Kwakabva pre-Columbian tsika uye hunhu

Kubva pamafungu ekutanga evanhu akasvika kusvika pakusvika kwevaSpanish mukondinendi yeAmerica, mapoka akaumbwa akawana zviitiko zvikuru uye zvinoshamisa. Pano tichaziva kuti kufambira mberi kweiyo kusvika kupi pre-Columbian tsika.

PRE-COLUMBIAN CULTURES

Pre-Columbian Cultures

Kana tichitaura nezve Pre-Columbian tsika, kutaurwa kunoitwa vanhu vakatora nharaunda yatinoziva nhasi segeneric Americas, chaizvo kusvika pakusvika kwaChristopher Columbus muzana ramakore rechigumi neshanu. Mukuita, zvisinei, "pre-Columbian" inobatanidza nhoroondo yose yetsika dzeNative America kutozosvikira tsika idzodzo dzatsakatika, kudzikira, kana kuti kupararira mupesvedzero yeEurope, kunyange kana ikoku kwakaitika makore akawanda, kunyange mazana amakore, pashure pokusvika kwaColumbus. muLatin America, izwi rinowanzoitwa pre-Hispanic.

Population of America

Kwenguva yakareba pave paine gakava resainzi nezvekuti vanhu veAmerica vakatanga sei uye rini. Imwe yedzidziso dzinogamuchirwa inotaura kuti vagari vekutanga veAmerica vaive veboka revanhu vanotama-tama kubva kuAsia vakapinda mukondinendi kuburikidza neBering Land Bridge, ikozvino Bering Strait, kuburikidza nemazana emakore anoverengeka, kuongororwa kwemitochondrial DNA yakagarwa nhaka nemaAmerindian progenitors inotsigira. humbowo hwekuti akati wandei ma genetic populations anobva kuAsia.

Zvakadaro zvakacherechedzwa kuti pane musiyano mukuru mumapoka echivanhu muSouth America anoratidza kuti kwavakabva vanogona kunge vari veMelanesia kana kuti veAustralia.

Icho chokwadi chekuti misi inogamuchirwa zvakanyanya nesaenzi yesainzi, iyo yeClovis muNorth America yakaitika pakati pegore 12900 uye gore 13500 AP (risati rasvika) uye budiriro yeMonte Verde muChile yakanyorwa mugore 14800 AP inoisa mukati. kupokana kugadzirisa chete nenzira yekuchamhembe-kumaodzanyemba.

Tsika dzeAmerica

Munyika yese yeAmerica maive netsika dzisingaverengeki dzepre-Columbian uye budiriro zhinji. Idzo dzinonzi pre-Columbian tsika dzepamusoro nenyanzvi dzakabudirira muMesoamerica neAndes. Tsika idzi dzinoonekwa nekuwana hurongwa hwakaoma hwezvematongerwo enyika uye hwemagariro evanhu uye zvinoratidzwa zvechitendero uye zvehunyanzvi zvinomiririra. Mamwe mapoka evanhu mukondinendi haana kusvika padanho retsika dzetsika dzepamberi peColumbian, zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushomeka kwavo kwehuwandu hwevanhu uye mararamiro avo semi-nomadic.

PRE-COLUMBIAN CULTURES

Idzo dzepre-Columbian tsika dzeAmerica dzakagadzira uye dzakaita zvakakosha zvakawanikwa uye kufambira mberi senge makarenda avo anoshamisa, kufambira mberi kwavo mune zvekurima sekuvandudza mukugadzirwa kwemhando nyowani dzechibage nembatatisi, budiriro huru yekuvaka, masisitimu ekudiridza, kunyora kwepamusoro uye masvomhu, masangano akaoma ezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu.

Pre-Columbian tsika dzekuNorth America

Mamiriro ekunze eNorth America akange asina kugadzikana panguva yekare, achidzikama makore angangoita zviuru gumi apfuura. Mamiriro ekunze aya akaita kuti vekutanga vePaleoindian vatame vari mumapoka madiki akapararira muAmerica mose, vachitama kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe sezvo zviwanikwa zvaipedzwa. Zviuru zvemakore gare gare, mukati menguva yeMiddle Archaic, mamwe marudzi esangano rakaoma akatanga kubuda.

Maturu evhu ekutanga akaitirwa zvinangwa zvechitendero panzvimbo yeMonte Sano muLower Mississippi Valley akatangira muna 6500 BC, mazhinji emachuru aya akawanikwa munyika dzazvino dzeUS dzeLouisiana, Mississippi neFlorida.

