Ziva kuti ngano yeQuetzalcóatl inosanganisirei

Kune dzakawanda ngano uye ngano dziripo muMexican tsika, uye pamwe imwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye Quetzalcoatl Ngano, nyoka ine minhenga. Uye nebhuku rino tichakuendesai kuti mudzidze nezvengano iyoyo nemamwe mashoko anonakidza pamusoro peuyu mwari wekare wekuMexico.

QUETZALCOATL NGANO

 Quetzalcoatl Nhema: Mavambo

Quetzalcóatl (inodudzwa kuti Quet-zal-có-at) yaive shanduko yeAztec yamwari weNyoka Ine Feathered iyo yakapinda mungano dzeMesoamerican. Kunyange zvazvo akatanga samwari wezvinomera, basa raQuetzalcoatl munyaya dzeAztec rakawedzera nekufamba kwenguva. Saka vanhu vokuSpain pavakasvika muNyika Itsva, Quetzalcoatl ainzi mwari wemhepo, mutsigiri wevapristi, uye mugadziri wemakarenda nemabhuku. Raishandiswawo apo neapo sechiratidzo cherufu nekumuka.

Zita raQuetzalcoatl iro rinofungidzirwa se "nyoka ine minhenga", rinobva pamazwi echiNahuatl ekuti shiri yequetzal uye "coatl", inomiririra nyoka. Kusiyana nevamwari vatsva veAztec pantheon, Quetzalcoatl akagovera mazita ake nemwari ane minhenga yenyoka yeK'iche Maya uye Yucatec Maya.

Zita remwari weMaya K'iche Gucumatz zvaireva kuti "Quetzal Serpent," nepo mwari weYucatec Mayan Kukulkan akashandura kune isinganyanyi kujeka "Nyoka Ine Feathered." Mwari uyu aizivikanwawo nezita rekuti Ehecatl, neHuasteca yeGulf Coast.

Mumiririri

Mwari weNyoka Ine Feathered akajairika munzvimbo zhinji dzeCentral America akatanga kuonekwa pamifananidzo, zvidhori, uye zvakavezwa kubvira muna 100 BC. Izvi zvakavezwa zvaisanganisirawo goko rekochi, raiva chiratidzo chemhepo. Kubva muna 1200 AD nzira yaimiririrwa nayo Quetzalcoatl yakatanga kushanduka. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, aiwanzotaridzwa ari murume akapfeka ngowani ine conical, conch shell pectoral brooch, shell jewelry, uye dzvuku-billed face mask.

Chisungo chemhuri

Mwari Quetzalcóatl aiva mwanakomana wechitatu wamwari wevaviri vasiki Ometéotl (Ometecuhtli uye Omecihuatl). Vakoma vake vaiva Xipe Tótec naTezcatlipoca, nepo munun’una wake aiva Huitzilopochtli. Dzimwe ngano dzaiti Quetzalcóatl aiva mwanakomana wamwarikadzi Chimalma. Kunyange zvazvo nyaya idzi dzichisiyana, vamwe vakati Mixcoatl (mwari wokuvhima weAztec) akapa mwarikadzi Chimalma pamuviri nokupfura museve kubva pauta hwake.

QUETZALCOATL NGANO

Mungano iyi, Mixcóatl akapfura Chimalma nekuramba kwake. Zvisinei, Chimalma akatora miseve muruoko rwake, ndiko kuti akawana zita rake (zvinoreva "Shield Hand"). Chimalma gare gare akaroora Mixcóatl, asi vaviri vacho havana kukwanisa kubata pamuviri. Pashure pokunge anyengetera paatari yaQuetzalcóatl nokumedza dombo rinokosha (emerald kana kuti jade, zvichienderana neshanduro yenyaya yacho), Chimalma akava nepamuviri paTopiltzin-Quetzalcóatl, uyo aizova muvambi wedzinza raizogara kusvika 1070 AD.

ngano ye Quetzalcoatl

Basa reQuetzalcoatl muMexica kana Aztec cosmology rakanga rakaoma uye rakawanda. Kunyange aive nebasa rekusika vanhu nekuvapa zvirimwa zvavo zvakakura, aive mukoma wake Tezcatlipoca uyo akazotonga zera ranhasi. Kufanana nevakawanda vezera rake, basa raQuetzalcoatl rakadzokororwa munhoroondo yese uye rakashandurwa kuti rienderane nemafungiro evanyori vemazuva ano veSpanish, avo vaiedza kunzwisisa imwe nzira yekufunga yakasiyana zvachose.

