Norway, New Zealand, Peru, United States. Umambo hweUmambo, South Africa neUruguay, Berne Convention uye AEWA.

Mutsika dzakakurumbira

Ichokwadi kuti marudzi akawanda eshiri dzomumvura dzomugungwa haana kunyatsoongororwa uye kuti zvinhu zvishomanana zvinozivikanwa nezvawo. Zvisinei, mamwe, akadai sealbatross uye seagull, haana kungodzidza zvakanyanya, asi anga ari pedyo nehuwandu hwevanhu, ndicho chikonzero vasvika pakuziva kwakakurumbira. Albatross yakatsanangurwa seshiri dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa uye inosanganiswa nemhando dzakasiyana dzengano uye ngano.

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Pakutanga, zita resainzi remhuri ine maalbatross, Diomedeidae, rinowanikwa mungano yekukundwa kweArgive gamba Diomedes uye metamorphosis yake kuita shiri. Mumwe muenzaniso kutenda mashura kwevafambisi vengarava, sezvavanorangarira kuva rombo rakaipa kuvakuvadza. Ingano ine mavambo ayo mudetembo raSamuel Taylor Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, umo mutyairi wengarava anotongerwa kutakura chitunha chealbatross chaakauraya pamutsipa wake.

Detembo rechipiri reMaruva Ezvakaipa naCharles Baudelaire rinodaidzwa chaizvo kuti The Albatross (L'albatros), iro rakaumbwa mumatatu matatu uye mundima yeAlexandria; munhetembo iyoyo, munhu ane manyepo anotsanangura tsika yevafambisi vezvikepe yekuvhima shiri idzi uyezve mabatiro azvinoita izvi padziri, kutanga zvakanyanyisa uye zvinonetsa. Nyanduri anozvienzanisa nealbatross, nokuti mapapiro ayo makuru anoidzivisa kufamba.

Mumimhanzi yakakurumbira shiri iyi yaivewo yakakosha. The 2014 electro house song I'm an Albatraoz, iyo yaiva nemukurumbira mukuru wekutengeserana uye mukurumbira, ndeye nyaya yemukadzi anozvizivisa nealbatross, kusiyana nemumwe, anonzi Laurie, uyo akabatanidzwa negonzo.

Gulls dziri pakati peshiri dzinonyanyozivikanwa dzemumvura dzemugungwa, nekuda kwekugona kwavo kushandisa nzvimbo dzekugara dzakagadzirwa nevanhu, dzakadai semaguta nemapombi, uye hunhu hwadzo hunowanzo shinga. Naizvozvo, idzimwe shiri dzine nzvimbo yadzo mukuziva kwakakurumbira. Maererano nengano yerudzi rwechi Lilloet, godo ndiro raichengeta chiedza chezuva, kusvika gunguo raba; zvinonyatsoenderana nechiratidzo cheshiri, chinomiririra kukwidziridzwa uye zvemweya.

Tinogonawo kuvawana mumabhuku muchimiro chedimikira, sezvakaita bhuku Juan Salvador Gaviota rakanyorwa naRichard Bach, kana kuratidza padyo negungwa, sekushandiswa kwaro muna The Lord of the Rings naJRR Tolkien, ose ari maviri. mune insignia yeGondor uye, nekudaro, Númenor, iyo yakashandiswa mukushongedza kwakasarudzika kweiyo firimu kugadziridzwa, sezviri murwiyo iyo Legolas anoimba musango reIthilien, umo anoratidza kushuva kwake kwenyika kwaanoenda. , musha wekupedzisira wemaelves

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Mumwe muenzaniso unogona kuwanwa mu<em>seagull naAnton Chekhov, pamusoro pomutambi akakundikana ane nyeredzi munyaya yacho, Nina, uyo anocherekedza gondohwe rakaomeswa uye anorirangarira sechiratidzo chaasinganyatsonzwisisi; chinhu ichi iprolepsis yekuzviuraya kwemudiwa wake, munyori wemitambo Treplev.

Seagull mubasa iri rinogona kumiririra kupenga uye rusununguko. Mamwe marudzi akashandawo sekukurudzira kwevanhu, sezvo mapelican ave kwenguva refu achibatanidzwa netsitsi uye kusava nehanya, nekuda kwekutanga kweWestern Christian ngano inoratidza kuti shiri idzi dzakazarura zvipfuva kuti dzidyise vana vavo. Kutaura zvazviri, mufananidzo uri fananidzo yaKristu.

Kuparara kweshiri dzemumvura

Munyika yese mune marudzi anosvika mazana matatu eshiri dzemumvura dzine hugaro hwadzo mugungwa, idzo dzinoumba vanhu vanosvika mazana matanhatu nemakumi matatu emamiriyoni pamwe chete, kune zana negumi marudzi ari mungozi, uye ayo angangoita. mamiriyoni makumi matanhatu evanhu, avo vakaderera nezvikamu makumi manomwe kubva muzana kubva muna 70. Kutyisidzirwa kwakanyanya kwave kuri kuchinja kwenzvimbo, kusvibiswa, kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kuredza kwekutengesa.

Kune mipfumbamwe miviri yeshiri dzegungwa:

  • Fetontiformes, ine marudzi matatu anozivikanwa se tropicbirds;
  • Pelecaniformes, ine marudzi matatu epelican, pasina kutyisidzira;
  • Podicipediformes, ane marudzi mana emagrebe nemagrebe, ane imwe inotyisidzirwa, grebe ine mitsipa mitsvuku;
  • Gaviforms, ine marudzi mashanu ezvirukwa, zvakasiyana-siyana, pasina tyisidziro;
  • Sphenisciformes, ine marudzi gumi nemasere emapenguin, gumi ari kutyisidzirwa;
  • Anseriformes, ine zana nemakumi masere emarudzi mumhuri nhatu, asi makumi maviri nerimwe chete marudzi eshiri dzegungwa, kusanganisira madhadha, serretas uye eiders, ayo mana ari kutyisidzirwa;
  • Suliformes, ine makumi mana neshanu marudzi eshiri dzegungwa, kusanganisira frigatebirds uye cormorants, iyo gumi neshanu iri kutyisidzirwa;
  • Caradriiformes, ine zana nemakumi maviri nerimwe emarudzi, kusanganisira seagull, terns nemapuffin, ayo gumi nematanhatu ari kutyisidzirwa; uye
  • Procellariforms ane zana nemakumi mana emarudzi, kusanganisira albatross, shearwaters, petrels, ayo makumi matanhatu nemana ari kutyisidzirwa.

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mvura yakachena wetland waterfowl

Muchikamu chino chechinyorwa tichakuudza nezveshiri dzemumvura dzinogara munzvimbo dzine mvura, dzatinowanzo dziwa kana tichiita nzendo dzezororo kana kupera kwevhiki, uye umo nguva nenguva tinoyambuka munzvimbo dzine mvura yakaunganidzwa. . , angava madziva, nzvimbo dzine munyu, machakwi, kana kuti zvimwewo, umo zvakajairika kuti tiwane nzvimbo yokucherekedza yemapuranga iyo vanhu vanouya kuzotarira.

Kana vapinda vanhu vanozendamira panze votarisa mamiriro akaita shiri kuti vaone shiri dzakawanda vodzokera kumba, asi hazvidi kuti upinde mudzimba dzemapuranga kuti ucherechedze shiri idzi, nekuti nzvimbo dzine mwando ndidzo dzaungawana shiri idzi. nhamba huru yemarudzi eshiri.

Munzvimbo ine mvura, chinhu chakajairika ndechekuti iwe unogona kuwana akawanda emhando dzeshiri dzemumvura, asi kune mamwe ayo, nekuda kwekujairwa kwavo, iwe unogara uchivawana. Uyezve, dzinowanzojairika zvekuti kana wanga uchitsvaga nekutarisa shiri kwekanguva, uropi hwako hunodzisiya zvachose. Izvi ndizvo zvinowanzoitika neanonyanya kuzivikanwa maAnatidae (madhadha), senge mallard, the common teal, common foshoro neEuropean pochard, uye isu tinotora mukana uyu kukuzivisai kuti avo vanowanzozivikanwa semadhadha mumazwi anoshandiswa ornithology vanonzi Anatidae, nekuti ndevemhuri yeAnatidae.

Mhando ina dzakajairika dzemadhadha dzatambotaura kuti dzakajairika, dzine huwandu hwekubereka uye hwechando muSpain, saka iwe unozokwanisa kuzviona mumwaka mina yese yegore, kunyangwe zvichizoitika kuti teal nechipunu. zvishoma zvishoma muchirimo nezhizha uye kazhinji hauzovaona panguva idzodzo. Chimwe chinhu chinokatyamadza cheshiri idzi ndechekuti dzine hunhu hwakakura hwepabonde, nekuti hono, sezvakaita shiri zhinji, ndidzo dzine mavara anoyevedza, asi panguva imwe chete iyo inoreva kuti zviri kwavari kupfimba.

Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa pakati pavo yese ingangodaro mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), iyo inonziwo mallard. Ndiyo dhadha rakajairwa rine mutsipa wakasvibira uye rinogona kuwanikwa mumapindu ese ane dziva, vanogona kutoshambira mudziva rako kana vachida, asi iwe unozokwanisawo kuvaona mumunda.

Iyo yakajairika teal (Anas crecca), kune rumwe rutivi, inoratidzika sediki dhadha padivi payo, nekuti idiki uye yakawanda compact. Foshoro yakajairika (Anas clypeata) inewo musoro wakasvibira asi ine muromo mukuru kwazvo, wakaumbwa sechipunu uye unoshandiswa kusefa chikafu kubva mumvura.

IEuropean Pochard (Aythya ferina) yakaoma kuvhiringidza nekuda kwemusoro wayo wakanongedza uye yakadzika mashava matama kana shaya, izvo zvichasiyana nemuvara mutema wechipfuva nemuviri wakareruka. Hadzi nediki, kune rumwe rutivi, dzakanyanya kungwara zvienzaniso, nekuda kwemavara avo ebrown ane mottled, ari rudzi rwecamouflage, sezvo ivo vane basa rekuchengetedza vana vavo uye vachifanira kuenda vasina kucherechedzwa.

