Kana iwe uchida kuziva chimwe chinhu chakakosha cheiyo Paracas Culture Mushonga, enda kune ino inonakidza post. MaParacas aiita hutsinye hwekuvhiya, asi ivo vaizivikanwawo nezvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita, pano iwe uchaona nezvazvo. Usazvipotsa!
Mushonga weParacas tsika
Iri dzinza raive tsika yakakosha yePeru yekare, kubva panguva yainzi Upper Formative kana Early Horizon, iyo yakamuka muParacas peninsula, Pisco mudunhu, Ica mudunhu, pakati pe700 BC. C. uye 200 AD
Icho chikamu chemazuva ano Chavín tsika yakabuda kuchamhembe kwePeru. Nekuda kwekuferefeta kwemuongorori Julio Tello, akaitumidza kuti "Paracas-Necropolis." Inobva kune imwe tsika, inozivikanwa seTopará tsika, iyo nzvimbo yaro yaive iri kuchamhembe, muChincha Valley.
MaParacas aiita machira emhando yepamusoro, makushe nedonje, pamwe nehari yakashongedzwa uye tswanda inoyevedza. Vakaitawo cranial drilling, zvibodzwa zvacho zvichiri kupokana.
Iyo Paracas tsika ndiyo tateguru wetsika yeNazca iyo ine hukama hwakajeka hwetsika; kutaura zvazviri, kune nyanzvi dzakawanda, chikamu chekupedzisira cheParacas chiri chokwadi kutanga kwetsika yeNazca.
Nharaunda
Iyo Paracas yakafambira mberi zvakanyanya pakati peIca nePisco nzizi uye muParacas Peninsula (Ica region). Munguva yayo yakakura kwazvo yekuwedzera, yakapararira kuchamhembe kuChincha uye kumaodzanyemba kuYauca mudunhu reArequipa.
Kune vakawanda, iyo inonyanya kukosha saiti yeParacas inogona kunge iri muTajahuana, muIca Valley, muOcucaje chikamu. Rakanga riri guta rakavakirirwa rakanga rakavakwa pamusoro pemawere aikwanisa kudzivirirwa.
Etymology
Paracas izwi reQuechua rinoreva kunaya kwejecha (by, rain and acoustics, sand) uye rinoreva kukanganisa kunokonzerwa nechamupupuri chemhepo chinogara chichirova dunhu, pamwe nejecha nebere guano kubva kuzvitsuwa zviri pedyo. uye ufukidze pamusoro payo sejira jena.
Ichi chiitiko chemuchadenga chakapa Paracas Peninsula uye, mupfungwa yakafara, tsika yepre-Inca yakawanikwa munharaunda ino uye nekudaro ine zita rayo.
Paracas deposits
- Chincha: Wineries, Lurin, Chincha.
- Pisco: Cerro Colorado, Disco Verde, Cabeza Larga, Chongos, Tambo Colorado.
- Ica: Tecojate, Huamaní, Ocucaje, Callango (Animas Altas and Ánimas Bajas), Chiqueritos, Ullujaya, Tomaluz.
- Inzwa: Mollaque, Chichictara.
- Nazca: Soysongo, Atarco, Trancas, Cahuachi.
Discovery
Iyo Paracas tsika yakawanikwa muna Chikunguru 1925 naTello pamhenderekedzo yeBay yeParacas uye kumaodzanyemba kwePisco. Muna Nyamavhuvhu wegore iro Tello akatanga nzvimbo yekutsvagisa panzvimbo iyi achibatsirwa nemudzidzi wake Toribio Mejía Xesspe.
Tello akawana guva rekutanga muParacas mumakomo matsvuku eporphyry eCerro Colorado. Akawana makuva akazara makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe akaumbwa zvakanaka, aakadana kuti “mapako,” uye aive nemasvinga emakuva akaputirwa netunhu tutete uye akakomberedzwa nehari, maturusi ekuvhima, matehwe emhuka, uye chikafu.