Saka Quetzalcoatl dzimwe nguva aifananidzirwa samwari anonyengera, uye nepo mazano ake asina kushanda nguva dzose sezvaitarisirwa, aigara achibatsira vanhu.

Kusikwa kwenyika

Semumwe wevanakomana vana vevamwari vemusiki weAztec Ometecuhtli naOmecíhuatl, Quetzalcoatl akaita basa rakakosha mukusikwa kwedenga. Mushure mokuberekwa kwake, iye nemhuri yake vakamirira makore 600 kuti munun'una wake Huitzilopochtli (uyo akaberekwa asina nyama) kuti abatane navo mubasa rekuvaka cosmic.

Quetzalcoatl naHuitzilopochtli kana Tezcatlipoca (maererano nengano) ndivo vakakonzeresa kusikwa kwedenga. Pashure pokunge vasika moto, vakaumba rimwe zuva ndokubereka murume nomukadzi vokutanga. Mushanduro dzakawanda dzengano yeQuetzalcoatl, akashanda achipikisa mukoma wake Tezcatlipoca. Kukwikwidzana uku kwaiva dingindira rinodzokororwa mungano dzeAztec, nyoka inobhururuka ( Quetzalcoatl ) yaiwanzorwisana neblack jaguar ( Tezcatlipoca ).

Mutambo wega wega wakapedza imwe yenguva ina dzenhoroondo yeAztec, ichizoguma neTezcatlipoca mukutonga kwezera rechishanu (uye razvino). Munguva iyi, zvaifungidzirwa kuti Quetzalcoatl aigona kukunda mukoma wake zvakare uye kuwanazve simba. Kugona uku kwaizowana kukosha kwengano pakasvika vakundi veSpain muzana remakore rechiXNUMX.

Kubira mapfupa kubva kunyika yepasi

Mwari Quetzalcóatl akaita basa guru mukusika vanhu kuti vazadze zera rechishanu. Kuti aite izvi, maererano nengano yaQuetzalcóatl, aifanira kuverevedza achipinda mupasi peMictlan ndokunyengera Mictlantecuhtli naMictecacihuatl (Ishe neMukadzi weRufu); kuti vamupe mapfupa avakachengeta.

Mictlantecuhtli aizongopa Quetzalcoatl mapfupa chete kana akakwanisa kugadzira ruzha nekufuridzira mugoko rekonji risina maburi. Quetzalcoatl yakakwanisa kupedza dambudziko iri kuburikidza nemanomano akachenjera. Akaita kuti makonye aboore buri paconch achibva azadza deko nenyuchi. Kuita kwaQuetzalcoatl kwakabudirira mukunyengedza Mictlantecuhtli kuti amupe mapfupa, asi izvi hazvina kukwana Quetzalcoatl. Mukuedza kuwedzera kunyengera Mictlantecuhtli, Quetzalcoatl akamuudza kuti aizosiya Mictlan asina mapfupa.

Zvisinei, Quetzalcóatl asati atiza Mictlan, Mictlanecuhtli akawana unyengeri hwake. Tsime rakadzika rakaoneka pamberi paQuetzalcatl, richimudzivisa kutiza. Achiwira mutsime, Quetzalcoatl akarohwa nehana ndokusanganisa mapfupa aakanga akatakura. Mushure mekupukunyuka kwake, Quetzalcoatl akabatanidza mapfupa akange akweshwa zvishoma neropa rake uye chibage kugadzira vanhu vezera rekutanga rechishanu. VaAztec vakashandisa iyi dimikira kutsanangura chikonzero nei vanhu vaiuya munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzakasiyana.

