MaToltec aizivikanwa nekuda kwemabasa avo makuru ezvivakwa, kutaura zvazviri zita ravo rinoreva nyanzvi dzekuvaka. Zviyeuchidzo zvaro zvikuru zvinokonzera kuyemura asi Mhemberero Nzvimbo dzeToltec Tsika Vanotorwa sezvishamiso zvenyika yose.
Mhemberero Nzvimbo dzeToltec Tsika
Tsika dzeToltec dzinoenderana nebudiriro kusati kwasvika maSpaniards kubva kuMesoamerica ayo akapotsa atora chikamu chepakati cheMexico yanhasi ingangoita pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi neregumi nembiri shure kwaKristu. Ngano dzevanhu vechiNahuatl dzinotsigira kuti vaToltec ndivo vakasika nyika ndokuvadaidza kuti Vavaki Vakuru. VaAztec kuti vataure hukuru hwavo pamusoro pevamwe vanhu veMesoamerica vaidada vachiti vaive vazukuru veToltec.
Midzi yevanhu veToltec inobva kuvanhu veTolteca-Chichimeca avo, muzana remakore rechipfumbamwe shure kwaKristu, vakatama kubva munzvimbo dzerenje kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kuenda kuCulhuacán muMupata weMexico. VaToltec vakawana kugara kwavo kwekutanga muCulhuacán uye vakazogara muTollan kana Tula, zvinoreva "nzvimbo yetsanga". Guta rakawedzera kusvika pamakiromita gumi nemana emakiromita uye huwandu hwevanhu hwakasiyana pakati pezviuru makumi matatu nezviuru makumi mana vagari.
Toltec architecture pakutanga yaive pasi pesimba reTeotihuacan tsika uye Olmec tsika. Matemberi, mapiramidhi ane matanho, nzvimbo dzekugara uye nzvimbo dzekutamba bhora dzakagadzirwa netsika yeToltec.
Tula
Guta reTollan Xicocotitlan (muNahuatl zvinoreva Guta Guru pedyo neXicuco Hill), rinozivikanwa zviri nani seTula, raiva guta guru retsika dzeToltec. Tula iri makiromita makumi matanhatu neshanu kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweMexico City kumahombekombe erwizi rwezita rimwe chetero. Nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo, Tula yakakurumidza kuve nzvimbo yakakosha mukati menzira yeturquoise, inobva kuchamhembe kwedunhu reMesoamerican uye dunhu reChaco Canyon mudunhu reNew Mexico muUnited States.
Munzvimbo yekuchera matongo yeTula kune akati wandei ezvivakwa zvivakwa zvinomiririra zvakanyanya kushamisa zveguta reTollan Xicocotitlan rinozivikanwa seTula Chico uye Tula Grande.
Kubva kuTula Chico kwaiva kutanga kwekuvandudzwa kweguta reTula. Iyi yekuvaka yakaoma yakatanga munguva yekupedzisira yeClassic, neTula riri guta diki rine nzvimbo yakakura ye6 square kilometres. Iyo yakaoma ine sikweya yakatenderedza iyo inonyanya kukosha zvivako zveboka. Pachikuva chiri kuchamhembe pane zvivakwa zvakakosha zvikuru zvinozivikanwa seEast Pyramid uye West Pyramid.
Izvo zvakasara zvekamuri inotsigirwa nemakoramu akafanana nePalacio Quemado de Tula Grande inogonawo kuonekwa mune iyi yakaoma. Mapuratifomu ese ari maviri akashongedzwa nezviratidziro zvinofanirwa kuenderana nevakuru vakafa muhondo. Muchikamu chechipiri chezviyeuchidzo zvakaonekwa seTula Grande ndiyo inomiririra nzvimbo dzemhemberero dzeToltec tsika yeguta reTollan Xicocotitlan.
Piramidhi yeTlahuizcalpantecuhtli
Iyo Piramidhi yeTlahuizcalpantecuhtli, inozivikanwawo sePiramidhi B, ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzemhemberero dzetsika dzeToltec dzakatsaurirwa kuna mwari Quetzalcóatl, muchengeti weguta reTollan Xicocotitlan. Chimiro chine piramidhi yakaderedzwa papuratifomu pamusoro payo ine mukurumbira pasi rose Tula Atlanteans. Mutemberi iyi mune mufananidzo wamwari Tezcatlipoca, uyo ari mwari wekugovera uye werima, ichi chiri chekaresa chiri pakati pemakomo eMexico.
Iwo mana maAtlantean eTula zvirevo zvevarwi veToltec, ane hunhu hwavo hwese: butterfly-shaped chest protector, atlatl, darts, dhadha redombo uye zvimwe zvombo zveToltec tsika. Turets dzemutemberi dzakaita senyoka dzakashongedzwa nenyoka dzine minhenga dziri nzira yekunamata mwari Quetzalcoatl. Kuseri kweAtlante kune zvirevo zvekusangana kwengano pakati peQuetzalcóatl neTezcatlipoca.
muzinda wakapiswa
Imba yakatsva iyi inozivikanwa zvakare sePiramidhi C kana Chivakwa chetatu. Imba iyi yakapihwa zita iri nekuti inofungidzirwa kuti kune moto mukuru wakaparadza pakati pevagari veTollan Xicocotitlan panguva yekudzikira kwetsika dzeToltec. Zviratidzo zvose zvinoratidza chokwadi chokuti chivako ichi chakashandiswa senzvimbo yekusangana kubata neruzhinji kana nyaya dzehurumende.
Chichen Itza
Chichen Itza ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzekuchera matongo dzeMexico. Inowanikwa paYucatan peninsula. Inoonekwa seimwe yenzvimbo dzezviitiko zvetsika yeToltec, iyo yaakagamuchira pesvedzero yetsika dzakasiyana dzevanhu vakaitora kuburikidza nemazana emakore. Yakazivikanwa seUNESCO World Heritage Site muna 1988.
Temberi yeKukulcán, ine simba kubva kutsika yeToltec iri pachena, yakatumidzwa seimwe yezvishamiso zvinomwe zvemazuva ano, nevhoti yemamiriyoni evanhu vanobva kumativi ose enyika, nechirongwa chega cheNew Open World Corporation, pasina UNESCO kutora chikamu.
Chichén Itzá zvichida yakavakwa mugore ra 455. Guta rakakamurwa neboka rezvivako zvakavambwa pakati pezana remakore rechitanhatu neXNUMX, rinoenderana nenguva yeMayan, uye yechipiri mutsara wezvivako zvakavakwa pakati peXNUMX neXNUMX. zana remakore regumi nerimwe riri reToltec tsika.
MaToltec akapinda muChichen Itza muzana remakore rechi1178 ndokuiita guta ravo guru. Muna 1194 yakakundwa nemauto akabatana ematunhu matatu emaguta: Mayapán, Uxmal neItzmal, achitungamirwa naHunak Keel. Pakazosvika nguva yekukunda kweSpain (pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX), Chichen Itza yakanga yava matongo. Pashure paXNUMX, guta rakanga rava dongo zvachose. Iko hakuna chaiyo data pane zvakakonzera izvi.
The Castle kana Piramidhi yeKukulcán
Temberi iri pakati penzvimbo huru yemaeka makumi mana uye yakakomberedzwa nemadziro makuru ematombo. Piramidhi inoyera mamita makumi maviri nemana uye temberi iri kumusoro kwemamita matanhatu, kureba kwechimwe nechimwe chemativi ayo mamita makumi mashanu neshanu. Rutivi rumwe norumwe rwetemberi rune matanho mapfumbamwe. Kubva kumativi mana kubva pachigadziko kusvika kumusoro kwepiramidhi, kune masitepisi mana akadzika akatariswa kumakadhiinari.
Masitepisi akakomberedzwa nedombo rakagadzirwa nedombo, rinotangira pazasi pemusoro wenyoka richiramba riri muchimiro chemuviri wenyoka yakakombama kusvika pamusoro pepiramidhi. Gore rega rega, munguva yekuvhuvhu uye muchirimo equinox, unogona kuona yakasarudzika show "The Feathered Serpent". Mumvuri wemicheto yakatsikwa yepiramidhi inowira pamatombo ebharustrade. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinoita sekunge Nyoka ine Feathered inouya kuhupenyu uye inokambaira munaKurume uye ichidzika munaGunyana.
Rimwe nerimwe rematanho mana etemberi rine matanho makumi mapfumbamwe nerimwe, uye nhamba yavo yose inosvika mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu neina. Pamwe chete nepuratifomu yepamusoro pamusoro pepiramidhi, iyo inobatanidza masitepisi mana, tinowana nhamba mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu neshanu, nhamba yemazuva mugore rezuva. Mukuwedzera, nhamba yezvikamu kune rumwe rutivi rwetemberi ine chiratidzo, nhanho mapfumbamwe dzepiramidhi dzakakamurwa kuita maviri nemanera, ndiko kuti, gumi nemasere, iyo inopindirana nenhamba yemwedzi mugore rekarenda yeMayan. .
Nzira pfumbamwe dzetemberi dzinoenderana nedenga rimwe nerimwe rinosanganisirwa mungano yeToltec. Iwo makumi mashanu nembiri ematombo akavezwa pamadziro ega ega enzvimbo tsvene anomiririra kutenderera kwekarenda yeToltec. Pamusoro pepiramidhi pane temberi duku ine masuo mana. Zvibayiro zvaiitwa pairi.
Mukati mepiramidhi, iro gonhi guru riri kurutivi rwokumusoro uye rakashongedzwa nembiru mbiri huru muchimiro chenyoka dzinomonyoroka pamusoro pemusoro, pane tembere ine makamuri maviri. Iine mufananidzo wechibairo weChuck-Moll uye Jaguar Chigaro. Mukuwedzera kune basa retemberi, piramidhi zvichida yakashanda sekarenda.
Cenote Tsvene
Iyo Sacred Cenote inozivikanwawo seTsime reVakabatwa, itsime rechisikigo (cenote) muguta rekare reChichen Itza muMexico. Inowanikwa mazana matatu emamita kuchamhembe kwezvivakwa zvikuru zveguta, iyo inoyera Sacbej (nzira) inobatanidza.
Igomba guru rakatenderera rine dhayamita inodarika makumi matanhatu emamita. Madziro ayo akangoti nyangarara, akavakwa kubva pazvikamu zvelimestone, anodonhera pasi mumvura ine rima rakasvibira. Maererano nevaMayans, mwari wemvura Chac aigara mukati metsime. VaMaya vakamuunzira zvibayiro zvevanhu ndokuvakandira pazasi pecenote. Chibayiro chikuru chekupedzisira chinofungidzirwa kuti chakaitika mu cenote manheru ekusvika kwevaSpanish mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Pashure pacho, tsime rakasiiwa ndokufukidzwa nesango.
Temberi yeVarwi
Temberi yeVarwi yakavakwa nevaMayans kumativi egore 1200. Temberi inogadzirisa dhizaini yayo paToltec architecture sezvinoratidzwa nekufanana kwayo neTlahuizcalpantecuhtli temberi, iyo iri muchikamu cheTollan Xicocotitlan kana Tula.
Temberi yeVarwi iri kumabvazuva kweGreat Plaza yeChichen Itza. Iine dimension yemamita makumi mana padivi. Chimiro chayo piramidhi yakaita nhanho ine miviri mina, temberi iri panzvimbo yepamusoro inoumbwa nemakamuri maviri. Mumusuwo wemukova kune maviri giant rattlesnakes, ayo anoshanda sekutsigira kune lintel.
Temberi yeVarwi ine makamuri mazhinji akavharidzirwa anotsigirwa nemakoramu. Iine chivezwa chamwari Chac Mool pamusuwo wetembere. Iyo inewo mazana maviri piers uye mbiru, iyo inozivikanwa seBoka rechuru makoramu.
Heano mamwe malink aunofarira: