Chando izita rinopihwa mvura yechando inodonha kubva kumakore nekuda kwechiitiko chemamiriro ekunze, waiziva here kuti maflakes anoumbwa kana ma ice crystals aungana? Tinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvechando pano.
Chii chinonzi Snow?
Panguva imwecheteyo inozivikanwa semvura yakaomeswa nechando inowira muchimiro chekunaya, the Chando chechando zvatinoona zvichidonha kubva kudenga zvichidzika pasi uye zvinogadzirwa netukristaro tudiki, izvi zvinoitika kana nzvimbo ine tembiricha iri pasi pe0 ° C, iyo kana yasvika pamusoro penyika inovhara nzvimbo yese yainodzika ichishandura kuita. jira jena rakazara uye iro mumaziso emunhu rinoshamisa.
Kufanana nemvura nechimvuramabwe, sinou inobva mumhute yemvura inoumba makore, nenzira yakajeka maumbirwo ayo akasiyana.
Mabviro etymological yeshoko rechando ari nyore kwazvo uye anobva muchiLatin, anobva ku "nix" uye "nivis", iro panguva imwechete rinobva muchiGiriki "nifas" iro rinogona kuve neshanduro imwechete ine chirevo chakasiyana, sechando ichocho chinoumbwa nechando chekristaro chakaunganidzwa muchimiro chemafuta.
Chiitiko chinogadzirwa nekudonha kwechando chinonzi kudonha kwechando, chinowanzoitika munyika dzakawanda dzine tembiricha yakaderera, kana mumwaka wechando apo madhigirii ari pasi pe0 anoramba uye kudonha kwechando kuchiitika.
Kana mazaya echando akasimba kwazvo, anogona kukanganisa zvivakwa zvezvivakwa mumaguta ese uye kuita kuti mabasa ehupenyu hwezuva nezuva aputsike uye izvi zvinogona kukanganiswa, zvisinei nieve Inzira yekukwezva vashanyi nevarapi vemitambo.
Chimwe chezvimiro zvemakristasi anoumba chando ndechekuti ane chitarisiko chakatsemuka, chinova chimiro chejometri chinoumbwa nesymmetrical hexagonal donje flakes, iyo inosvika kwatiri muchimiro chekunaya kwemvura uye inoburitsa inonakidza yekuona maitiro painodonha. .
Kana makore anawo apwanywa nemhute yemvura inowira pasi pe 0° C iyo inogona kuyerwa nerubatsiro rwe zviridzwa zvemamiriro okunze, izvi ndizvo zvinoita kuti sinou iumbe zvishoma nezvishoma.
Dzimwe dzenyika dzine chando dzinoti Moscow, rinova guta guru reRussia, Berlin kuGermany, Vienna kuAustria, Oslo kuNorway, Montreal kuCanada, Paris kuFrance nedzimwe.
Munzvimbo dzakawanda, kuwa kwe nieve Inoshanda sekukwezva kwayo kukuru uye izvo zvinogadzira yakanaka sosi yemari yevashanyi, imwe yenzvimbo idzi inogona kunge iri Pico Bolívar, iri muSierra Nevada ipo pano muVenezuela. Munzvimbo dzine chando chakawanda, dzinotorwa senzvimbo dzaunogona kuita dzakasiyana mitambo yemitambo, senge skiing kana snowboarding.
Pamusoro pezvese izvi, sinou inogadzira nzvimbo inoshamisa uye inonakidza apo vanhu vanogadzira fungidziro yavo, ichando chinokwanisa kukwezva mhuri zhinji uye zvakare inoburitsa purofiti yakakura munzvimbo dzinodonha zvakanyanya. Rimwe basa rine chando nderekuchengetedza mbesa nekupa mwando, zvichiunza goho rakanaka.
Kunyangwe iyo nieve inogona kuunza mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma mukuita mabasa mazhinji, inoitawo kuti nzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze aya dzive sosi yezviwanikwa uye mari inowanikwa, mumaoko emaindasitiri ehunyanzvi uye nehurongwa hwakarongeka husina kudonhedza kushoma uko mari inotiza, kunyangwe ivowo ivowo. inofanira kupa zviitiko zvakachengeteka sezvo nzvimbo dzine chando dzichigona kuva dzinonakidza sezvo dzine ngozi.
Munzvimbo idzi ndokwomuzvarirwo zvikuru kukwanisa kuona mhuri dzinovaraidza, vana vari kunakidzwa nokutamba nokunaya kwechando, zvakadai sokukandirana maflakes kana kugadzira zvidhori zvinotemerwa pasi nokuwanda kwekristaro duku dzeaizi.
La nieve Inogona zvakare kuve nezvakashata zvakawanda, sekuvharira migwagwa, migwagwa mikuru, kana zvakare inogona kukonzera mafungu kana kudonhera kwevhu, kana chando chisiri chakafanana kana nekuda kwechiito cheimwe mafambiro anofarira kutamiswa.
Kune zvakare mhando yechando inogadzirwa, iyo inosanganisira kupfapfaidza mweya wakamanikidzwa uye mvura pamhepo inotonhora yakawanda munzvimbo yatinoda kuifukidza nemaflakes, musanganiswa uyu wemhepo nemvura inotonhora uye kuiswa kwemhepo yakamanikidzwa inofambisa. kusikwa kwemakristasi madiki echando anozovhara pamusoro kana nzvimbo yaunoda kugadzira chando.
Sinou yerudzi urwu ndeyekugadzira uye kuti ikwanise kuiputira inoda mvura yakawanda nesimba, saka inzira inodhura zvakanyanya uye inoda mari yakawanda.
Inogadzirwa sei?
Makristasi madiki emvura yakaomeswa nechando anokura mumhepo kuburikidza nekumisikidzwa kwemadonhwe emvura, kana adhumana, anobatana, achigadzira maflakes, ayo anobva awira pasi pehuremu hwawo. Kuti izvi zviitike, kutsamwa kwekugadzirwa kwechando kunofanira kuva pasi pe zero ° C. Kuumbwa kwechando nechimvuramabwe zvakafanana, mutsauko chete ndeyehasha dzavanoumbwa.
Inoumbwa kana kudziya kwemuchadenga kwakadzikira uye pamusoro peizvi panofanira kunge paine hunyoro munharaunda, mumhepo, kutonhora kwemamiriro ekunze uye makore akawanda, ndokusaka mvura ichinzi chando kana ichioma kana kuoma. Sezvo chando chinodonha, chinounganidza pamusoro uye chinogadzira chifukidzo munzvimbo dzainodzika, chero bedzi kutonhora kwemamiriro ekunze kunogara kuri pasi pe zero degrees, ichagara uye inoramba ichiwedzera.
Painosimuka temberi, the nieve ichatanga nzira yekunyunguduka, kuitira kuti maflakes akwanise kugadzira kutsamwa, zvakatipoteredza zvinofanira kunge zvisingasviki 5 ° C. Zvingave kuti ivo vakaumbwa nekupisa kwepamusoro, zvisinei, iyo inofanirwa nguva dzose kubva kune minus 5 ° C. .
Vanhu vanowanzofananidza kutonhora kwakanyanya nechando, uye chokwadi ndechekuti kazhinji yenguva nieve inotanga kudonha kana kupisa kwesediment kuri pa 9 ° C kana kupfuura, sezvo zvinhu zvakakosha zvisingatariswe, senge nyaya yekunyorova munharaunda, sezvo kunyorova ndicho chinhu chinosarudza kudonha kwemvura yakaomeswa. pane imwe saiti.
Munzvimbo dzakaoma zvikuru, kudonha kwechando hakuzoitiki, pasinei nokuti kutsamwa kwakanyanyisa, semuenzaniso weizvi tinogona kutaura nezveDry Valleys yeAntarctica, uko zvinhu zvose zvakanyungudutswa, asi hapana chando.
Dzimwe nguva kudonha kwechando kunooma, izvi zvinoitika kana maflakes akabatanidzwa nehunyoro mumamiriro ezvinhu anoyambuka nehuwandu hwemhepo yakaoma uye iyo inoshandura chando kuva rudzi rweguruva risina kunamatira chero kupi zvako uye rakanakira mitambo pasi. ice cap
Mafuraki akaiswa mumapoka mushure mekudonha kwechando ane nhamba dzakasiyana, zvichienderana nekuti mafambiro emuchadenga anoitika sei, ndiko kuti, izvi zvichasiyana zvichienderana nekuti kune kunyungudika kwechando, mhepo ine simba, pakati pevamwe.
Snowflake Maumbirwo
Snowflakes kazhinji inoyera ingangoita zvishoma kudarika centimita, zvisinei nekuti huwandu hwavo uye maumbirwo ari pasi pekudziya kwezvakatipoteredza uye rudzi rwechando.
Iwo ice crystal flakes ane zvimiro zvisingaperi: Plates, prisms, hexagonal, kana nyeredzi dzakajairika, izvi ndizvo zvinobvumira yega yega snowflake kuve yakasarudzika, zvisinei nekuti iyo yakazara ine mativi matanhatu. Zvinoenderana nekutsamwa kwakadzika, iyo iri nyore ndeye crystal flake uye idiki muhuwandu.
Mhando
Tinogona kuwana akasiyana prototypes echando, zvichienderana nenzira yaanodonha kana nzira yaanounganidza, pakati pezvatinogona kuwana:
- Frost: Imhando yechando inogadzirwa yakananga pagwagwa, izvi zvinoitika kana tembiricha yenzvimbo iri pasi pe zero uye paine hunyoro hwakawanda, kana izvi zvikaitika mvura iripo pamusoro pevhu inoomesa uye inopa nzira. kusvika pakuumbwa kweFrost.
Mvura inoungana munzvimbo idzi inenge nguva dzose kune mhepo ine simba, iyo inokwana kuendesa mvura kumiti nematombo aripo munzvimbo iyi, kunewo mazhenje makuru ane feathery textures kana encrustations yakasimba inoshanda zvakakwana kune To. fomu a polar landscape akanaka uye akakodzera kutorwa mifananidzo.
- Frost Frost: Kusiyana neyakapfuura, iyi inotsanangura mafomu akajeka, semuenzaniso wemipumburu, mapanga emunondo uye makapu, kukwidziridzwa kweizvi kwakasiyana nechando chazvino, chinoitika kuburikidza neiyo sublimation process.
- upfu chando: Ndiyo inowanzoitika uye yakakurumbira nekuda kweiyo spongy uye yakareruka chimiro. Ndiyo iyo nekuda kwekudziya pakati pemigumo yakasiyana uye axis yegirazi inorasikirwa nekubatana, iyi mhando ndeyemuenzaniso we skiing sezvo inogona kutsvedza nyore pairi.
- chando chegranulated: Rudzi urwu nieve Inogadzirwa nekutenderera kunogara kuchinyunguduka uye kutonhora zvakare munzvimbo dzine hasha dzakaderera asi kune zuva, sinou inogadzira mumakristasi akakora, akatenderera.
- chando chakaora: Inonyanya kuitika munguva apo maruva anotumbuka uye mamiriro ekunze ari pakati, ane hunyoro uye akapfava akaturikidzana asinganyanyi kuenderana, anogona kugadzira kuondomoka kwechando chemvura kana kutama kwendiro uye kunoitika munzvimbo dzinonaya mvura shoma.
- chando chechando: Zvinoitika kana kunze kwemvura yekukandira inoomesa chando zvakare uye ikaita mutsetse wakasimba, imhepo inodziya inobvumira rudzi urwu rwekufungisisa kuti rubve pamusoro pemvura, repercussion yemvura uye zuva.
Kazhinji gumbeze rinogadzirwa rakatetepa kwazvo uye rinotsemuka kana bhutsu kana ski zvichipfuura pamusoro paro, zvisinei, pane dzimwe nguva magumbeze anorara anenge akakora segoko, semuenzaniso kana kuchinaya mvura ichipfuura nemuchando uye. kunoomesa chando, goko iri rine njodzi nekuti rinotsvedza uye rinoitika munzvimbo dzinonaya mvura shoma.
- mahwendefa emhepo: Iro jira rakabatana rechando, ndiro inoumbwa nechando inotakurwa nemhepo, iyo iri kupa mhedzisiro yekuchembera, kuputika, kuisa pfungwa uye kusimba kwemakwenzi ose pamusoro pechando.
Solidification inonyanya kukodzera apo mhepo inopa kupisa kwakawanda, kunyange zvazvo kupisa kunopiwa nemhepo kusina kukwana kunyungudutsa chando, asi kunogona kuisimbisa nekushandura, mazamu aya echando anogona kuputsa kana mashizha ari pasi apa ari kunyanya kuputsika uye ari. iyo nguva inoumba mafungu.
- firnspiegel: Iri ndiro zita rinopihwa kune zvidimbu zvitete zvecrystalline ice inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo zhinji dzine chando, rudzi urwu rwechando runokonzeresa kutaridza kana zuva rarova zvakanangana narwo, gumbeze rinoumbwa kana zuva ranyungudutsa chando pamusoro uye zvobva zvasimba zvakare. Iri gumbeze reaizi rinokonzeresa greenhouse effect iyo yepasi inonyungudika.
- Black ice: Uyu mutsetse mutete weaizi yecrystalline inogadzirwa kana mvura ikagwamba pamusoro pedombo, aizi inoumbwa inotsvedza zvikuru uye inoita mikwiro ine ngozi zvikuru.
- Fusion Hollows: Iwo maburi anogadzirwa nekuda kwekubatana kwechando mune dzimwe nzvimbo uye anogona kuwana kudzika kwakasiyana-siyana, pamicheto yegomba rimwe nerimwe zvikamu zvemvura zvakasvibiswa uye pakati pegomba, mvura yakavharirwa, izvi. zvoita kuti mvura iwande iyo inoita kuti sinou inyunguduke.
- Penitentes: Ndiwo maumbirwo anogadzirwa kana mapeji ekubatanidza achikura zvakanyanya, penitentes ndiwo mbiru dzinoumbwa kubva mukutsinhana kwezvipingamupinyi zvakawanda, mbiru dzakaumbwa dzinotora chikamu chemateru, aya anopikiswa munzvimbo munzvimbo dzine hukuru. saizi, yakakwirira altitudes uye low latitudes.
Idzi dzakanyanya kukudziridzwa munzvimbo dzakaita seAndes neHimalaya, uko dzinogona kusvika kupfuura mita imwe, mbiru dzinowanzorerekera kumaranzi ezuva masikati.
- migero yemvura: Izvi zvinoitika kana nguva yekunyunguduka inotanga, mitsipa yemvura inogadzirwa iyo inokonzera kubuda kwemvura, kuyerera kwechokwadi kwemvura kunoumbwa mukati mechando chechando, mvura inotsvedza mukati mechando chechando uye inopera mumatope.
- Dunes: Madutu anogadzirwa nekufamba kwemhepo pamusoro pemazaya echando, chando chinoomesa uye zvimiro zvinoora zvine maminiti undulations uye zvisizvo zvinogadzirwa.
- Cornice: Macornices matura echando ari pamusoro anoumba njodzi yakakosha, nekuti anorembera achigadzira misa isina kugadzikana iyo inogona kuvharika kana humwe huremu hukaiswa pairi, inogona kungodonhedzwa pasi nemhepo ine simba uye inogona kukonzera mafungu. zvine njodzi kumhuka nevanhu vanopfuura napo.