Kuwanikwa kwechibage

Maererano neiyi ngano yeQuetzalcoatl, vanhu veAztec pakutanga vaingokwanisa kuwana midzi uye mutambo. Panguva iyoyo, chibage chaiva kune rumwe rutivi rwomudungwerungwe wemakomo akapoteredza nyika yokumusha kwavaAztec. Vamwe vamwari vakanga vatoedza kuwana chibage chacho nokufambisa makomo, asi nhamburiko dzavo dzose dzakanga dzisina zvibereko.

Uko vamwe vakanga vasvika padambudziko iri nesimba ravo routsinye, Quetzalcoatl akasarudza kuvimba nepfungwa dzake dzakapinza ndokupfuurira kuzvishandura kuva svosve dema, uko akazotevera mamwe majuru mumakomo. Pashure perwendo rurefu uye rwakaoma, Quetzalcoatl akasvika chibage ndokuunza zviyo kuvanhu veAztec.

Dzimwe shanduro dzengano dzakaratidza Quetzalcoatl kuwana gomo guru rembeu yaaisagona kufamba ari oga. Pane kudaro, akakumbira kubatsirwa naNanahuatzin, uyo akaparadza gomo nemheni. Nembeu dzakafumurwa, Tlaloc, mwari wemvura aiwanzobatanidzwa naQuetzalcoatl, akatanga kuvabvuta ndokuvaparadzira munyika yose.

Kudonha kweTopiltzin-Quetzalcoatl

Mutongi Topiltzin-Quetzalcóatl (anozivikanwawo se "umwari wedu anokudzwa haana tsanga ») akanga akakurumbira nokuda kwokutonga kwake kwokuchenjera. Pasi peutungamiri hwake, guta guru reTula rakava rakabudirira zvinoshamisa. Topiltzin-Quetzalcóatl aichengeta kurongeka munzvimbo dzake dzose uye aitodzivisa tsika yokubayira vanhu.

Kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vaifara nekutonga kwaQuetzalcoatl, mukwikwidzi wake Tezcatlipoca akanga asiri uye akarangana kumubvisa. Humwe usiku, Tezcatlipoca akageza Topilitzin-Quetzalcóatl nepulque (doro rakagadzirwa neagave); pashure, mutongi akanga akadhakwa akarara nehanzvadzi yake yechikadzi yakanga isina murume. Achinyara nezvaakanga aita, Topilitzin-Quetzalcóatl akabva kuTula ndokunanga kugungwa.

Hazvizivikanwe zvakazoitika. Dzimwe shanduro dzaiti Quetzalcoatl akaenda kumabvazuva, saka paakasvika kumhenderekedzo yegungwa akakwira murwi wenyoka ndokuenda nechikepe pakunyura kwezuva kwaakanozvipisa; vamwe vakataura kuti akapedza mazuva masere ari munyika yepasi asati atangazve seVenus kana kuti nyeredzi yemangwanani.

Asi imwe vhezheni yengano iyi yakaita kuti Quetzalcoatl apatsanure gungwa uye achitungamira vateveri vake mukufamba vachiyambuka pasi pegungwa. Kuratidzwa kwakajeka kweiyi vhezheni yenyaya yaMosesi kwakadokuva chibereko chepesvedzero yapashure yeSpain.

Kuonekwa kwaCortés: kuuya kwechipiri kwaQuetzalcóatl?

VaAztec vaidavira kuti Tezcatlipoca yaitonga kubva muzera rechishanu, uye kunyange zvazvo vaifunga kuti zuva rechishanu ndiro zuva rokupedzisira, yakanga isiri mhedziso yakafanotaurwa kuti Tezcatlipoca yaizoramba ichitonga. Zvisinei, kudai Quetzalcoatl aizodzoka, vaizomuziva sei? Uyu mubvunzo zvimwe wakanga uri mundangariro yaMambo Moctezuma II apo akagamuchira nhau muna 1519 dzokuti vaSpain vakanga vasvika vachibva kumhenderekedzo yegungwa yokumabvazuva.

