prokaryotic uye eukaryotic masero

Ropa smear. eukaryotic uye prokaryotic cell

Wanga uchiziva here kuti masero ese nhasi akashanduka kubva musero rimwe chete? Nyika inoshamisa yemasero, inodzidzwa neimwe bazi resainzi, cell biology, inotibvumira kunzwisisa zviri nani maitiro echikamu chekutanga chehupenyu: sero.

Nerubatsiro rwemicroscopy, zvinokwanisika kutsanangura kushanduka kutaridzika uye kushanda kwemasero, pamwe nekunzwisisa hunhu hwavo hwekutanga, zvichibvumira masayendisiti kusiyanisa pakati pemhando mbiri dzemasero: prokaryotes uye eukaryotes. Pano tichakuudza mutsauko pakati peeukaryotic uye prokaryotic masero, uye zvishoma nezvenyika yemasero.

Nhanganyaya: musiyano pakati peeukaryotic uye prokaryotic masero

eukaryotic uye prokaryotic cell

Musiyano wakakosha pakati peeukaryotic uye prokaryotic masero zvinoenderana nekwavo saizi and of the kuvapo kana kusavapo kwemamwe organelles uye cellular zvimiro.

  • Kazhinji, tinogona kuona izvozvo masero eukaryotic akakura (kupfuura 10 micrometers) uye zvakanyanya kuoma kupfuura masero eprokaryotic, ayo ari pasi pe 10 micrometer muhukuru uye ari nyore mukugadzirisa.
  • El musimboti,ndipo DNA iyo inotsanangura sero. Inongowanikwa mumasero eukaryotic, sezvinoita cytoskeleton uye mamwe organelles akadai semitochondria, chloroplasts, uye vacuoles.
  • Kune rumwe rutivi, nzira yehupenyu yakazvimirira unicellular organisms hunhu hwe prokaryotic masero. Ndichiri mu eukaryotic masero mamwe ari unicellular rarama zvakasununguka uye vamwe vari yakaoma multicellular organisms.
  • Chimwe chikamu chekusiyanisa pakati pemasero aya ndeye kubereka. Masero eprokaryotic anogara achiberekana, nepo mueukaryotes mune marudzi maviri ekuberekana kwesero: kusaita zvepabonde uye zvepabonde.

Kufanana Pakati peEukaryotic uye Prokaryotic Masero

Pamusoro pemisiyano yakaonekwa pane yakapfuura, pane zvimwe zvakafanana pakati pemasero eukaryotic nemasero eprokaryotic zvatichataura pazasi:

  • Ose masero eukaryotic uye masero eprokaryotic ndiwo akakosha uye akakosha zvikamu zvehupenyu paPasi. Nekuda kweichi chokwadi, chimwe nechimwe chezvakasiyana unicellular uye multicellular organisms zvakakwanisa kushanduka uye koloni nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzePasi.
  • Aya marudzi maviri emasero anoratidzirwa ne chimiro chakaganhurwa ne membrane ine mukati mayo DNA kana ruzivo rwemajini. Uye maitiro akasiyana enzymatic anovabvumira kuita mabasa avo akakosha: kudyisa, kukura uye kubereka.
  • Eukaryotic uye prokaryotic masero, kurarama uye kubuda, Vanoramba vachishandura simba kubva kune imwe fomu kuenda kune imwe. Pamusoro pekuchengetedza hukama hunoenderera nekunze kwavo mukupindura kune akasiyana kemikari-biological ruzivo rwavanogamuchira kubva kunharaunda yavo.

Chii chinonzi prokaryotic cell?

Zita rawo rinobva kuizwi reChigiriki "pro", zvinoreva kuti "kare", zvichireva kuvapo kwayo kusati kwave nekuonekwa kwemamwe marudzi eukaryotic cell. Kana tikatarisa nhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka yezvipenyu, masero eprokaryotic ndiwo masero akasiyana-siyana uye zvakare akareruka uye akare.

Iwo akasiyana masero eprokaryotic anogara munharaunda dzinenge dzese paPasi ndeeumambo hwe monera, ayo mabhakitiriya (eubacteria) uye archaea (uta).

Hunhu hweprokaryotic cell

Kuti uone mukati prokaryotic masero unofanira kuzviita ne a zvemagetsi microscope, nekuti ndiyo ine chigadziriso chepamusoro. Masero eProkaryotic ane chimiro chakareruka uye chidiki. Iyo yemukati yeprokaryotic cell yakavakirwa pane:

  • Plasma membrane. Kufanana nemasero ese, yakakomberedzwa ne membrane. Iine mapepa anonzi lamellae. Chimiro ichi chinopa sero simba repamusoro rekuchinjana zvinhu zvakajairika nezvimwe zvipenyu kuburikidza nazvo.
  • mesosomes. Invaginations yeplasma membrane, iyo ine hukama nekuparadzaniswa kwesero.
  • Maseru madziro. Ndiro dandemutande rekunze resero, uye rinopa dziviriro.
  • Cytoplasm. Iyi ndiyo mamiriro emukati muchitokisi. Iine hunhu hwemvura-viscous. Apa ndipo panowanikwa organelles nemakemikari mamorekuru esero.
  • nucleoid. Iyo densest nzvimbo ye cytoplasm panowanikwa cellular DNA, kana genetic material. Kusiyana nemasero eukaryotic, DNA pano haina kuparadzaniswa kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzesero.
  • Ribosomes. Zviumbwa izvi zvine basa rekugadzira mamorekuru akaita semapuroteni. Vanogona kuva vakasununguka mu cytoplasm, kana kuumba mapoka (polyribosomes).
  • Cilia, flagella kana fibrils. Izvo zvimiro zvekunze zvesero, izvo zvinovabvumira kufamba.

Su morphology Inoshanduka (spherical, spiral kana tsvimbo, nezvimwewo). Uye chimiro chekubereka kwavo ndeche asexual, izvo zvinoita kuti vaparadzane nekukurumidza.

Chii chinonzi eukaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic uye prokaryotic cell: Mhuka uye chirimwa eukaryotic cell

Chirevo cheeukaryote chinobva muchiGiriki, uko "Eu" zvinoreva "chokwadi" uye "karyoni" zvinoreva "core". Nenzira iyi, chimiro chikuru chinotsanangura a eukaryotic sero ndiyo kuvapo kweiyo nucleus yechokwadi mune yayo cellular chimiro, iyo inotsanangura uye inochengeta DNA yesero rakarongeka. Pamusoro pekuve hombe, iwo akanyanya kuomarara mune yavo morphology uye basa.

Hunhu hweeukaryotic cell

Hunhu hwemasero eukaryotic tinoona kuti ane yakakura uye yakaoma system ye organelles. Mamwe organelles anongowanikwa kune mhuka kana masero ezvirimwa, uye mamwe akajairika kune ese ari maviri.. Tevere, isu tichataura iwo makuru:

  • Plasma membrane. muganhu wekunze wesero. Basa rayo kuchinjana kwemamorekuru uye makemikari zvinhu pakati pekunze uye mukati mesero. Iyo inoumbwa nekaviri layer ye phospholipids uye mapuroteni. Kune marudzi maviri e membrane proteins:
    - Transmembrane mapuroteni: kuyambuka lipid bilayer kubva kune rumwe rutivi kuenda kune rumwe. Vane mabasa akasiyana, semuenzaniso, kutakurwa kwezvinhu uye mamorekuru kubva kunze kwesero.
    - Peripheral mapuroteni: vanongotaurirana nemukati kana kunze kwesero.
  • Sero nucleus. Ndipo panowanikwa DNA kana genetic material yesero. Inoparadzaniswa kubva kune cytoplasm nenyukireya membrane, iyi iri kaviri.
  • Nyukireya membrane. Icho chimiro chinoparadzanisa nucleus yesero kubva kune yakasara ye cytoplasm. Iine maburi, anonzi nuclear pores, anobvumira kuchinjana kwemamorekuru.
  • nucleolus. Ndiyo chikamu chemukati-kati chemukati. Inotarisira kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvinoumba ribosomes.

Chromosomes, chii ichocho?

chemakoma

Zvinowanikwa mukati memukati, uye snezvikamu zvinoumba DNA. Mukati mepakati zvakabatanidzwa histones (mapuroteni) uye DNA nokudaro kugadzira chromatin.

Munguva yakawanda yehupenyu hwesero, chromatin iri mumamiriro ekurara. Asi pane imwe nguva, inotanga kumonyoroka uye compact. DNA inozviputira pachayo nemapuroteni kakawanda zvekuti inoita seyakasimba. Zvinoita sekunge watora mita yewaya wotanga kuiputira zvakasimba sezvinobvira. Vanopera nebhora diki, rakanyatso tsikirira. Mune iyi nyowani compact state, iyo chromatin inorongazve kuita akawanda compact miviri inonzi machromosomes.

Naizvozvo, kuumbwa neDNA, zvine ruzivo rwemajini. Semuenzaniso, pane imwe yemakromosomes iwe waizowana ruzivo nezveruvara rwebvudzi, pane imwe inogona kuve ruzivo nezvehurefu hwemuviri, zvichingodaro.

Chipenyu chimwe nechimwe chine ruzivo rwakasiyana rwemajini, uye huwandu hwemakromosomes huchafanana nerudzi.. Muvanhu, sero rimwe nerimwe mumuviri wedu rine makromozomu makumi mana nematanhatu. Hama dzepedyo dzechimpanzi dzine 46 chromosomes mumasero avo. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti mumasero eukaryotic, nhamba yekromosomes inogara iri kunyange. Kune mapoka maviri akafanana emakromosomes, uye machromosome ane saizi yakafanana, chimiro, uye ruzivo rwemajini akaiswa mumapoka maviri anonzi mapeya ehomologous chromosomes kana homologous pairs.

Mamwe membrane-akasungwa organelles eukaryotic masero

La membrane yemukati yemasero eukaryotic inosarudza nzvimbo dzakasiyana umo mabasa akasiyana anoitika. Zvakafanana nefekitari, ichiita mabasa munzvimbo dzakasiyana kuti uwedzere kushanda zvakanaka. Pakati pe membrane-bound organelles ndiyo endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Iine chitarisiko chelabyrinth, uye membrane yaro inosanganiswa nenyucleus. Kusiyanisa nzvimbo dzelatisi dzakabatanidzwa ne ribosomes.

ari ribosomes vanonamatira kune chekunze chepamusoro che reticular membrane, vachichipa chimiro chakashata kana chegranular. Nzvimbo yereticular inobatanidza ne ribosome, iyo ine basa rekugadzira mapuroteni, inonzi rough kana granular endoplasmic reticulum (RER kana REG). Chikamu chelatisi chisina ribosomes chinonzi yakatsetseka endoplasmic reticulum (SER) uye, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ine basa rekugadzira lipids.

El Golgi complex ndiyo imwe organelle yakaumbwa sesaga rakaturikidzana re membrane. Mamwe mapuroteni anogadzirwa muRER anosvika pano uye anogadziriswa. Zvigadzirwa zvinoenda kunzvimbo dzakasiyana: iyo Golgi apparatus ndiye mutariri wekutakura mapuroteni anogadzirwa nemasero.

Mamwe anoenda kune membrane yeplasma, mamwe mapuroteni anozoendeswa kune mamwe maseru, nepo mamwe achiiswa mumasaga madiki anonzi membrane. vesicles. The lysosomes iwo akakosha mhando yemavhesi akaumbwa muGolgi complex ane ma enzymes anoita basa mukushatisa kwema organic molecules anopinda mumasero. Iyi nzira inodaidzwa cellular digestion.

Mitochondria

Vakakomberedzwa na kaviri membrane. Iyo yemukati membrane ye mitochondria ine mapete akawanda anonzi matuta. Mu mitochondrial matrix mamorekuru anowanikwa DNA uye ribosomes. Mune mitochondria, maitiro emakemikari anoitwa anobvumira kugadzirwa kwesimba remakemikari kubva kune organic mamorekuru pamberi peokisijeni. Simba iri ndiro rinotsigira zvese zvakakosha zvesero.

Chloroplasts

aripo chete mumasero ezvirimwa. Iine membrane yekunze, membrane yemukati, uye rudzi rwechitatu rwemembra muchimiro chemasaga akatsetseka anonzi. thylakoids Vanoita kunge ndiro dzakaturikidzana. Imwe neimwe yeaya mirwi inodanwa cochineal. Ma thylakoids ane chlorophyll, ruvara rwegirini runobvumira kuti nzira yacho iitike photosynthesis maitiro.

vacuoles

Iwo mamembranous vesicles iripo mumasero emhuka nezvinomera. Zvisinei, vakadaro inonyanya kukosha mumasero emiti. Vanogona kutora kusvika 70-90% ye cytoplasm. Kazhinji, basa rayo nderokuchengetedza.

Ribosomes

Iwo ma organelles akaumbwa kubva kune maviri subunits (makuru uye madiki) anobva munyucleolus, uye kamwe ari mu cytoplasm, anounganidzwa kuti aite mabasa avo. Ribosomes ndizvo basa rekugadzira kana kugadzira mapuroteni. Vanovasunungura mu cytoplasm kana kusunga pamusoro peRER.

Cytoskeleton

Muiyo cytoplasm yemasero eukaryotic, mune seti yakasiyana yemafilaments inoumba cytoskeleton, uye mafilaments aya inodiwa kuchengetedza chimiro chesero uye kubata organelles munzvimbo. Iro chimiro chakasimba zvikuru sezvo inogara ichironga uye ichiparara, ichibvumira masero kuti achinje chimiro (somuenzaniso, kune avo vanofanira kufamba) kana organelles kufamba mukati me cytoplasm.

centrioles

Iwo maumbirwo maviri akaumbwa nemafilaments uye inowanikwa mu cytoplasm yemasero emhuka. Ivo vanobatanidzwa mukuparadzanisa masero.

Maseru madziro

Rusvingo rwesero rwakafanana nemasero eukaryotic ezvirimwa.

Yakasiyana nekudyara masero. Inowanikwa kunze kwe plasma membrane uye inopa dziviriro. Kuumbwa kwaro kwakasiyana nekwesero rusvingo rweprokaryotic masero. Kuiswa kwemamwe makomboni pamadziro esero kunopa zvirimwa zvikamu kuoma uye kuoma maitiro e, semuenzaniso, hunde dzemiti.

Ndinovimba ruzivo urwu rwakabatsira kwauri, uye iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve prokaryotic uye eukaryotic masero.


Iva wekutanga kutaura

Siya yako yekutaura

Your kero e havazobvumirwi ichibudiswa. Raida minda anozivikanwa ne *

*

*

  1. Inotarisira iyo data: Actualidad Blog
  2. Chinangwa cheiyo data: Kudzora SPAM, manejimendi manejimendi.
  3. Legitimation: Kubvuma kwako
  4. Kutaurirana kwedata
  5. Dhata yekuchengetedza: Dhatabhesi inobatwa neOccentus Networks (EU)
  6. Kodzero: Panguva ipi neipi iwe unogona kudzora, kupora uye kudzima ruzivo rwako