Mississippian tsika

Tsika yeMississippian yaive imwe yetsika huru dzepre-Columbian yaivepo kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweUnited States pakati pe1539th neXNUMXth mazana emakore. Tsika iyi yaionekwa nekuvakwa kwemachuru. Yakatangira mu Mississippi River Valley. Zvichida zvakapesvedzera tsika dzeTennessee River Valley. Zvinenge zvese zvakawanikwa zvekuchera matongo kubva kutsika yeMisissippian zvakadzokera muna XNUMX, apo murwi weSpanish Hernando de Soto akaongorora nzvimbo iyi. Vese vanhu vetsika yeMississippian vaive nezvakawanda zvezvinotevera zvakafanana:

Kuvakwa kwemakuva ekuvigwa-mapiramidhi ane makumbo akachekwa, pamusoro pezvikomo izvi, zvimwe zvivako zvakavakwa: zvivako zvekugara, temberi, kuvigwa, nezvimwewo. Kurima kunoitwa nechibage kune dzimwe nzvimbo kwakakura. Nhanganyaya uye kushandiswa kwenzizi molluscs, dzimwe nguva marine, sekuwedzera kune ivhu receramic. Yakakura yekutengesa network inotambanudzira kumadokero kuRocky Mountains, kuchamhembe kusvika kuGreat Lakes, maodzanyemba kuGulf yeMexico, uye kumabvazuva kuAtlantic Ocean.

PRE-COLUMBIAN CULTURES

Kuvandudzwa kwechinzvimbo chemadzishe kana kuti huwandu hwemadzishe. Kubudirira uye kubatanidzwa kwekusaenzana kwevanhu. Kubatanidzwa kwemasimba akabatanidzwa ezvematongerwo enyika uye echitendero mumaoko evanhu vashoma kana mumwe chete. Tsika yeMississippian yakanga isina kunyora kana matombo ekuvaka. Vaigona kugadzira simbi, asi vaisanyungudusa.

madzinza enhoroondo

Pakusvika kwevaEurope, tsika dzepre-Columbian dzekuNorth America dzaive nenhamba huru yemararamiro, kwaive nenharaunda dzekurima dzekurima uye mapoka evavhimi nevaungani. Pakati pemapoka ekugara, maIndia ePueblo, Mandan, Hidatsa nevamwe vanomira. Mune zvimwe zviitiko vakavaka nzvimbo dzekugara dzine mwero uye kunyange maguta akaita seCahokia, munzvimbo iyo nhasi inogara muguta razvino reIllinois.

Pre-Columbian tsika Mesoamerica

Nharaunda inotangira kubva pakati peMexico inoenda kumaodzanyemba kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweCosta Rica inozivikanwa seMesoamerica. Munharaunda iyi, boka re pre-Columbian tsika dzine hukama kune imwe neimwe tsika dzakagadziridzwa kwenguva inosvika zviuru zvitatu zvemakore. Idzi tsika dzepamberi peColumbian dzakawana kufambira mberi kukuru sekuvakwa kwemapiramidhi nematemberi makuru, ruzivo rwakanyanya mumasvomhu, nyeredzi nemishonga. Vakagadzira kunyora, makarenda epamusoro-soro; vakakunda mune zvehunyanzvi uye zvekurima zvakanyanya.

MuMesoamerica maive nehumambo hwakawanda, humambo uye maguta-matunhu anokwikwidzana, zvisinei tsika huru dzepamberi yeColumbian yedunhu iri: maOlmec, Teotihuacan, Toltec, Mexica neMayan.

Olmec budiriro

Kubudirira kweOlmec ndiyo yekare kudarika inozivikanwa yeMesoamerican civilizations. Chimiro chetsika chakagadzwa neOlmecs chakashanda semuenzaniso kune tsika dzechivanhu dzakabudirira. Anenge mugore rezviuru zviviri nemazana matatu Kristu asati asvika murwizi rweGrijalva, maOlmecs ekutanga akatanga kugadzirwa kweceramics. VaOlmec vakawedzera pesvedzero yavo kuMexico yose yanhasi nechimiro chavo chehurumende, temberi dzavo namapiramidhi, kunyora kwavo, ruzivo rwenyeredzi, unyanzvi hwavo, masvomhu, upfumi hwavo, uye chitendero chavo.