Kudzoka kwaTopiltzin-Quetzalcoatl, uyo akanga aenda kumabvazuva nomugungwa, zvamazvirokwazvo kwakaratidzika somubviro kuvakuru vakuru veAztec sezvavairangarira kusvika kweava vafambi vomugungwa. Montezuma akatumira chipo chezvokudya uye zvipfeko zvemhemberero zvevanamwari vana (mumwe wavo waiva weQuetzalcoatl) kune vatsva, zvichida kuti vaone vavariro dzavo dzechokwadi.

Cortés angangodaro aiita semwari, akapfeka ngowani dzemazuva iwayo uye achisvika nezvikepe zvinofambiswa nemhepo, asi zviito zvake zvakakurumidza kuratidza kuti akanga asiri Quetzalcoatl akarurama mutsika. Pakupedzisira, ngano yokuti Montezuma nevaAztec vaitenda kuti Cortés aiva Quetzalcoatl yaingova iyo: ngano yakadzokororwa yakashandurwa kuva nhoroondo "chokwadi" nevanyori veSpain.

Vanyori ava vanogona kunge vasina kunzwisisa mutauro wakapihwa naMoctezuma kuna Cortés, kana kuti vakangogadzira zano nekuti rinoenderana nezvavakatarisira munhoroondo. Mupostori Quetzalcoatl akaramba ari munhu ane simba kwenguva refu mushure mekunge vaSpain vakunda Nyika Itsva.

Friar Diego de Durán vakakurudzira kuti Quetzalcóatl anogona kunge anga ari muapostora Musande Thomas. Musande uyu akanga abva muUmambo hweRoma pashure porufu rwaKristu, uye Durán aidavira kuti nzendo dzake dzomugungwa dzaigona kutsanangura mativi echitendero cheAztec chairatidzira chiKristu. Ichi chinongedzo kuEurope chakagamuchirwa neveMexico vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nekuti zvaireva kuti nhaka yavo yetsika yakatangira simba reSpain.

Quetzalcoatl uye Venus

Kushandurwa kwaQuetzalcoatl kuita Venus kunoratidzika sechinhu chepakati mumaakaundi akasiyana anomubatanidza nemutongi ane mukurumbira weTula. Topiltzin-Quetzalcóatl akadzingwa muguta nomuvengi wake mukuru, Tezcatlipoca (“girazi rinosvuta”], uye akamanikidzwa kuenda kumabvazuva kugungwa, kwaakazova nyamasase.

Mune dzimwe nhoroondo, mwoyo wake wakatorwa kuenda kudenga kuti uve zvose zviri zviviri nyeredzi dzemangwanani nedzemanheru, asi kazhinji kazhinji anoshandura kuita nyamasase. Muzvinyorwa zveCuauhtitlán Chimalpopoca Codex, kunotaurwa kuti Quetzalcoatl yakabatira moto payakasvika mugungwa uye mwoyo wayo wakasimuka uchienda kudenga senyeredzi yamangwanani.

Asati abuda senyeredzi yemangwanani, Quetzalcoatl akadzika pasi penyika kwemazuva masere, achimutsa chinongedzo kuavhareji yenhamba yemazuva ayo Venus isingaoneki mumubatanidzwa wakaderera. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vetsika idzi vanotaura kuti ngano iyi inoratidza kuti Quetzalcoatl airidza nyeredzi yemanheru, asi anowanawo uchapupu hwekubatana nenyeredzi yemangwanani, semuCodex-Telleriano Remensis.

Nepo rondedzero yeVenus muCodex Borgia inoratidza kuti Quetzalcoatl inomiririra Venus panguva yese yekutenderera.

Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi nezve ngano yeQuetzalcóatl inonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe neaya mamwe malink ayo anozonyanya kufarira iwe:


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