Saka sei kuvasiyanisa?

Maonero anoita shiri dzemumvura mumatoro akasiyana, asi kana kari kekutanga kuti munhu azvicherechedze, zvinokwanisika kuti anogona kufunga kuti dzakafanana, asi isu hatidi kuti uwire muchikanganiso ichocho. , handei ndichakuratidza matinji mashoma kuti ukwanise kuziva imwe kubva kune imwe:

  • Mienzaniso yechikadzi yedhadha remallard ine espejuelo, inova nzvimbo yebhuruu pachikamu chechipiri chemapapiro.
  • Misodzi yeChikadzi yakafanana neTeals, asi ine girinhi diki uye yakanyanya kukora kana diki.
  • Mafoshoro echikadzi ane muromo wegirinhi nemuromo zvakajairika zvekuti ukavhiringika pakuzviziva, imhaka yekuti unenge usiri kutarisisa.
  • Vakadzi vepochard yakajairika ndivo vanonyanya kupusa pasi rose maererano nemavara. Kana iwe uine sarudzo yekuverenga tsananguro muzvinyorwa zveshiri, uchaona kuti ipfupi kwazvo, nekuti izere nezvirevo zvegreyish, rakachenuruka, rakasviba, grey-tinted type. Ishiri dzakaita kunge pochard asi dzakatsvuka.

Diving shiri: Little Grebe uye Great Crested Grebe

Kunyange zvazvo vachitaridzika semadhadha, haasi chaiwo, kana tikataura kubva kune unyanzvi hwemaonero. Ivo ndeveimwe mhuri Podicipedidae. Muchokwadi, muromo uye chimiro che hydrodynamic chemuviri chavanacho uye chakagadziridzwa kuti vabvumire kunyura ndizvo zvinosiyana zvinovasiyanisa. Saka hazvigoneke kuti iwe unogona kuvavhiringa:

Gorosi (Tachybaptus ruficollis) idhadha rerabha renzvimbo dzine mvura. Inosekesa, ine muviri mudiki uye inoramba ichinyura mumvura kuti inyure. Iyo Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus) yakakura zvakanyanya, asi izvo hazvidzivise kuti ivewo yakanakisa diver. Munguva yechando, uyezve, dzimwe nguva inogona kuonekwa mugungwa. Muchirimo ine imwe yeminhenga uye kupfimbana kweshiri dzose uye dzinofambisa misoro yadzo yakatarisana kusvikira dzawana mukwanyina.

Vanhu vose, kana vakaona shiri ine makumbo marefu munzvimbo ine mvura, vanowanzoitumidza kuti hero. Asi kune mhembwe dzakawanda, zvisinei kwete shiri dzose dzine makumbo marefu. Kukanganisa kunozivikanwa navose kudaidza shuramurove kuti shuramurove, asi chaizvoizvo zvisiri izvo.

Pakati pemombe egret (Bulbucus ibis) nediki egret (Egretta garzetta), mutsauko mukuru unogona kucherechedzwa, kunyangwe paine mamwe akawanda, uri muruvara rwemuromo, nekuti mune yekutanga iorenji uye yakasimba, nepo. iyo yakasviba uye yakamanikana mune yechipiri, uye saizi idiki muchiitiko che bueyera.

Idzo mombe dzinowana zita iroro nekuti dzine tsika yekukwira pamusoro pemombe dziri mudanga kuti dzidye zvipembenene zvadzo unozodziwana dzichifura pasi kunyangwe nemativi emombe. minda yepurazi. Kusiyana neizvi, maegret madiki anodya zvakanyanya pane zvaanobata kubva kumahombekombe nekufamba kwawo nekukurumidza.

Iyo grey hero (Ardea cinerea) yakakura kupfuura yatakambotaura uye ine grey uye striated mavara pachipfuva saka ivo havana kukanganisa. Iyo dema-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus) ndiyo yega yevatatu iyo isiri ardeida (heron) inowana zita rayo kubva pakufanana kwayo kunonzwisisika neshuramurove chena, asi chokwadi ndechekuti haina hukama nayo. Ishiri ine hunhu hwakaipa kwazvo kana iri kudzivirira dendere rayo.

Zvimwe zvekuwedzera

The Rails: The Coot (Fulica atra) uye Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) ishiri dzine minhenga mitema uye dzakawanda kwazvo, asi dzinosiyaniswa nemuromo, uyo wakachena mumucheka uye mutsvuku mumoorhen, kuwedzera. kuti mhungu ishiri inotonyanya kuita sehuku, ukuwo dendere ishiri inoita kunge dhadha. Pamusoro pezvipenyu zvose izvi, munzvimbo dzine mvura unogona kuwana mamwe marudzi akawanda eshiri, asi munyaya ino takaedza kutarisa kune shiri dzinofananidzira nzvimbo dzemvura uye kuti iwe uchawana mune chero ipi zvayo.

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