PRE-COLUMBIAN CULTURES

Teotihuacan civilization

Guta reTeotihuacán, iro mumutauro weNahuatl rinoreva "guta ravamwari", rakatangira kumagumo enguva yepre-classic, makore angangoita zana shure kwaKristu. Hazvinyatsozivikanwi kuti ndevapi vavambi vayo, asi zvinofungidzirwa kuti Otomi yakabatanidzwa zvikuru mukukura kwayo. Mushure mekuwana kutonga kwedunhu, Teotihuacán yakabudirira ikava guta hombe kwete muMesoamerica chete, asi pasirese.

Guta racho rainyanya kutsamira pakurima, zvikurukuru kurimwa kwechibage, bhinzi, uye squash. Nekudaro, chikamu chezvematongerwo enyika uye chehupfumi chakavakirwa pazvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika: ceramics, yakagadzirwa muMupata wePuebla-Tlaxcala, uye zviwanikwa zveSierra de Hidalgo. Zvigadzirwa zvese izvi zvaikosheswa zvakanyanya muMesoamerica yese uye zvaitengeswa sezvinhu zveumbozha kure kure kuNew Mexico neGuatemala. Nekuda kweizvi, Teotihuacán yakava axis huru yeMesoamerican commercial network.

Tarascan-Purepecha budiriro

Mukutanga kwayo, nharaunda dzakazvimiririra dzakati wandei dzakagara munharaunda yaizove humambo hweTarascan, ipapo mutungamiriri wevanhu vePurépecha, ainzi Tariacuri, akasarudza kubatanidza nharaunda dzaigara kumahombekombe ePátzcuaro kuita imwe nyika yakasimba, iyo yakava. imwe yeakanyanya epamberi pre-Columbian tsika dzeMesoamerica.

Mukuwedzera kuguta rahwo guru, Tzintzuntzan, umambo hwacho hwaiva nesimba pamaguta makumi mapfumbamwe. Humambo hweTarascan hwakasiyaniswa neruzivo rwayo musimbi uye yakashandisa mhangura, sirivha negoridhe kugadzira zvishandiso, zvinhu zvekushongedza, zvombo uye nhumbi dzokurwa.

Mayan budiriro

MaMayans vaive vagadziri veyakasimukira uye yakakurumbira tsika yeMesoamerican. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvetsika dzevaMaya zvakafanana nemaitiro evamwe vanhu vakapoteredza, kusanganisira kushandiswa kwemakarenda maviri, nhamba yenhamba, kurimwa kwechibage, dzimwe ngano dzakadai semazuva mashanu, kunamatwa kweNyoka Ine minhenga, uye vaMayan. mwari wemvura, anonzi Chak mumutauro weMayan.

PRE-COLUMBIAN CULTURES

VaMaya havana kumboumba humambo humwe chete, asi vakanga vakabatana mumapoka maduku, vachigara vachirwisana.

Vepamusoro vaidzora zvekurima uye, semuMesoamerica yese, vakatemera mitero kumakirasi epasi, zvichivabvumira kuti vaunganidze zviwanikwa zvekuvaka zviyeuchidzo zvevoruzhinji zvinopa simba ravo nehutungamiriri hwemagariro. Munguva yeEarly Classic era, inenge 370, maMaya elite akachengetedza hukama hwakasimba kuTeotihuacán, uye zvichida Tikal, rimwe remaguta makuru eMaya panguva ino, yaiva shamwari inokosha yeTeotihuacán, inodzora kutengeserana paGulf Coast uye munzvimbo dzakakwirira.

Aztec Civilization          

Pakati pese pre-Columbian tsika dzeMesoamerica, Humambo hweAztec nderimwe remukurumbira wehupfumi hwayo uye simba rehondo, rinowanikwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwevamwe vanhu. VaAztec vakabva kuchamhembe kana kumadokero kweMesoamerica. Vagari vekuMexico mudunhu reNayarit vaitenda kuti Aztlán yengano yaive pachitsuwa cheMexcaltitán.

Pasinei nekwakabva, tsika dzetsika dzevaAztec dzakanga dzisina kunyanya kusiyana nedzekare dzeMesoamerica. Muchokwadi, vaive nehunhu hwakafanana nevanhu vepakati peMesoamerica. VaAztec vaitaura mutauro wechiNahuatl, waishandiswawo nevaToltec nevaChichimecas vakambovapo.

Pre-Columbian tsika dzeSouth America

Maererano nefungidziro, mukati memireniyumu yekutanga mumasango, makomo, mapani nemahombekombe eSouth America kwaive nevagari vepakati pemakumi mashanu nemazana zana. Mapoka aava vagari vakazvironga vamene kuva nzanga dzisingagari, idzo dzaikosha zvikurusa dzakanga dziri Muisca yeColombia, Valdivia yeEcuador, Quechua uye Aymara yePeru neBolivia.

