Iyo jaguar, mvura, chibage kana dhiragoni chikamu chezvikamu zvekutanga zvinomiririra olmec vamwari. Nerubatsiro rwechinyorwa ichi iwe uchaona kuti masimba avo ndeapi, basa ravanoita munharaunda uye maitiro avanowanzo kudzivirira vadikani vavo. Tsvaga imwe neimwe pazasi.
Ndivanaani vaiva maOlmec?
Ndivo tsika dzevagari veMesoamerica. Chizvarwa chekare cheMesoamerican chakapa nzanga yavari kugara nhasi nehunhu hukuru. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, maOlmec anoremekedzwa nevavakidzani vavo sevanoziva zvikuru cosmogony, masimba makuru uye zviratidzo. Iyi tsika ndiyo mudzi wevaMayans neAztec kuti vawedzere ruzivo rwavo gare gare.
Inogona kutorwa sevekutanga vagari veAmerica, kunzwisisa iyo nhanho yenguva 1.200 BC-400 BC Universal nhoroondo inosimbisa kuti ndivo vekutanga vagari venguva yepre-Columbian. Kuti unzwisise kuumbwa kwayo zvakadzama, zvakakosha kutaura mamwe maitiro ayo:
- Vakagadzira mutambo webhora. Kupfuura kuve chinhu chinonakidza chine simba, itsika yetsika yevamwari. Panzvimbo pokunzi nhandare, inzvimbo yemhemberero.
- Basa rekutanga rehupfumi kurima, nekuti rinosanganisira vakasiyana vamwari veOlmec mukukura kwezvirimwa.
- Semutemo wega wega, vatungamiriri vemapoka vanoonekwa sevashaman kana vatongi.
- Mhuka dzine basa guru mutsika dzadzo, dzichiva chibatanidzo pakati pevanhu navamwari.
- Misoro mikuru inovanza chakavanzika chinonakidza: ingangove misoro yaive yeva shaman kubva mudunhu.
Hunhu hwechitendero chako
Hakuna mashoko akakura okutsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu echitendero ichi. Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, hupenyu hwemagariro eOlmecs hwakamiririra mubvunzo wemubvunzo, nokuti vatsvakurudzi vakaunganidza humwe uchapupu huchangobva kuitika pamusoro pemitambo yavo kana mararamiro avo pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwechitendero. Mumakore achangopfuura, uchapupu hwokuvapo kwayo hwave husingarambiki.
Pakuongororwa kwehunhu uhu, zvisaririra zvezvivakwa zvezvivakwa zvakaverengerwa pamwe chete nekudzidza kwezvivezwa. Muchiitiko ichi, pakanga pane kuvhiringidzika kwekubva kune zvinhu izvi, nokuti vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanoti ivo vanobva kune dzimwe nyika uye vamwe, kuti vaiva vevagari veMesoamerica. Izvi ndezvimwe zvezvimiro zvayo:
- Hunhu hwevazhinji pakati pevagari vemo. Vaiva nemanyuko asingaperi okudavira vamwari vavaiti vane simba. Kuvapo muvanamwari veOlmec kwakasiyana-siyana zvekuti zvidzidzo hazvina kutaura zvakakwana. Vagari vayo vaitenda mumasangano akasiyana-siyana ane simba guru aimiririra chiratidzo chavo chinodzivirira.
- mwari wega wega ndiye mudziviriri wechimwe chinhu muMesoamerican tsika. Somuenzaniso, mumwe mwari akarongerwa kutarisira mhuka, vamwe zvirimwa, uye pakupedzisira nokuda kwavanhu.
- Mhuka inofarira yebudiriro yeOlmec ndiyo jaguar, nekuda kwemufananidzo wayo unoyevedza.
- Madzimambo chete ane hafu yevanhu nehafu yemhuka.
- Simba guru reMadzimambo ichokwadi. Vanofarikanya rudzidziso sembiru inokosha mumufambiro wavo.
- Mashaman ane mabasa ekudzora dhorobha. Kuseri kweMadzimambo, inochengetedza humwe hutongi, hune hugari hunofanirwa kuremekedzwa.
- Kushanyira makomo inyaya yemweya. Ndiyo nzvimbo inoganhura denga nenyika.
- Kune maOlmecs, zvese zvakavatenderedza zvinosanganisira chipenyu: miti, zvirimwa, kana nzizi zvine hupenyu hwavo.
Zviri Vamwari veOlmec?
Chitendero chimwe chezvinhu zviri chikamu chevanhu. Vakasununguka kuda vamwari vapi navapi vavanofunga kuti vane simba. Idi chairo kuva nechokuita naMwari anokwanisa kuporesa maronda edu kana kuti kupa mipiro inodiwa nechinangwa chokunamata. Uyewo, pane Vanamwari veToltecs zvinokosheswa nevanhu sevanhu vakuru, vanokwanisa kutonga zvinozoitika.
Jaguar Mwari
Zvakakosha kutanga nehumwari uhu nekuda kwekukosha kwechimiro chejaguar mukati metsika. Inozivikanwa seEk Balam, nyeredzi nhema kana zuva dema. Izvo zvine hukama kune ese zviitiko zvehusiku, pasi pekuonekwa kwezuva nekubatanidzwa kwehusiku kuvhura vault inobatanidza nepasi.
Madzimambo ese nemashaman ekare aisungirwa kupa mutero kune iyi feline yekuvapo kukuru. Pakati pevamwari vese veOlmec, ndiye chinongedzo chemhuka ine hutsinye muAmerica yakabatana kune zvakasikwa pachayo. Iine totemic connotation, ndiko kuti, inobatanidza zvinhu zvose zvechisikigo nechitarisiko chejaguar murume ane ushingi hukuru.
Anobatanidzwa nenyoka yemumvura seyokutanga kumiririra mvura pakusikwa kwenyika. Kubva pano zvichienda mberi, nyoka yejaguar inosimbiswa seyakafanana nekubereka uye kuberekwa. Iyo aesthetics yeiyi jaguar inosimudzira, nerunako rukuru, chiri chikonzero cherukudzo kune avo vese vanotungamira kubhadhara mutero. Kubva pane physiognomy yake, zvinotevera zvinofanirwa kusimbiswa:
- Maziso ebrown.
- musoro mukuru
- Mazino anobuda.
- Muromo wepamusoro wakakora zvishoma pane wepasi.
Imwe neimwe ngano yevamwari veOlmec inoratidza muitiro wenhoroondo yepasirese uye yenzvimbo yeMexico pachayo. Sezviri pachena mwari weJaguar anozvarwa kubva muhukama hwenyama pakati pemukadzi nejaguar. Kubva panguva iyi varume vejaguar vakazvarwa. Nechikonzero ichi, mabviro eOlmecs anocherechedzwa nemuenzaniso wekuve neropa rejaguar richimhanya nemutsinga dzavo.
Dragoni Mwari
Iyo ine zera rakafanana nejaguar uye kune kunyange inomiririra yakada kufanana neiyo silhouette. Inozivikanwa se "Monster of the Earth", inopa akati wandei muchimiro chezvivezwa zviri chikamu cheuchapupu hwenhoroondo yekuonekwa kwayo. Chiito chekuveza dhiragoni chakazvarirwa chinangwa chekunamata, kusvikira chaendeswa kumahwendefa kana zvidhori zviduku zvakachengetwa sezvisaririra zvinoshamisa.
Ifananidziro yokufungidzira yedhiragoni. nekuda kwekubatana kunoshamisa pakati penyoka, shiri nejaguar. Zvinowanzoitika kuti mamwe maOlmec maartist airatidza mwari aine humwe hunhu hwekumisikidza kusawirirana pakati pechisikwa / munhu.
Physiognomy yake inosimbisa ruvara uye chimiro chetsiye dzake, nekuti inoratidza kuvepo kwemoto. Iri zita retsiye idzi pasi petsika ndi "flamigera" nekudhirowa kweOlmec muchinjikwa mumaziso echisikwa. Hukuru hwemhino dzayo hwakatanhamara, ine rurimi rwakakamukana muzvikamu zviviri. Chimwe chinobatika kuita kweshato, nekuti muzviitiko chaimo inopfira mazwi, asi pano neapo inokanda makore kubva mumuromo mayo.
Kubva pamakore ayo ekare, zvinogoneka kufunga kuti kuvepo kwayo kwakabatana nekuzvarwa kweMesoamerica sedunhu, pamwe nevekutanga veOlmec vagari. Chokwadi, nharo zhinji dzakasimbisa kuti dhiragoni haisi murondedzero yevamwari veOlmec, neimwe chikamu chinopesana nechinhu ichi.
Nyoka Yeminhenga
Mumutauro weOlmec inoratidzwa seKukulkan. Inomiririrawo mamwe matongo umo vamwe vamwari veOlmec vakaita hupenyu. Parizvino Gulf yeMexico, kuchamhembe kweTabasco nekumaodzanyemba kweVeracruz kune ichi chisikwa chine simba chinobva kuquetzal. Tsika dzeCentral America dzakatarisa kune nyoka semuchengeti wepamusoro pakati pedenga nenyika, sechisikwa chipenyu chine simba guru, zvichienzaniswa nesimba rejaguar.
Nyoka ndiyo mugero unotaurirana nyika yepasi nekudenga, mukuwedzera kubvumidza kuzvarwa kwezvisikwa zvitsva kana kukurudzira kubereka. Aigara achishandisa shiri senhume kupa ruzivo rwakakosha kuvarume veMesoamerica. Nechikonzero ichocho, nzanga yenzvimbo iyi yairemekedza kuvapo kwenyoka iyi panyika.
Vese vanamwari veOlmec vaive nemukwikwidzi mumwechete mukukakavadzana kwesimba. Kunyoka, Tezcatlipoca yaireva kurwisana kwezvido. Panzvimbo pokubetsera zvakanaka kupfurikidza noupenyu nokubereka kwahwo, akasarudza kutsigira rima nerima. Huitzilopochtli zvakare mumwe mukwikwidzi nekuda kwesimba rake remukati kufambisa hondo nekuparadza.
mwari wechibage
Pakati pevamwari veOlmec vari mubvunzo, chiremera ichi chaive chakanaka kune varume vakanaka. Kuti ape mubayiro basa rehuwandu hweMesoamerican, akaropafadza nharaunda dzese nekugadzirwa kwechibage kuti vazvidye. Iyo haina hunhu hwakasimbiswa, saka, kuidaidza kuti murume kana mukadzi ndeyechokwadi mukutarisana nekusaziva kwekuongorora bonde rayo.
Chibage chakaoma ndicho chinomiririra mwari uyu. Ndicho chikafu chaakapa mubayiro mabasa akanaka eOlmecs. Aigara achivimbisa chikafu chenharaunda yake yese, kusvika pakutsigira varimi mukudyara kwavo / kukohwa. Chengetedza pasi kubva kune zvakaipa zvese kana vamwari vane ngozi vanoedza kupindira mukushanda kwezvakanaka.
Ngano dzeAztec dzinotaura kuti kuberekwa kwamwari uyu kwakakurumidza zvikuru. Payakangouya panyika, yakavanda pasi pevhu kusvikira yashanduka kuita zvinhu zvese zvepasi pevhu zvakaita sechikafu kana ivhu. Mushure mekufa kwake, vamwe vese vakapararira pasi pevhu, kuti vafarire kurimwa kwechibage munzvimbo yese yeMesoamerican.
Cotton yakazvarwa kubva mubvudzi rake, sekudurura kwaakaita mhodzi dzakawanda kuburikidza nematehwe echiso chake. Chikamu chese cheunhu hwake chakashandurwa kuita chinhu chinobatsira vanhu kana chikafu chinoyera kugutsa nzara yake. Zvechokwadi, vanhu veOlmec, vanoonga kupfuura zvose, vanowanzokudza nenziyo uye tsika dzekudana kuwanda, mufaro wenyika uye kusimbiswa kwezvirimwa.
Nzira yakanaka yekuratidza kutenda makomborero akagamuchirwa kubva kuna mwari uyu ndeyekuendesa hura dzechibage dzakawanda kuTembere yeChicomecóatl. Nekuita izvi, moyo wako wechibage uchaparadzira mbeu zhinji pavhu rakaoma kuti ugadzire chikafu ichi.
Mwari wemvura
Pane imwe nguva iwe unenge wanzwa zita reTlaloc munhoroondo yeMexico uye muCentral America pachayo. Ndimwari ane simba zvikuru ane simba rakazara rokutarisira mvura pamadiro. Zvinganzi ndezvawo vamwari veaztec nokuti aivapo munharaunda yakadai aine tsika mukukudzwa kwake.
Account mukuchengetedzwa kwechibage. Kana paiva nemadutu anokuvadza kuminda, Tlaloc akashandisa simba rake kudzinga mvura yakaipa iyo yaizoparadza basa duku rinokudzwa revarume. Izvo zvakati, kuvapo kwevamwari veOlmec kurova kururamisira uye magariro enharaunda idzi.
Simba rayo rakafanana nerekutinhira kana kuti mheni. Kana agumburwa, haazenguriri kushandisa zvinhu izvi kuratidza hasha dzake. Mune chimwe chiitiko, anoratidzwa samwari ane rupo uye mugoveri wemvura inokosha, pamwe chete negoho rakanaka pasi pano.
Dzora zvinhu zvose zvine chokuita nezviitiko zvechisikigo neunyanzvi hukuru. Kana nyika yakaoma zvakakwana, inofambisa mvura kubva pane imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe kuti idiridze zvirimwa zvinoda mvura kuti zvirarame. Tlaloc akakodzera zvibayiro zvemhuka uye zvevanhu kuti abvise kutsamwa kwake. Zvikasadaro, miitiro yokuzvidira inonyatsooneka namwari, uyo mukutsinhana anopa zvokudya.
Muviri wake unokwevera kutarisiro kumaziso maviri anonyatsooneka ane mazino akaita sejaguar. Muviri waro wakashongedzwa nezvakawanda zvedimikira zvemvura, ine dema, girini uye yero toni. Tsika dzekare dzinosimbisa kuti Tlaloc anoda kuti hukama pakati pevanhu vese hugutsikane mundege yake.
gororo mwari
Munzvimbo dziri kure kwazvo uye muMesoamerica yekare, mwari wegororo anonamatwa semubatanidzwa wezviratidzo zvemashura, maererano nenhoroondo yepre-Hispanic. Varapi vaivimba naye kuti agadzirise matambudziko ehutano pakati pevagari vemo, achitaura kuti dzimwe nguva aionekwa sehafu yemunhu nehafu mweya, mukati menguva dzose muvanamwari veOlmec.
Anonzi god god nekuti ane bhendi riri mune imwe yekona yaanoratidza nayo chiso chake. Rimwe remabhandi riripo mune rimwe remaziso ake. Kona yemiromo yake yakavharwa yakasiyana. Kana uri muviri, unewo rudzi rweasymmetric bhandeji kune musoro wakatsetseka.
Pamusoro pezvipupuriro zvakaunganidzwa samwari ane mutsa nevanhu vake, kune rimwe boka revanyori vezvakaitika kare vanovimbisa mwari wegororo ane masimba erima anoshandiswa kukonzera uipi kuvanhu.
kukohwa munhu
Kunyangwe achisiyaniswa semurume mumazwi ake ekutanga, ndimwari anofambisa wembereko, zvirimwa zvakanaka uye kubatana kwemhuri. Maererano nengano dzeMesoamerican, akanga ari munhu wechisikigo akapira upenyu hwake kuti adyise vanhu vake. Somugumisiro werufu rwake, zvirimwa zvakanga zvoda kuparara zvakakura zvokuti kuunganidza kwacho kwakabereka kudya kwakanaka.
Mukati mengano dzeVeracruz pane murume anonzi Homshuk, akafa nenzira imwechete kuti ave nechokwadi chekudya kunharaunda yake. Zvapupu zvinosimbisa kuti chikafu chakawanda chakamera kubva mumabvi ake kugutsa nzara yeVeracruz. Unoziva here kwakabva vamwari vechiceltic uye masimba ake asingaenzaniswi? Tsvaga zvese zvinoenderana nazvo.
Pakati pezvimwe zvinyorwa, pakusvika kuguva remurume wegoho, mumaawa mashomanana anotevera kuwanda kuchauya kumba, mune imwe neimwe yezvirimwa zvaakagadzira kwenguva yakati. Tsika dzechiQuiché dzinobatanidza kurovererwa kwaJesu Kristu nemunhu wegoho nekuti, nepo mwanakomana waMwari akapa mazwi ake ekupedzisira ekukurudzira, chibage chakamera kubva pasi.