Tsika dzekuzvarwa dzeAmerica dzakapa kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera tsika dzakanaka netsika, dzinofanirwa kurangarirwa nekuchengetedza nekufamba kwenguva. Ndizvo zvakaita makore ane chiuru Otomi tsika, kubva kunyika dzeMexico uye kuti munyaya ino ticharondedzera zvakadzama. Usarega kuiverenga!
Otomi tsika
Iyi tsika yechinyakare yenzvimbo dzepakati peMexico inochengeta tsika dzayo netsika dziri mhenyu zvachose, ichitsvaga nzira dzekudzichengetedza nekufamba kwenguva. Vanozivikanwa nokuda kwegastronomy yavo uye zvidhori zvavo zvakanaka zvakagadzirwa nemaoko pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, vakakodzera kufarira nyika yose.
Asi maOtomi ndivanaani? Isu tinoziva saOtomí nharaunda yekare yekuzvarwa iyo inowanzonzi ñähñu kana "avo vanotaura otomi” uye vakagara munyika dzepakati peMexico kwemakore akawanda.
Zvisinei, kwakabva zita rayo kunobatanidzwawo nezwi rechiNahuatl otocac, iyo inoturikira mumutauro wedu se anofamba uye mit, museve. Zvikuru zvine chekuita nekugona kuvhima kwaiitwa nenhengo dzemadhorobha aya uye kunyanya nekuti zvaisanganisira kufamba nzendo refu neuta nemiseve kuti vabate.
Zvisinei, zvakaonekwa kuti shoko rokuti otomitl rakashandiswawo nevaAztec nenzira inogumbura uye yokuzvidza, nokuti inoratidzika kwavari seyakasviba, yakaora mwoyo uye ine usimbe. Shoko iri rinobva muchiNahuatl, pakutanga rakanyorwa otomitl (umwe) uye otomí (uzhinji), mumutauro wedu anosiyaniswa se otomí (umwe) uye otomíes (uzhinji).
nhoroondo yetsika iyi
Iyi tsika, iyo yakatanga kumakore zviuru zvemakore, yakagara munharaunda yeMesoamerican kana basa rekurima ravepo, richikura munzvimbo yose yejogirafi uye ipapo mitauro yakasiyana-siyana uye misiyano yemutauro yakatanga kubuda.
Vakapesvedzera kukura nekusimudzirwa kwevanhu venzvimbo yepakati pemipata neTeotihuacán, kwavakagara kusvika pakudonha kweiyo, vachienda kunzvimbo yeTlaxcala neSierra Madre Oriental. Kusvikira pakusvika kwevaSpanish vaongorori, tsika iyi yakarongwa seizvi:
- Maodzanyemba: muMupata weMezquital neQuerétaro, uko kurudziro yeMesoamerican tsika nenzvimbo yekuchamhembe yakamira.
- Maodzanyemba : iri muNyika yeMexico, kwavakagamuchira tsika dzeMesoamerican.
Vazhinji vanoti Otomi naOlmec vaive nharaunda imwechete, iyo yakazopatsanurwa mumapoka akasiyana ane mitauro yakasiyana, semuenzaniso, Otoponics, Mixtecs, Popolocas, Amuzga, Zapotecs, Chinantecs uye Chiapaneca-Mangue.
Tsika idzi dzakaita kuti dzive dzakazotevera dzakaita seMazahua, Tlatilca, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Cuicuilca, Chichimeca, Pame, Matlatzinca, Triqui neTlahuica. Mukuita kwekukunda uye kukoloni, semamwe madzinza, vaidzorwa nevaSpanish, kunyanya kuburikidza nenheyo yemamishinari uye kutendeuka kwavo kuchitendero chechiKristu, chaiitwa nemamongi emamishinari.
Mazhinji enharaunda akatarisana nekurwiswa kwevaSpain uye mabatiro azvakaita pamararamiro avo, vakaedza kutamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenharaunda, seGuanajuato neQuerétaro.
Nharaunda
Vaive nharaunda dzakapararira munharaunda yeMexico uye kuti panguva yekusvika kwevapambi vekuEurope vakatora nzvimbo idzi dzinogoneka:
- Nzuhni Valley (Toluca)
- Madenxi Province (Xilotepec)
- Mamehny (Tula)
- Sierra of the Crosses (Kuauhtlalpan)
- Texcoco, Tlacopan (Tacuba)
- Atlakuuiuayan (Tacubaya)
- Koyoakan, Axochko (Ajusco)
- Teocalhueyakan (Tlalnepantla)
- Teotlalpan
- 'Batha' Bot'ähi (Mupata weMesquital)
- Metztitlan
- The Huaxteka
- Sierra yePuebla
- akolhuacan
- tlaxkallan
- Batha Puebla
- michoakan
- kouixko
- Guanajuato
- Kolyma
- Kuliakan.
Parizvino, boka rerudzi rweOtomí, vashoma zvikuru muhuwandu kupfuura kare, rinogara mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzematunhu anotevera erudzi rweMexico: State of Mexico, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz neTlaxcala. Mudunhu reGuanajuato mune dzimwe nharaunda dziri dzerudzi, asi hadzigoverane mutauro mumwechete.
Dzimwe nharaunda dzinotaura Otomi dzakagara munzvimbo yeFederal District, asi izvi zvaive nekuda kwechiitiko chekutama. Saizvozvo, mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika vanogovana nzvimbo nemapoka emadzinza nemapoka akadai saMatlatzincas, Mazahuas, Nahuas neOcuiltecos, vane zvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana mutsika dzavo nekuda kwekugarisana uku.
Parizvino nhamba yevanhu veboka reOtomi nevatauri vemutauro wavo yakaderera zvikuru, zvisinei, kunyange nemazuva ano uye kuchinja kwakapesvedzera tsika dzavo, nzanga uye chitendero, vanoramba vari pedyo netsika dzavo, vachiedza kuzviita. kukunda nekufamba kwenguva.
Zvekuti nharaunda zhinji munzvimbo idzi, kunyangwe vasingataure mutauro uyu, vanozvidaidza kuti Otomi. Kune rimwe divi, kune maseru mune mamwe matunhu ane Otomi nharaunda, nekuda kwechiitiko chekutama. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti parizvino kune vashoma vanopfuura zviuru zana vatauri vemutauro weOtomi.
Mutauro wetsika yeOtomí
Mutauro wenharaunda idzi ndiOtomí, unoumbwa nemitauro inokwana gumi yakasiyana, nokuti nokuda kwechiitiko chokutama, mutauro weOtomanguean wakasiyana pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana. Matauriro anozivikanwa zvikuru ndiwo matauriro eTexcatepec, Huehuetla neTenango.
Parizvino kune vatauri veOtomí mumatunhu masere eMexico; Guanajuato, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, Michoacán, Tlaxcala neMexico. Kuzviwana pachayo panjodzi yekunyangarika, zvisinei, kune dzakawanda zvirongwa zvinoedza kuinunura uye kukurudzira kudzidza kwayo nekudzidza.
Hunhu hweOtomi tsika
Tsika dzechivanhu kazhinji dzine hunhu hwakanyanya uye imwe runako inodziita dzakasiyana uye dzinonakidza mumeso enyika. Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvinozvisiyanisa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, kunyange kana vachigovana nzvimbo imwechete yenzvimbo, iyi ndiyo nyaya yetsika yeOtomí.
Kufanana netsika dzese dzechiAborigine, tsika dzavo dzakatenderedza maonero avo enyika, zvitendero zvavo zvechitendero uye chinzvimbo chemunhu maererano navo. Zvose zvine chokuita nemhemberero dzayo, zvipfeko, sangano remagariro evanhu uye zviitiko zvehupfumi zvakabatana zvikuru nenyika yemweya uye inotiratidza kuti yakasiyana sei.
Kutsanangura tsika yeOtomí mukuzara kwayo kwakaoma, zvisinei isu tinopa pfupiso pfupi yeakanyanya uye akakosha maitiro eiyi tsika yekare:
Housing
Imba iyo mhuri yeOtomi inogara munguva dzekare yakavakwa nemashizha maguey, akazvininipisa zvikuru uye maduku, ane masvingo akaderera asina mahwindo, asi gonhi rekupinda.
Akaita rectangular muchimiro uye aine nzvimbo diki kwazvo, aive ari kure kure uye akavharidzirwa pakati pezvisikwa. Parizvino ivo vachiri misha yakazvininipisa, asi ine zvakawanda zvinogadziriswa, kunyanya maererano nezvinhu, maitiro ekuvaka, chimiro, nzvimbo uye kugovera.
Kuwedzera kwemaguta uye zvemazuva ano, neimwe nzira, zvakakonzera uye zvakamanikidza vanhu veOtomi kuti vaite shanduko dzakawanda mumararamiro avo, kunyanya mukuvakwa kwedzimba dzine nzvimbo shoma shoma, dzakasununguka uye dzakasimba, kunyange zvazvo dzakazvininipisa zvakaenzana.
Kana pane chimwe chinhu chisina kuchinja hupenyu munharaunda yeOtomi, ihwo hurombo huri kukura hwakavatambudza kwenguva yakareba uye kuti sezviri pachena hapana ane simba rekugadzirisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu ane chido chekutendeuka uye kuona. Nharaunda dzeOtomi dziri kuita diki, sezvinodiwa, pamwe nekukwezva kwemaguta akadai sePuebla, Toluca, Mexico City neSantiago de Querétaro, vakakurudzira kutamiswa kwevagari vazhinji veOtomi kwakabva kwavari, vachitsvaga mhando iri nani. hupenyu hwose.
mapfekero chaiwo
Zvipfeko zvavo zvinovasiyanisa kubva kune rimwe dzinza chero ripi zvaro, izvi zvakajairika pakati petsika dzechivanhu dzakasiyana dzekondinendi yedu. Zvipfeko zvevanhu veOtomí zvakanyatsoenderana nenzira yavo yekuona uye kunzwisisa zvinhu zvose zvakavapoteredza uye zvakasikwa pachazvo, zvisinei, nhasi zvinoonekwa kuti zvakakonzerwa neimwe nzira nekudyidzana kwenyika uye teknolojia.
Kunyange zvakadaro, nharaunda dzakawanda dzeOtomi dzichiri kushandisa zvipfeko zvavo zvechinyakare nekudada uye kazhinji, kunyange kusimudzira kushandiswa kwayo pakati pevamwe vanhu vazhinji, avo vasiri hazvo chikamu chenharaunda idzi.
Vakadzi vetsika yeOtomí vanowanzopfeka siketi, iyo pakati pavo inozivikanwa se chigunwe, kureba, kufara uye rima. Inowanzo gadzirwa neshinda nhema, yepepuru kana yebhuruu, izvi zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yavanogara, hainawo kushaikwa parima remvere dzemakwai, mimwe mitsetse yeruvara rwakajeka seorenji neyero.
Shati chena ine maoko mapfupi uye embroidery inofadza, pamwe chete nequechquémitl kana poncho inopedzisa chipfeko ichi. Zvipfeko zvinogona kuva nemafungiro echisikigo, angave maruva kana mhuka, nhamba dzejometri uye musanganiswa wezvose.
Zvese zvidimbu izvi zvinowanzo gadzirwa nemaoko, nemidziyo yakafanana nedunhu senge donje nemvere. Mazuva ano, kuwedzera kune machira aya, zvinokwanisika kuwana zvidimbu zvakagadzirwa mu artisela kana rayon thread. Vamwe vakadzi vanobva kumapoka akasiyana eOtomi vanowedzera zvipfeko zvavo nemidziyo, ngowani dzemashanga, maruva kana ribhoni.
Varume, kune rumwe rutivi, vanopfeka hembe dzakarukwa, kazhinji kumberi nepamaoko, uye vobatanidza nejasi rine mavara. Zvakajairika pakati pavo kupfeka ngowani yemashanga kana kuti zvishoma uye zvishoma kushandiswa pochtli, iyo inosanganisira kucheka vhudzi rose kunze kwekuvhara kwenguva refu munzvimbo ye nape yemutsipa.
millenary gastronomy
MuMexico, Otomí gastronomy inozivikanwa kwazvo, nekuti yakasarudzika. Ivo vane mukurumbira nekutora mukana wezvizhinji zvemaruva nemhuka dzematunhu avo, kazhinji nzvimbo dzakaoma pakati penyika. Kuve nharaunda yakazvininipisa, chinangwa chikuru cheOtomi chikafu ndechekuchengetedza hutano uye kuporesa zvirwere, kunze kwekusimbisa hukama pakati pemitezo yemhuri nenharaunda.
Zvinoda kuziva zvinosanganisa, izvo zvepasirese zvingave zvisinganzwisisike, zvinoumba zvakakosha uye zvakakosha zvinhu mumabikirwo avo anotangira kare, pamwe nenzira dzekuzvigadzirira. Tsika dzeOtomí dzave nechibage sechinhu chikuru chekudya kubva kare, sezvakaitika kune dzimwe nharaunda dzakawanda dzechivanhu munyika dzeMexico.
MaAborigines aya anodzidzira kuvhima nekuunganidza makonye nemazai ezvipembenene zvinokambaira uye zvinogara mumiti, mhuka dzinoyamwisa, shiri, michero, maruva, mashizha, nyemba nemiriwo. Zvakajairika kudya zvinomera zvakaita sequelite, garambullo, mezcal ruva kana golumbo, izvo zvinowanzova chikamu chezviyo, zvidya uye zvakakangwa.
Iko kicheni mutsika yeOtomi itsika, ihuzivi uye kubatana, nzvimbo uye chinhu chinobvumira kusimbisa midzi yaro uye rudo rwekare, ikozvino uye remangwana.
Zvimwe zvezvikafu zveOtomi zvine mukurumbira ndeizvi: the phaxy, the ndho, the ximbo, the tamales, the mole nemhodzi dzenhanga uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvisinganzwisisike senge chicharras mumashizha eavocado uye walnut cream, nopal cake, ruva realoe vera. ne shrimp, barbecued coyote kana skunk yakazadzwa netumbuyu. Chokwadi, kudya kwakanaka kunofanira kuperekedzwa nechinwiwa chakanaka, kwavari mead nepulque zvaipfuura zvitsvene.
tsika nemhemberero
Tsika uye tsika mutsika yeOtomí dzine basa rinotungamirira uye rakanyatsobatanidzwa nekutenda kwavo kwechitendero, maonero avo ezvisikwa zvose uye nyika, zvakatipoteredza uye zvisikwa, pamwe chete nenzvimbo yekugara kwavanogara.
Mhemberero dzose nemhemberero dzine chekuita nezviitiko zvemusikirwo uye mabhenefiti avanopa vanhu nerupo, kunze kwekukudza ruzhinji rwavo rwevamwari uye kubhadhara mutero kumadzitateguru avo nemadzitateguru, vachigara vachinyengeterera zvizvarwa zviripo uye mukana wekuenderera mberi. kupfuuridza nguva.
Mugore rose kune mitambo yakasiyana-siyana, mhemberero nemitambo, yakawanda inosanganiswa nemvura, iyo inomiririra imwe yepfuma huru kune iyi tsika. Zvimwe zvakanangidzirwa pakunamatwa kwemushakabvu uye gamba uye simba reOtomi.
Mhemberero dzechitendero dzinowanzoitwa mumachapel kana kuti nzvimbo dzakatsaurwa kwechinguva kuti dziite tsika yacho. Mitambo yose iyi netsika dzine sechinangwa chayo chikuru chokupemberera, kunamata uye kukudza, ichi chiri chikamu chechimiro cheOtomi, mararamiro uye kuva, yeavo vanoumba iyi tsika yekare.
Kune Otomi, kupemberera inzira yekutenda nyika uye vanamwari nekuda kwavo uye nzira yekuratidza kudada nemabviro avo, nhoroondo uye simba.
Mamwe emhemberero dzakasarudzika uye dzinozivikanwa kwazvo dzetsika yeOtomí ndeiyi: Zuva Revakafa, Carnival uye matambiro ekare-kare nekutamba seNegritos, Acatlaxquis, Moros uye Matachines, nezvimwe.
Kunyange nokufamba kwenguva uye kuchinja kunoitika sezviri pachena, nzanga idzi dzichiri kukoshesa zvikuru tsika netsika dzadzo, sezvo chikamu chikuru chenhengo dzenzanga isinganeti pasinei nebasa rakaoma rokuchengeta zvavanotenda. , chinamato, tsika nemagariro zvipenyu.mutauro.
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