North Chico Civilization

Iyo pre-Columbian budiriro yeNorte Chico kana Caral dunhu, kuchamhembe-pakati pemahombekombe ePeru. Ndiyo yekare inozivikanwa pre-Columbian nyika muAmerica, yakabudirira pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX negumi nemasere BC mune inonzi pre-ceramic nguva (panguva imwe chete nekusimuka kwebudiriro yeEgypt yekare, Mesopotamia neIndus Valley).

Rimwe zita rinobva pazita renzvimbo yeCaral muSupe Valley kuchamhembe kweLima, uko kwakawanikwa nzvimbo huru yekuchera matongo yetsika iyi. Caral yakatanga kuwanikwa nePeruvia anochera matongo Ruth Martha Shady Solís muna 1997.

Maererano neiyo archaeological nomenclature, Norte Chico itsika yepakutanga yehari yenguva yekupedzisira yearchaic; hapana sampuli yekeramics, nhamba yemabasa eunyanzvi anowanikwa iduku zvikuru. Kubudirira kunoshamisa kwetsika yeNorte Chico kuvakwa kwayo kwezviyeuchidzo, zvine mapuratifomu anotenderera uye nzvimbo dzakatenderedzwa. Humbowo hwekuchera matongo hunoratidza kuti tsika iyi yaive neimwe tekinoroji yekugadzira machira.

Inca umambo

Inca Empire ndiyo hombe muIndia muSouth America maererano nenzvimbo uye nehuwandu hwevanhu. Yakatora nzvimbo kubva kuPasto yemazuva ano muColombia kusvika kuRwizi rweMaule muChile. Umambo hwacho hwaisanganisira nharaunda yose yeyava kunzi Peru, Bolivia, neEcuador (kunze kwechikamu chenzvimbo dzakati sandarara dziri kumabvazuva, dzakafukidzwa nesango risingapfuuriki), chikamu cheChile, Argentina, neColombia.

Ongororo yezvokuchera matongo inoratidza kuti nhamba huru yebudiriro yakagarwa nhaka nevaInca kubva kubudiriro dzakapfuura, pamwe chete nekubva kumarudzi akavakidzana anozviisa pasi pavo.

Pakazosvika nguva yekuonekwa pachiitiko chenhoroondo yeIncas muSouth America, pakanga paine ruzhinji rwebudiriro: iyo Moche (inozivikanwa nehari ine mavara uye masisitimu ekudiridza), Huari (iyi nyika yaive prototype yeInca Empire, kunyangwe vanhu vakazvitaura, sezviri pachena mumutauro wakasiyana, Aymara), Chimú (ceramics uye hunhu hwekuvaka)

Dzimwe budiriro dzaive: Nazca (inozivikanwa nekugadzira iyo inonzi mitsara yeNazca, pamwe neayo epasi pevhu emvura masisitimu, ceramics), Pukina (budiriro yeguta reTiahuanaco ine vagari vangangoita zviuru makumi mana vagari, iri kumabvazuva kwe Lake Titicaca), Chachapoyas ("Warriors of the Clouds", inozivikanwa nenhare yayo inotyisa Kuelap, inonziwo "Machu Picchu del Norte").

Chavín tsika

Chimiro cheChavín ndeye pre-Columbian civilization yaivepo mumakomo ekuchamhembe kweAndes munharaunda yePeru yemazuva ano kubva 900 kusvika 200 BC. Tsika yeChavín yaiva muMosna Valley, uko Mosna neHuachecsa nzizi dzinosangana. Mupata uyu uri panzvimbo yakakwirira ye3150 metres pamusoro pegungwa, parizvino inogarwa nevanhu veQuechua, Hulka nePuna.

Nzvimbo inonyanyozivikanwa yekuchera matongo yeChavín tsika matongo eChavín de Huántar, pakakwirira mumakomo eAndean kuchamhembe kweLima. Guta iri rinofungidzirwa kuti rakavakwa makore akapoteredza 900 BC. C. uye yakanga iri muzinda worudzidziso webudiriro yeChavín. Parizvino, guta rakaziviswa seWorld Heritage Site neUNESCO. Kune zvimwe zvakakosha zviyeuchidzo zvetsika iyi, semuenzaniso, nhare yeKuntur Wasi, temberi yeGaragay ine polychrome reliefs, nezvimwe.

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