Muna 1927 Tello naMejía Xesspe vakawana imwe nzvimbo yemakuva muWari Kayan, pedyo zvikuru neCerro Colorado, yavakadana kuti Paracas Necropolis. Ikoko akawana zvitunha 429, chimwe nechimwe chakaputirwa mumirairi yakasiyana-siyana, mimwe yacho yakanga yakanaka kwazvo. . Ndiyo nzvimbo dzekugara dzeParacas dzine mukurumbira dzakachengetedzwa nhasi muMNAAHP.3
Pamusoro pemakuva maviri aya, Tello akacherechedza chetatu muParacas peninsula, yaakadana Arena Blanca kana Cabeza Larga, chikonzero chekuisa zita iri imhaka yekuvapo kwemadehenya akareba uye akaremara. Ikoko haana kuwana chete makuva akapambwa, asiwo masara edzimba dzepasi pevhu.
Chikamu maererano naTello
Zvichienderana nezvaakawana, kuti vaParacas vakaviga sei vakafa vavo uye vakapokana kuti tsika iyi yaisanganisira zvikamu zviviri zvakanyatsotsanangurwa. Yokutanga akaitumidza kuti Paracas-Caverns; nekuti vakaviga vakafa vavo mukati memakuva akacherwa pasi pasi, ayo anokura asati asvika pasi, achipa chimiro chemukombe wakapidiguka (kunyangwe ari matsime kwete "mapako").
Akatumidza wechipiri "Paracas-Necropolis"; nokuti vakaviga vakafa mumakuva akaoma zvikuru ane quadrangular, ayo anoti “maguta evakafa” kana kuti necropolises.
Iyi kupatsanurwa kweParacas kwaikura kwemakumi emakore, nekuda kwemukurumbira waTello, anonzi "baba vePeruvia archaeology", kudzamara vamwe vanochera matongo varatidza kuti iyo inonzi "Paracas-Necropolis" ndeyeimwe tsika yetsika: Tsika ichaita. bump.
Paracas Caverns (700 BC - 200 BC)
Chikamu chinonzi Caverns of Paracas chinotangira makore 700 Kristu asati auya. Huwandu hukuru hwetsika yeParacas panguva iyoyo yakagadziridzwa muTajahuana pamahombekombe eRwizi rweIca munharaunda yeOcucaje.
Iro zita rinobva munzira iyo Paracas yakaviga vakafa vavo mu fetal fomu. Izvi zvinosimbiswa nemhedzisiro yemasumbu emariro akawanikwa muCerro Colorado.
Makuva akawanikwa akacherwa pasi pevhu mumatombo, ane chimiro chinoratidzika se "inverted cup" kana bhodhoro rakakwirira-mutsipa, pasi payo mabheji emariro akaiswa anenge mamita matanhatu muhupamhi.
Aive makuva emazuva ese, kunyangwe zvisingazivikanwe kana vakavigwa vaive vemhuri imwe chete, mitumbi inocherwa nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro enzvimbo. Zvimwe zvitunha zvinoratidza kudedera nekuremara kwedehenya.
Paracas Necropolis (200 BC - 200 AD)
Chikamu chinodaidzwa kuti Paracas Necropolis chine zita rekuti makuva ane rectangular anowanikwa muWari Kayan akapatsanurwa mumakamuri akati wandei kana makamuri epasi, ayo Tello akaonekwa se "Guta Revakafa" (Necropolis).
Kamuri imwe neimwe hombe yaizodai yaive yeimwe mhuri kana kuti mhuri yakanga yaviga madzitateguru avo kwezvizvarwa zvakawanda.
Dzidziso dzaTello dzakakakavadzana nevamwe vanochera matongo. Pakutanga, Wari Kayan haaratidzi kunge anga ari necropolis, asi inzvimbo yakakura ine vanhu vakawanda, mune zvimwe zvivakwa izvo zvinopfuura 400 bundles dzakaiswa, chokwadi chekuti kusvika nhasi hachina tsananguro inogutsa.
Inogona kunge iri nzvimbo inogona kunzi inzvimbo tsvene, nekuda kweruvara rutsvuku rwezvikomo zvayo uye padyo negungwa, izvo zvaizoidzosera kurufu nekuzvarwa patsva. Uye chechipiri, kuratidzwa kwetsika kwenzvimbo ino haisi yeParacas pachayo, asi kune imwe tsika yakasiyana yetsika, iyo yainzi Topará uye yakagadzirwa mumipata yeCañete, Topará, Chincha nePisco, kusvika kune peninsula yeParacas. muganhu wezasi.
Mune mamwe mazwi, Wari Kayan aive chaizvo pamuganho pakati petsika mbiri idzi. Zvingangodaro kuti tsika yeTopará yakazvimanikidza nehutsinye munharaunda mushure mehondo yekukunda. Kuvapo kwezvombo mumapasuru akawanda emariro, pamwe nekuvapo kukuru kwemadehenya akatsemuka uye anotsemuka, zvingava zviratidzo zvenguva ine chisimba.
Mukuferefeta kwakadzidzwa kuti mummy inoputirwa mumicheka yakawanda, mamwe acho ari emhando yakanaka kwazvo. Aya machira, chaizvo, ndiwo akaita kuti Paracas izivikanwe, sezvo mienzaniso yayo yakanaka kwazvo yakanakisa. Ivo vanozivikanwa pasi rose seParacas Mantos.
Architecture
Zvose zviri muParacas peninsula uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeParacas, hapana mutsara wemabasa makuru akawanikwa, kunze kwemupata wezasi weIca, uko kune nzvimbo mbiri dzakakosha: Ánimas Altas uye Ánimas. Low.
Ánimas Altas ine nharaunda ye100 mahekita uye inodzivirirwa nemadziro akareba akagadzirwa nematanda ehuswa uye ivhu rakafukidzwa neadobes.
Iyo ine gumi nematatu akakwira zvivakwa ane taridzo yakafanana uye yekuvaka modhi. Mamwe madziro aro ane shongedzero dzakagadzirwa nemitsetse yakachekwa ivhu richiri nyoro. Vanomiririra mhuka dzemhuka.
Munharaunda yeÁnimas Altas pane Ánimas Bajas, anenge mahekita makumi matanhatu, akaumbwa nemakona manomwe ane rectangular akavakwa neartisanal adobe, muchimiro chemabhora kana tsanga dzechibage.
Kana Paracas, pasina mubvunzo, yakatevera mhemberero yakaoma uye yakareba. Chitunha chacho chakacheneswa nomutoo wakadzama zvikuru, udzame hwahwo husingazivikanwi; asi kazhinji kazhinji, ivo vakatendeukira kumuzvarirwo mummization, yakaburitswa mumhoteredzo.
Amai, vakaputirwa mujira rayo uye munzvimbo yefetus, vakaiswa mudengu reshinda rine zvinhu zvakatevedzana, zvichiratidza pfungwa yeParacas youpenyu pashure porufu. Zvipfeko, zvipfuramabwe, machira, pamwe chete nehari dzine tsanga dzenzungu, hura dzechibage, nezvimwewo.
Iyo yose yakanyatsofukidzwa nenhamba, kwete nguva dzose yakafanana, yemagumbeze kana machira emhando yakasiyana; pasuru yakaumbwa kudaro inonzi funerary package. Iyo jasi riri padyo nemuviri wemummy kazhinji ndiro rakatetepa, rakarukwa nemifananidzo inomiririra nyika yeParacas mythology.
Iwo asara akaturikidzana ndeemhando yakaderera. Mamwe mapakeji emariro akaputirwa mune anosvika gumi kana gumi nerimwe, uye pasina mubvunzo ndeenhengo dzemapoka anotonga.
textiles
Makuva anowanikwa muCerro Colorado ("Caverns of Paracas") ndiyo sosi huru kubva kwakawanikwa samples dzemachira art yeParacas. Izvo zvakagadzirwa nekotoni (chena uye yakasviba yakasviba) uye camelid wool. Mukuwedzera, bvudzi revanhu uye mashizha emiti zvakashandiswa.
Shinda dzacho dzinodhayiwa nezvinhu zvemavara akasiyana. Vakadhayawo machira mushure mekunge agadzirwa. Imwe nzira yekushongedza yaive yekushongedza, kunyangwe izvi zvakaitwa zvakanyanya uye nemhedzisiro yakanakisa muParacas-Necropolis.
Kana zviri zvekushongedza zvimiro, zvinomiririra zvisikwa zvengano uye zvekufananidzira motifs, kazhinji neyakaomarara maumbirwo ejometri, asi ese akagadzirwa nehukuru hwehunyanzvi.
Kunyanya, imwe nhamba inogara ichidzokororwa: iyo inonzi Yakavanzika, inomiririrwa pamuviri wose kana chete pamusoro wake. Iine maziso emusango, muromo weshiri, uye muviri wakafukidzwa nezviratidzo izvo dzimwe nguva zvinomira uye zvinova mhenyu.
Asi pasina panikiro, majasi akaisvonaka zvikuru kana kuti machira anowirirana neParacas-Necropolis, kunyange zvazvo muzvokwadi iwo akagadzirwa netsika yeTopará.
Cerámica
Paracas pottery ine chimiro chakasiyana uye chinoratidzika, icho chinodzokororwa kunze kweParacas peninsula, munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana pakati pemipata yeChincha kuchamhembe uye Río Grande (Palpa) mupata kumaodzanyemba.
Kune Ica Valley, iyo yakareba ceramic cheni yakasimbiswa, iyo inotanga munguva dzeParacas isati yasvika uye inopera pakutanga kwetsika yeNazca, inozivikanwa seOcucaje maitiro, ayo ane zvikamu gumi. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti iyi ceramic kutevedzana ndiyo yakanyanya kuzara yeAndean Formative.
Makeramiki ehutsika iyi ane maitiro akasiyana kwazvo: midziyo, makapu, mahwendefa, pamwe chete nemabhodhoro eglobular uye midziyo ine maviri vertical spouts akabatanidzwa nemutsipa webhiriji. Vamwe vane sculptural chimiro, kuratidza miviri yevanhu yakafanana nemapanga eChancay tsika.
Kana iri hunyanzvi hwekushongedza, hwakanga hwakaita seizvi: zviverengero zvakatanga kuganhurwa nemitsetse yakachekwa angular, yakadhirowewa ivhu richiri kunyorova. Mushure mokupisa ivhu, kusvibiswa kwakaitwa, iyo pendi ine resinous yakashandiswa.
Mavara makuru aishandiswa aive dema, dzvuku, girini, yero uye orenji. Nhamba dzinomiririrwa dzinoratidza kuswedera kune unyanzvi hweChavín, kunyanya kumiririra kwechisikwa chemweya chine feline, shiri uye unhu hwevanhu, iyo yakanzi Flying Feline.
Iconography
Iyo iconography yeParacas inomutsa zvinyorwa zve cosmological uye mythological uye panguva imwechete inoreva nyaya dzezvakaitika kare dzakadai sekukunda uye nheyo dzekugara kwevanhu, zviitiko zvakaratidzwa nehondo nemhemberero, umo chibayiro chevanhu chaidzokororwa.
Cranial Trepanations
Pane humbowo hwekuti vakaita maoparesheni, anonzi dehenya trepanations. Pakuita uku, "chiremba" weParacas akashandisa mashizha e obsidian, tumis kana mashizha akaita sekrescent (akagadzirwa nemusanganiswa wegoridhe nesirivha), scalpels, uye tweezers.
Vakashandisawo donje, gauze uye mabhandeji. Dehenya racho rakaboorwa nebadza reobsidian uye bhonzo rakanga rakuvadzwa rakakweshwa kana kuvharwa nebanga, richiita kutenderera kwedenderedzwa kwakapa kuvhura chimiro chedenderedzwa.
Kamwe kurapwa kwakasiyana kwaitwa, kuvhurwa kwakavharwa negoridhe kana matte ndiro (dzungu). Izvi zvakaita kuti kuvhiyiwa kupere pasina dambudziko.
Zvikonzero zvemuitiro uyu zvakakurukurwa zvikuru; Zvinotendwa kuti dzakagadzirwa nechinangwa chekuporesa kuputsika kwemadziro emapfupa akadonha, kuzorodza musoro, uye kurapwa kwechirwere chepfungwa nemashiripiti (zvichida zvaidavirwa kuti kana dehenya ravhurwa, mweya yaizobuda. ). zvakaipa).
Madhehenya akawanda ane zviratidzo zvekudengenyeka anoratidza kuti vanhu vakapukunyuka tsika iyi, nekuda kwekuvapo kwepfupa calluses munzvimbo inoshandiswa, iyo yakafanana iyo inongoumba mumakore mumunhu mupenyu. Pasina panikiro hapana akafungidzira izvo Paracas yaigona kuita.
Kunyange zvakawanda zveParacas Culture
Yakagadziriswa seyakatangira yeNazcas, tsika yeParacas inozivikanwa nehunyanzvi hwayo hwemachira, ivhu rayo, kubata kwayo matehenya nemamumi ayo. Yakawanikwa muna 1925 neanochera matongo Julio Tello, yakagadzirwa munharaunda yeParacas yePeru.
Kutonga kwavo kwakasvika kuchamhembe kuCañete Valley uye kumaodzanyemba kuArequipa, kunosanganisira Chincha, Pisco, Ica, Palpa, neRío Grande. Mataundi ePeña Ajahuana, Ánimas Altas neHuaca Rosa ndiwo masara ebudiriro iyi.
Generalities yeParacas tsika
Vaive neruzivo rwakakura rwemaitiro emvura ekusimudzira kurima, kuburikidza nemigero yekudiridza. Imwe nzira yaishandiswa pakudyara iwacha kana kuti minda yakanyura, yaisanganisira kuchera makomba kusvikira yasvika paivhu nyoro raidiwa kuti ririmwe.
Nenzira iyi, vakamira pachena mukurimwa kwedonje, bhinzi nechibage. Saizvozvowo, nokuda kwenzvimbo yavo pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa, vakagadzira kufamba uye, nezvikepe zvinonzi caballitos de totora, vakatora mukana wezviwanikwa zvaipiwa negungwa.
Mugadziriro youbati ushe hwaMwari yehurumende, iri boka redzinza rakanga rine kupatsanurwa kwoukuru munzanga kuva vaprista, vakuru vakuru, uye vanhuwo zvavo. Ikoko kunamatwa kwamwari wemaziso anonzi Kon akatonga, akafunga kuti musiki wechisiko chapose pose.
Nhoroondo pfupi yeParacas tsika
Nhoroondo, dzakashanduka pakati pe700 B.C. C. uye 200 AD, uye maererano nemuongorori wezvokuchera matongo wePeru Julio Tello, tsika iyi ine zvikamu zviviri zvakatevedzana:
Mapako (700-500 BC).
Kuve nguva yekare yerudzi urwu, vaizivikanwa sevarimi, varwi, vechitendero uye vanofara. Vakavaka dzimba mujinga memakomo uye nhare panzvimbo yakati sandara yematombo, inozivikanwa seTajahuana, ingave yaiva guta guru renyika iyi.
Pakati pezvakawanikwa, ceramics ine simba rakasimba reChavín uye zviridzwa zvemimhanzi senge madhiramu nemabhosvo zvinomira pachena. Mukuwedzera, makuva akavezwa muchimiro chemukombe wakapindurwa ane mummies akavigwa, akachengetedzwa zvakakwana uye akaputirwa mumucheka, anomira kunze.
Necropolis (500 BC - 200 AD).
Maererano nezvimwe zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza kuti danho iri nderetsika dzeTopará. Zita rayo rinokonzerwa nekuwanikwa kweguva rakakura rectangular muWari Kayan, rakafanana neguta revakafa.
Pano, zvizvarwa zvepamusoro zvakavigwa, zvakaputirwa nemicheka yakanyatsogadzirwa uye yakashongedzwa nemifananidzo yemhuka kana nyoka, inozivikanwa separacas funerary package. Madziro emakuva acho akanga akagadzirwa nematombo maduku akabatanidzwa nevhu uye matenga ehuarango.
Mushonga uye kuvhiyiwa muParacas tsika
Inofungidzirwa nyanzvi mukupindira kwekuvhiya kurapwa kwekutyoka, hutachiona kana mamota, ivo vakanyanya kuita cranial trepanation. Kuti vaite izvi, vakashandisa mashizha ekoka uye chinwiwa chechibage chakasvibiswa seanesthesia, kurwisana nemarwadzo uye utachiona.
Mukuvhunduka kwekupenga, "chiremba" wedzinza akashandisa obsidian burs, mapanga, scalpels, tweezers, donje uye mabhandeji. Mukuita izvi, dehenya raiboorwa neburi, richikwesha bhonzo rakanga rakuvadzwa kusvika pakavhurwa denderedzwa.
Gomba racho rakabva razadzwa nendiro dzegoridhe, zvichiita kuti kuvhiyiwa kupere pasina dambudziko. Zvitunha zvakawanda zvakawanikwa zvichiroverwa dehenya zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vakapona pachiitiko ichi.
Zvinotendwa kuti tsika iyi yaiitirwa kurapa kutyoka kana kuregeredza kwemadziro emapfupa akaitika muhondo. Uyewo kubvisa migraines kana kurapa zvirwere zvepfungwa kuburikidza nemashiripiti maitiro, kuitira kuti kana dehenya ravhurwa, mweya yakakonzera kukanganisa inobuda.
Zviratidzo zveParacas tsika
Pakati pezvinonyanya kuratidzwa zveParacas tsika ndezvi:
Textile
Nekuzivikanwa kuri pachena mukugadzira machira, vanogadzira zvinhu zvepamusoro-soro senge alpacas, vicuña wool uye minhenga ine mavara mazhinji. Zvingave ivo vanogadzira nejometri mapatani, mhuka kana anthropomorphic manhamba uye yakanakisa ruvara musanganiswa. Kunyangwe iyo jasi iri chokwadi iro rinonyanya kuumbwa, rakagadzirwa nechidimbu chimwe chete rectangular, ivo vaipfekwa mumusoro semantilla kana semasumbu emariro. Anenge ese machira muParacas aitsanangurwa nemaitiro maviri:
Linear, pajira repagadziko, vaishandisa mavara mana akarukwa mumutsara wakatwasuka uye mutsetse wakakomberedzwa nemabhandi akarukwa. Mabhuroki emavara, ane hunhu hwemadiki akakomberedzwa uye akadzokororwa emifananidzo motifs mumisanganiswa akasiyana ane akaoneswa kupera.
Ceramic
Kana iri ceramic art, inosiyaniswa nekushongedza kwepolychrome yakaoma uye inomiririra yechitendero. Chimwe chinhu chakachinja muchikamu chenecropolis cheParacas, apo chimiro chepamusoro chaive monochrome, chakatemwa nekushandiswa kwekrimu kana mavara matema. Maumbirwo acho aiwanzova oval ane mapoinzi mapfupi maviri uye akabatanidzwa nemubato webhiriji.
Unyanzvi uye umhizha
Kuwedzera kumidziyo yedhaka, vaiva nemabasa emaoko anoshamisa, akadai sematanda ematombo, mapanga e<em>obsidian, mabhodhoro egourd shell, rattles, shell or bone necklace, uye zvishongo zvegoridhe zvakarohwa nesando.
Tinogona kugumisa kuti tsika yeParacas yakasiya mipiro mukurapa uye mumachira, ayo anogona kuratidzwa nhasi.
Kana wawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe izvi: