Hunhu hweNhoroondo yeOtomi

Dzidza mune inotevera chinyorwa zvese zvine chekuita ne Nhoroondo yeOtomi, tsika dzayo, tsika nemaitiro echitendero. IOtomi inoonekwa seimwe yeakakosha uye ari kuwedzera madzinza eMexico enguva dzese.

NHOROONDO YEOTOMÍ

nhoroondo ye Otomi

IOtomi yakaita basa rinokosha munhoroondo yekare uye yekare yeMexico, pasinei nokuti vazhinji vanoedza kuideredza. Boka iri rakanga rabatsira zvikuru mukusimudzirwa kwetsika nemagariro. Muchinyorwa chinotevera tichadzidza zvishoma nezve Nhoroondo yeOtomi.

Munhoroondo yayo yose, Mexico yave iine vanhu vakawanda nemadzinza akasiya chiratidzo chavo panyaya dzetsika nedzakakurumbira. Rimwe remadzinza eMexico ane kuwedzera kukuru uye tsika kusvika kunguva dzedu ndizvo chaizvo Los Otomíes. Kana uchida kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro petsika dzavo, tsika nemagariro, tinokukumbira kuti ugare wakatarisa nyaya inotevera.

Chii chinonzi Otomis?

Usati wadzidza nezvenhoroondo yavo, zvakakosha kutsanangura kuti maOtomies ndivanaani. Iri iboka rekuzvarwa kana huwandu hwevanhu hunotora nzvimbo yakavhiringidzwa mukutarisa kweMexico. Inoenderana nemitauro kune vamwe vanhu vese vanotaura Ottoman, vane vazukuru vakatora neovolcanic rutsigiro kubva kuzviuru zvemakore ekutanga kwechiKristu.

Parizvino boka iri reMexico riri kutora nzvimbo yakakamurwa inobva kuchamhembe kweGuanajuato kuenda kumabvazuva kweMichoacán uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweTlaxcala, zvisinei nekuti nhamba huru yeOtomi nhasi inogara mudunhu reHidalgo, Mexico neQuerétaro. Vane huwandu hukuru hwevagari maererano nekuverenga kwevanhu kunoitwa nemasangano munyika.

National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples muMexico yakaratidza kuti vanhu veOtomí vaiumbwa nevagari vanenge zviuru 646.875 2000 muMexico Republic mugore raXNUMX.

Pakati peavo vangangoita 646 vanhu vaive chikamu chevanhu veOtomi, vashoma vanopfuura hafu vakataura Otomi. Zvakakosha kuratidza kuti mutauro weOtomí unopa huwandu hwepamusoro hwekusiyana-siyana kwemukati, kuitira kuti vagari veimwe yakasiyana-siyana vanowanzova nematambudziko ekufananidza avo vanotaura mumwe mutauro.

NHOROONDO YEOTOMÍ

Nechikonzero ichi, mazita ayo Otomi anozvidaidza nawo anowanzo siyana. Pakati pemazita makuru tinowana:

  • ñätho (Toluca Valley)
  •  hñähñu (Mupata weMezquital)
  • ñäñho (Santiago Mexquititlán kuMaodzanyemba kweQuerétaro)
  • ñ yürü (Northern Sierra of Puebla, Pahuatlán)

Mazita mana aya anongova mamwe emashoko anoshandiswa nevagari verudzi rweOtomí kuzvidana mumitauro yavo, kunyange zvazvo zvakajairika kuti, pavanotaura chiSpanish, vanoshandisa zita rechiOtomí, reNahuatl.

Mumashoko mashomanana tinogona kutaura kuti maOtomies anotsanangurwa sevanhu vemunharaunda iyo ikozvino yakagadzwa munharaunda isingapfuuri pakati peMexico. Iwo chikamu chemhuri dzemitauro yeOtomanguean neOtomí-Pame, mazwi anoshandiswa nevanhu vega-ega zvichienderana nenharaunda yaaigara.

Housing

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuratidza vanhu veLos Otomíes dzimba dzavo dzinoyevedza uye dzakanyanya dzavanogara. Vazhinji vevanhu ava vanogara munzvimbo dzakaita rectangular, dzakamanikana dzinowanzova dzakazvininipisa uye dzemhando yakaderera. Chikamu chakanaka chekugara kweOtomi kwakaderera-kukwira uye kudiki muhukuru.

Dzimba dzeLos Otomíes dzinewo matenga akagadzirwa nemashizha emumaguey, asinganyanyi kupikisa. Sezvakangoitika kune dzimwe dzose dzekugara kwekare kweSpain, dzimba dzeLos Otomíes dzakanga dzisina kureba. Zvivakwa zvakaderera, zvine gonhi rimwe chete uye zvisina mahwindo.

NHOROONDO YEOTOMÍ

Vagari verudzi urwu vanoshandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kugadzira dzimba dzavo. Pakati pezvinhu zvikuru zvavanoshandisa maguey mashizha, tejamanil, adobe uye dombo, matenga edzimba idzi aiwanzogadzirwa nematairi, mashizha, uswa kana makadhibhokisi.

Dzimba idzi dzine makamuri, ayo ainyanya kushandiswa semakamuri ekurara, makamuri, makicheni uye kunyange kuchengeta mhuka dzepapurazi kudzivirira kuchando, kunaya kwemvura nedzimwe mhuka dzesango. Matanho ehutsanana anochengetedzwa mukati medzimba idzi mashoma, kana asina kushomeka.

Zvipfeko

Asi kwete chete dzimba dziri chikamu chetsika yeOtomi, zvipfeko zvinoitawo basa rinokosha mukati metsika yeboka iri kana rudzi. Ngatitange tataura nezvezvipfeko zvinopfekwa nemadzimai emuguta iri. Vakadzi vanoshandisa chincuete yemvere, iyo inenge inogara ine mavara akasviba.

Vanopfekawo bhurauzi rakagadzirwa nemaruva uye mhuka motif dzakarukwa pamutsipa nepamaoko. Vakadzi veOtomíes vanoshandisawo bhanhire rakamendwa kubata zvipfeko zvavo. Zvipfeko zvevakadzi zvinonyanya kushamisa zvichienzaniswa nevarume, izvo zvinowanzova nyore.

Varume vari chikamu chetaundi reLos Otomíes vanga vachichinjira kunzira itsva dzekupfeka, vakatogadzirisa zvipfeko zvavo zvechinyakare kune avo vavanotengesa mumataundi avo. Varume vakuru vanowanzoshandisa shati yakagadzirwa negumbeze rakarukwa, iyo yavanopinda nayo mumapati nekutamba. Embroidery inowanzoitwa pamativi echipfuva uye pane sleeve cuffs.

Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti mapfekero evarume akafanana chaizvo neaya evagari vomunzvimbo yacho. Varume veOtomi havana hanya zvakanyanya nezvezvipfeko zvavo, kupfuura izvo tsika kana tsika inovabvumira. Iye zvino, munyaya yevakadzi, zvipfeko zvinonyanya kushamisa uye vanoedza kutarisira zvose zvese.

NHOROONDO YEOTOMÍ

Kana ari vanhukadzi, vanhu vechikuru ndivo vanowanzova netsika yekushandisa bhurauzi remagumbeze rine mavara akarukwa pamutsipa nepamaoko. Pamusoro pebhurauzi vanowanzopfeka quexquémitl kana kukundikana, rebozo. Zvakakosha kujekesa kuti nzira yekupfeka inogona kupa dzimwe shanduko zvichienderana nenharaunda iyo nharaunda yega yega yeOtomi inogara.

Zvokudya

VaOtomi vaizivikanwawo nenzira yavo yekudya. Havana kudya zvose zvaivapo, asi zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha. Somuenzaniso, zvokudya zvavo zvakanga zvakavakirwa zvikurukuru pachibage. Ichi chinhu chaishandiswa kugadzira ndiro dzakawanda, dzakadai sematortilla, tamales, atoles, pamwe chete nechibage chakabikwa kana chakakangwa.

Kunze kwechibage, maOtomíes anodyawo zvimwe zvirimwa zvemuriwo zvakaita senopales, prickly pear, bhinzi yakakura, manhanga, pizi, bhinzi nepizi. Mumidziyo yayo yakajairika, kuvepo kwemhando dzakasiyana dzechili hakugone kushaikwa, inoonekwa seimwe yezviyo zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya neOtomi mukudya kwavo.

Chikamu chakanaka cheOtomies zvakare chaive netsika yekudya mukaka, nyemba nemafuta emhuka. Panyaya yenyama, zvakakosha kutaura kuti vaingoidya chete pakaitwa zviitiko zvakakosha semapati kana matambiro, uye vakaidyawo mune zvishoma.

Mukati mekudya kweOtomíes, kushandiswa kwemishonga yakadai semote tii, mint kana chamomile kwakajairika. Kunyangwe vasingadye zvakanyanya, vanhu veguta rino vanowanzodyawo mimwe michero yemusango inoshanda semubatsiri kune yavo gastronomy. Kushandiswa kwepulque kwakajairika zvakare.

Sezvatakakwanisa kuona, kudya kweOtomi kune hutano hwakanyanya uye hwakasiyana kubva kune dzimwe nharaunda kana masangano. Ruzhinji rwechikafu chavo chikuru chine chibage chechibage, chimwe chezvinhu zvinowanzogadzirwa munharaunda idzi.

NHOROONDO YEOTOMÍ

Asi madhishi avo egastronomic haana kungotarisa pachibage, kunyangwe chiri chigadzirwa chikuru chekudya kwavo. Muchikafu cheOtomi, zvimwe zvinhu zvinomira pachena, zvakaita sebhinzi, mazai, quelites, quintaniles, malva, cheese uye pane dzimwe nguva dzakakosha, vanowanzodya mapuroteni emhuka sehuku kana nyama yemombe.

Vanoda zvakanyanya kana zvasvika pakudya, asi kana zvasvika kune zvinwiwa zvavanodya, maOtomi anewo zvigadzirwa zvavo. Pakati pemarudzi eOtomi, pane tsika kana tsika yekunwa kofi yakawanda, pamwe chete neatole uye tei, izvo zvavanogadzirira zvichienderana nemishonga yakasiyana-siyana uye pulque.

Kwakatangira uye Nhoroondo

Kune akawanda mavhezheni nezve kwakabva uye nhoroondo yeOtomies. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakawanda vakaisa pfungwa dzavo pakudzidza nezvokushanduka-shanduka kwedzinza iri vanoti maIndia aya ndiwo aiva vanhu vokutanga kugara muMupata weMexico, une Mexico City nhasi, zvisinei kuti vakadzingwa nevaIndia.

VaOtomi vaivewo chikamu chemapoka aivepo muTeotihuacán, aionekwa serimwe remaguta ekare ane simba uye akakura muMexico, yaive muzinda wemarudzi mazhinji panguva iyoyo, uye Tula, kunova kwavakapihwa nyika kuti vaumbe humambo. weXaltocan.kubva kuna King Xolotl (XNUMXth century).

Pakupedzisira, umambo hweOtomi hwakasvika kumagumo muzana remakore rechiXNUMX apo Mexica nemibatanidzwa yavo yakakunda umambo. Panguva iyoyo, vanhu vakanga vari chikamu chevanhu veOtomi vaisungirwa kubhadhara mutero kuvanhu veMexica sezvo umambo hwavo hwakakura.

Nokufamba kwenguva, vanhu veOtomi vakamanikidzwa kutamira kune dzimwe nyika dzisingadikanwi kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba. Zvisinei, kunze kwechokwadi ichocho, mamwe maOtomi akanga achiri pedyo neMexico City, kunyange zvazvo nhamba huru yevaIndia yakagara munzvimbo dziri pedyo neMezquital Valley muHidalgo, nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzePuebla, nzvimbo dziri pakati peTetzcoco neTulancingo, uye kunyange Colima neJalisco.

Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakabvumiranawo kuti Otomi yakaita basa rinokosha mukubudirira kweMexica. VaMexica, avo vaive nzanga yaitonga nzvimbo zhinji dzeMesoamerican panguva yekukunda kweSpain, vakatora tsika netsika dzakawanda kubva kuOtomi.

Nekudaro, veMexica vanofungidzirwa kupisa uye kuyedza kubvisa zvimwe zvinhu zvebudiriro yavo kuitira kuti vakwanise kushandura yakawanda yenhoroondo yavo. Pakanga paine chikwereti neOtomí icho chinotendwa kuti chakadzimwa kubva munhoroondo yeMexico.

Nekuda kwezvikonzero zvese izvo, maOtomi akasarudzwa neMexica sebudiriro yehupenyu hwakaderera uye izvo zvakawanda zvinokanganisa. IOtomi yakatanga kuonekwa seyakaipa, kwete chete nevaMexicas asi kunyange nevakunda veSpain vakasvika munharaunda yeMexico.

Migumisiro yekusanzwisisa uku pamusoro peOtomi yakanga isiri nguva refu kuuya, zvokuti mumakore achangopfuura vana vedzinza iri vakamanikidzwa kuchinja mutauro wavo wekuzvarwa nekuda kwemukurumbira wakagadzirwa neMexica. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti vaOtomi vaigara munzvimbo ine makomo.

Nekuda kwaizvozvo, vagari vemo vakati wandei vaigona kurarama hupenyu hwairatidzika kuva hwakavanakira, kusiyana nevagari veko pedyo neMexico City iyo yaitambudzwa nekukunda kwekukunda. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, dzakawanda zvetsika dzechitendero uye zvitendero zveOtomi zvakachengetwa kubva panguva yepamberi yekukunda.

Izvi zvaive zvakajairika pakati peSierra Ñähñu, uko vamwe vaAugustinian friars muzana remakore rechiXNUMX vakanyora kuti chikamu chakanaka cheOtomi chakachengeta zvitendero zvavo zvechitendero uye zvakanga zvakaoma kubvisa kubva kwavari. Zvakawanda kwazvo mavambo avo muizvi zvitendero zvokuti nhasi mizhinji yemifananidzo yorudzidziso yavaOtomi ichiripo.

NHOROONDO YEOTOMÍ

Nhoroondo yeOtomies inotidzidzisawo kuti chikamu chakanaka chedzinza iri chaigara munharaunda yeTlaxcala. Makanga muri mutaundi iroro umo vakakumbanira mauto omukundi weHernán Cortés weSpain, kuti varwe nevaMexicas, avo pakupedzisira vakakwanisa kukunda.

Kukundwa kweMexicas kwakapa maOtomies mukana wekuwedzera zvakare munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika. Vakaenderera mberi nekuwana guta reQuerétaro, mukuwedzera kune kugara mumaguta akasiyana ehurumende parizvino anozivikanwa seGuanajuato.

VaOtomíe vakashanda pamwe chete nevaSpanish kwenguva refu uye izvo zvakaita kuti nhamba huru yeava maIndia vatendeukire kuchiRoma Katurike, zvisinei, panguva imwe cheteyo vakachengeta tsika dzavo dzekare. Munguva yekoloni, mutauro weOtomí wakapararira kune dzimwe nyika zhinji dzakadai seGuanajuato, Querétaro nedunhu reMezquital Valley.

Dunhu reMezquital Valley raisanganisira matunhu ePuebla, Veracruz, Hidalgo, neToluca Valley pamwe chete neMichoacán neTlaxcala, uko vazhinji vaive varimi. Mumupata weMezquital, iyo yakaorera yakanga isina midziyo yose yekushanda mukurima, nokuti nyika yakanga yakaoma. Nechikonzero ichi, vazhinji vaOtomí vainyanya kufunga sevashandi vemazuva ese uye vanotsamira zvakanyanya pachinwiwa chine maguey, pulque.

Pakutanga, veSpain vakasarudza kurambidza kushandiswa kwechinwiwa, asi vakakurumidza kuedza kutarisira bhizinesi kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwayo, izvo zvakaita kuti Otomi ashandise chinwiwa chete nokuda kwekushandisa kwavo. IOtomi yakaitawo basa rinokosha muHondo yeMexico yeIndependence.

Mukati mehondo iyoyo, vaOtomí vakatsigira chimurenga chacho, zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti vakanga vachirangarira donzo rokuwanazve nyika yavo yakarasika, iyo yakanga yatorerwa pasi pegadziriro yeencomienda. Kunyange zvakadaro, nyika yakapiwa kuvazukuru vevaSpanish vepakutanga vakanga vatora nyika nevanhu veOtomi vakanga vakashanda semaoko anobatsira.

Munguva ya1940-50, zviremera zvaitungamira hurumende zvakavimbisa zvakawanda kunharaunda dzechivanhu, idzo dzakavimbisa kuzobatsira munzvimbo dzakaita sedzidzo nehupfumi, zvisinei, dzakangoramba dziri vimbiso, sezvo vasina kumbobvira vaita. vakazadzisa zvakanga zvavimbiswa.

Vatadza kuona zvipikirwa zvichiitwa, vagari veko vakamanikidzwa kuenderera mberi nekurima uye kushanda sevashandi mukati mehupfumi hwavo hudiki mukati mehupfumi hukuru hwemacapitalist umo vanhu veko vaigona kushandiswa neavo vanotonga.

Haisi chakavanzika kune chero ani zvake kuti kubva pakawana rusununguko rweMexico, zviremera zvenyika iyoyo zvakaramba zvakanamatira kune pre-Hispanic nhoroondo uye nemabasa evaAztec nemaMayans, zvisinei ivo vakasiya vanhu vapenyu veko mukanganwa, saOtomi, avo vasingarangarirwi noukoshi hwakafanana.

Kusvikira makore mashomanana apfuura, maOtomis akanga asina kupindwa zvakakodzera nezviremera. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika kutozosvikira imwe anthropologist ichangotanga kuferefeta mararamiro avo ekare. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hurumende yeMexico yakazvizivisa nyika ine tsika dzakasiyana-siyana iyo inoshanda kubatsira vazhinji vevagari vemo, vakaita seOtomi.

Zvechokwadi chikamu chakanaka chevazukuru vemazuva ano veOtomi vakatanga kutamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo, kuchine chiratidzo chetsika dzavo dzekare dziripo nhasi. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeMexico, dzakadai seGuanajuato neHidalgo, nziyo dzeminyengetero yeOtomí dzinonzwika uye vakuru vanogovera nyaya dzevechiduku vanonzwisisa rurimi rwaamai.

Kupfuura pesvedzero isingarambiki yevanhu veOtomi mutsika nenhoroondo yeMexico, chokwadi ndechekuti kutariswa kushoma kwakabhadharwa kune tsika yeOtomi, kunyanya munzvimbo dzedzidzo, uko kushoma kwazvo iko zvino kutaurwa nezvenhoroondo yayo nekushanduka-shanduka. Nechikonzero ichi, vazhinji vedzinza reOtomi havazive nezvezvinhu zvine chekuita nenhoroondo yavo yetsika.

NHOROONDO YEOTOMÍ

Kamwe vaSpain vasvika munharaunda yeMexico, Otomi akawana mukana mukuru wekuzvisunungura kubva muumambo hweAztec. Yaiva nokuda kwechikonzero ichi kuti chikamu chakanaka chevanhu veOtomi vakapa rubatsiro rwakakwana kune vakunda veSpain, kunyange zvazvo paiva nechikamu chakanga chisingadi kutsigira vakundi.

Otomí ivavo, vakanga vasingadi kutsigira vavariro dzevakundi veSpain, vakadzokera mumakomo, kutama kwakasimbiswa apo denda rechibhokisi rakatanga. Nechekare mukati mezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, kugarwa kwenyika dzavo, kunze kwokugadzwa kwemishoni, kwakakonzera kusagadzikana.

Mushure mekuumbwa kwemakomo aigara maChichimecas, yaive nechinangwa chekumanikidza vanotama-tama kutora maitiro matsva nemararamiro, kubva mukuvhima kuenda kune zvekurima. Mamishinari akaita nhamburiko huru yokuedza kunyengetedza vanotama, nenzira ine rugare, vachivapinza muchiKaturike.

Nechekare muzana remakore rechigumi nemasere, chokwadi cheOtomies chakatanga kuwedzera kuoma. Rutivi rukuru rwavo rwakadzingwa kunzvimbo dzakaoma zvikuru uye dziri kumucheto. Sangano rekuzvimirira, kure nekuvabatsira, rakakonzera kusagadzikana kwakawanda pakati pevanhu veOtomi, kunyanya kubva pakuona kwehupfumi.

Iyo latifundios yakakamurwa kuita zvidiki zvivakwa uye mestizos, uye maIndia akaramba achifudza. Kugadzirwa kwemugodhi mumamiriro ezvinhu

Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akakonzerawo kuderera kwekunyoreswa kwevanhurume pakati pevanhu veOtomi. Mukati memakore akaoma zvikuru ehondo, vaOtomi vakawanda vakaiswa muTulancingo nechisimba. Pamusoro pematambudziko ose uye kushandiswa kwavakaiswa pasi, Otomi haana kumborasikirwa nemutauro wavo, pane zvinopesana, vakagadzira nziyo dzavo, mitambo, mhizha uye maonero avo enyika.

Hunhu hweOtomi

Mukati meLos Otomíes tinowana akati wandei mapoka, asi kune maviri anoonekwa seanonyanya kufarirwa. Izvi ndezvi:

  • Iyo Altiplano (kana Sierra) Otomí. Iri ndiro boka rinogara mumakomo eLa Huasteca, Sierra Otomí kazhinji inozivisa seÑuhu kana Ñuhu, zvichienderana nemutauro wavanotaura.
  • Otomi Mosque. Iri boka rinogara muMezquital Valley iri kumabvazuva kwedunhu reHidalgo, uye mudunhu reQuerétaro. Mezquital Otomí anozvizivisa saHñähñu.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kune vashoma veOtomi vagari vanogara kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeMexico, kunyanya mumatunhu ePuebla, Mexico, Tlaxcala, Michoacán neGuanajuato. Mutauro weOtomí unova webazi reOtopame remhuri yemitauro yeOto-Mangue unotaurwa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana, mamwe acho asinganyatso nzwisisika.

Imwe yetsika dzekare dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzeMesoamerica, maOtomi anofungidzirwa kuti anga ari vagari vepakutanga vepakati peMexican highlands vasati vasvika vanhu veNahuatl kutenderera c. 1000 CE, asi zvishoma nezvishoma zvakatsiviwa uye zvakashorwa nevanhu veNahua.

Munguva yehukoloni hweNew Spain, vanhu veOtomi vainyanya kuzivikanwa nekushanda pamwe nevakunda veSpain sevarwi nevabatsiri, izvo zvakavapa mukana wekuwedzera munzvimbo dzakawanda dzavakambogarwa neChichimecas, semuenzaniso Querétaro. uye Guanajuato.

NHOROONDO YEOTOMÍ

Pakati pechimwe chezvimiro zvikuru zveOtomies yakanga iri tsika dzavo dzechitendero netsika. Vaiwanzova netsika yekunamata mwedzi semwari wavo mukuru, uye kunyange munguva dzazvino nhamba huru yevagari veOtomi vakabatana neshamanism uye vane zvitendero zvekare zveSpanish zvakaita seNagualism.

MaOtomi aizivikanwawo nekurima nekudya chibage, bhinzi uye squash, sezvakaitika kune vazhinji vevanhu vanogara muMesoamerica. Maguey aivewo akakosha cultigen aishandiswa kugadzira doro uye fiber.

Haisi chakavanzika kune chero ani kuti vanhu veko ava havawanzodya chikafu chakajairwa icho chinowanzoonekwa chakakosha kuchengetedza hutano.

Pasinei naizvozvo, vane kudya kwakanaka kwekudya tortillas, kunwa pulque uye kudya michero yakawanda inowanikwa kumativi avo. VaOtomi vave vachionekwa sevanhu vanoshanda nesimba, pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ekushanda kwavanoita mabasa avo.

Izvi zvakaratidzwa neongororo yezvokudya zvinovaka muviri yakaitwa pavanhu veOtomi vari muMezquital Valley yeMexico pakati pemakore 1963 na1944. Mumushumo iwoyo zvakanzi pasinei nemamiriro okunze akaoma uye ivhu risina kukodzera kurima pasina ngozi, Otomi. yainyanya kutsamira kubva mukugadzirwa kwemaguey.

Nemaguey vanoita mabasa mazhinji, pakati pavo kugadzira machira emucheka uye "pulque", chinyakare chisina kusefa yakaviriswa muto waive wakakosha zvakanyanya muhupfumi hweOtomi uye chikafu chavo. Zvakadaro, tsika iyi yakadzikisa mwero wayo nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwayo kukuru.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaOyCN86Ess

“Maguey chirimwa chainyanya kutsamira padzimba dziri kuvakwa nemashizha ezvirimwa. Panguva iyi, nzvimbo zhinji dzaive dzisina kugadzirwa uye zvirimwa zvizhinji zvaive nemutengo wakaderera. Nzvimbo dzekugara dzimwe nguva dzinorasika senzvimbo dziri kure nekugara. ”

Nezvehupfumi hwavo, zvakakosha kutaura kuti maOtomi ainyanya kuzivikanwa nekuve vapfuri uye nekutengesa zvinyorwa zvesimbi zvakakosha nemamwe masangano echivanhu, kusanganisira Aztec Triple Alliance. Pakati pezvimwe zvemabasa avo oumhizha paiva nezvishongo nezvombo.

Nezve sangano rezvemagariro mukati meOtomíes, zvakakosha kujekesa zvinhu zvakawanda. Chinhu chekutanga chatinofanira kutaura ndechekuti sangano rezvemagariro pakati pavo rinogona kuchinja zvakanyanya zvichienderana nenharaunda yekugara. Nenzira iyi tinogona kuona kuti kune matunhu umo chikamu chakakosha chenharaunda imhuri yenyukireya, nepo kune mamwe matunhu imhuri yakakura.

Asi pane chimwe chinhu icho nzanga dzose dzinogoverana, zvichienderana nenharaunda yekugara iyo inowanikwa, uye ndicho chokwadi chechiremera chikuru, icho muzviitiko zvakawanda chinomiririrwa nababa. Ndibaba, vachiperekedzwa naamai, vane basa rekudzidzisa, kudzidzisa nekufambisa tsika nemagariro kuvana vavo uye kune dzimwe nhengo dzenharaunda.

Mumwe nemumwe wenhengo dzemhuri yeOtomi anoita basa rakakosha uye munhu wese anoziva basa ravanofanira kuita. Kana vari varume, ndivo vane basa guru rekurima minda, kuvaka nekugadzirisa dzimba, kuchengeta zvipfuyo, pamwe chete nekuita basa remunharaunda.

Vakadzi vevanhu veOtomi vanochengeta zvakasiyana asi zvakakosha zvakaenzana. Ndivo vanowanzo tarisira kugadzira chikafu, kuchengeta dzimba dziri muchimiro chakanaka, kuwacha mbatya uye kupfuya mhuka dziri munharaunda imwe neimwe.

NHOROONDO YEOTOMÍ

Chimwe chemaitiro eOtomies ndechokuti kana nguva yasvika yekudyara nekukohwa, kwete varume chete vanobatanidzwa, asi nhengo dzose dzemhuri dzinowanzoita basa iri. Chinhu chakakosha zvikuru mukati mevanhu veOtomi chine chekuita nechimiro chewanano.

Kwavari, roorano ine basa rinokosha zvikuru uye rinokosha zvikuru, asi mukuwedzera kuroorano, ukama hunoremekedzwa zvikuru hunotangwa necompadrazgo inomuka parubhapatidzo uye inorangarirwa sochisungo chokufananidzira chinokosha zvikurusa pakati pavagari vomuOtomi.

Basa racho rinoonekwawo seimwe yemabasa anokosha mukati meOtomi, kunze kwekumanikidzirwa. Nokuda kwokutama, murume ari kunze anobhadhara mumwe munhu kuti aite basa racho. Kana murume uyu akaramba kubhadhara mumwe munhu, anogona kurasikirwa nekodzero dzake senhengo yenharaunda.

VaOtomi vanozivikanwawo nekuve nezvavanotenda maererano nehurwere. Vanoisa mavambo ezvirwere pamatanho maviri akasiyana. Kune rumwe rutivi kune zvirwere zvechisikigo mavambo, asi ivo vanewo kutenda kuti kune mamwe ma pathologies ane mavambo emweya.

Zvirwere zvechisikigo, maererano neOtomi, ndizvo zvakajairika uye kurwisana navo vanoita izvi kuburikidza nemishonga inonzi allopathic. Chimwe chinhu chakasiana zvikuru chinoitika nezvinonzi hosha dzinopfuura zvomuzvarirwo, izvo, mukuwirirana nezvitendero zvavo, zviri rutivi rwemaonero enyika eboka.

Maererano netsika yeOtomi, mavambo ezvirwere ane mashiripiti-echitendero. Kuti zvirwere izvi zviwanikwe vanofanirwa kuenda kuvarapi vechivanhu vakaita sanyamukuta nevanobvisa mapfupa, varapi nevanorapa zvirwere zvavo.

Mhuri zhinji dzeOtomi dzinotendeukirawo kumiti yechisikigo kurapa zvirwere zvavo. Ivo vanenge vachigara vachishandisa mishonga yekurapa kurapa imwe neimwe yavakaunzwa pathologies. Mushonga wemumba wakaitawo basa rinokosha mukuchengetedza kuenzana kwebiological-social yenharaunda. Kushandiswa kwemishonga yemakwenzi kwakajairika.

Kuwanda kwevanhu uye huwandu hwevanhu

Parizvino, mitauro yeOtomi inotaurwa nevatauri vangangoita mazana maviri nemakumi matatu ane mapfumbamwe, avo 239,000 kusvika 5 muzana vanotaura mutauro mumwe, mumatunhu akapararira. Parizvino zvinotendwa kuti chikamu chikuru chevagari verudzi urwu vakaiswa munzvimbo yeValle de Mezquital yeHidalgo uye kumaodzanyemba kweQuerétaro. Mataundi akati wandei ikoko ane huwandu hwevatauri veOtomi hwakakwira se6-60 muzana.

Nekuda kwekuti vazhinji vatauri veOtomi vakatama munguva pfupi yapfuura, nhasi zvinokwanisika kuwana huvepo hwavo munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenharaunda yeMexico, kunyangwe muUnited States. Muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechiXNUMX, kutaura kwevanhu kwakatanga kuwedzera zvakare, kunyange zvazvo pamwero wakaderera kupfuura huwandu hwevanhu vose.

Nepo huwandu hwakakwana hwevatauri veOtomi huri kuramba huchiwedzera, nhamba yavo inoenderana neruzhinji rwevanhu vekuMexico iri kudzikira. Mutauro weOtomi panguva ino unogona kuonekwa uri pangozi yekutsakatika, pasinei nokuti ivo vanhu vane simba uye kuti vana vanodzidza mutauro kuburikidza nekuparadzira kwechisikigo munzvimbo dzakawanda, dzakadai seMezquital Valley uye muHighlands.

Zvinoenderana neakasiyana ongororo yehuwandu yakaitwa mumakore achangopfuura, zvinotendwa kuti huwandu hukuru hwehuwandu hweOtomi huri mudunhu reHidalgo, kunyanya mune inozivikanwa kwazvo Valle del Mezquital. Kune mamwe makanzuru mudunhu rekumadokero ane huwandu hwevanhu veOtomi kupfuura vamwe.

Pakati pemaguta makuru ane huwandu hukuru hwevagari verudzi urwu ndiTlanchinol, Cardonal, Tepehuacán de Guerrero, San Salvador, Santiago de Anaya neHuazalingo. Kune chikamu chavo, mataundi enzvimbo yekumadokero kweHidalgo ine huwandu hwepamusoro hwehuwandu hweOtomí iHuehuetla, San Bartolo neTenango de Doria.

NHOROONDO YEOTOMÍ

Zvinonziwo nyika yeMexico parizvino iri pachinhanho chechipiri maererano nehuwandu hweOtomi. Vazhinji vevagari ava vanogara mumadhumeni eToluca, Temoaya, Acambay, Morelos neChapa de Mota. Mudunhu reVeracruz kune zvakare kuvepo kweOtomi, kunyanya mudunhu reHuasteca.

Mune dzimwe nyika dzeMexico kunewo kuvapo kweOtomí, kunyange muchikamu chepasi, ndizvo zvakaita Michoacán. Zvinonzi kudhirowa uye magadzirirwo emhuka, shiri nezvimwe zvimiro zvakafemerwa nemifananidzo yemapako. Uku kushongedza chaiko kunozivikanwawo seTenango embroidery.

Tsika dzinoratidza kuti varume ndivo vanowanzo tarisira kugadzira mifananidzo yezvigadziro pajira jena kana jena kuitira kuti pave paya vakadzi vave kutungamira pakushongedza. Nhamba idzi inyaya kana kuti zvinomiririra zvinomiririra kana hupenyu hwakadzidziswa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa.

Kutaura nezvehuwandu hweOtomi huri kureva zviremera zvavo. Mumadhorobha aya, sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rakatenderedza muzinda weConstitutional city hall, iyo musana wayo inzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika, nemutungamiri wekanzuru ari mukuru. Padanho rine vanhu, zvinzvimbo zvinogona kusiyana uye mukukwira kurongeka kwehierarchy ndezvi:

  • Mutumwa
  • Sheriff
  • Mapurisa
  • Secretary
  • mubatsiri mutongi

Zvakakoshawo kutaura kuti Otomi inochengetedza nzvimbo dzakawanda dzechitendero chetsika, zvakadai sa mayordomos uye vachuchisi, kunyange zvazvo zvakakosha kujekesa kuti sarudzo ikozvino inozvipira. Basa remunharaunda, rinozivikanwa zviri nani se "faena", richiri tsika yakajairika pakati penharaunda zhinji dzeOtomi.

Otomi Legends

Haisi chakavanzika kune ani zvake kuti tsika yeAztec inoonekwa nevakawanda seimwe yeanonyanyozivikanwa uye anoshamisa anosiririsa muMesoamerica yese, pamwe nekuda kwenguva pfupi yaivepo munhoroondo dzenhoroondo uye kuparadzwa kwenharaunda ne Spanish vakundi.

Maererano nekutenda kwenyanzvi dzakawanda, nzanga yeAztec yakanga iri hurongwa hwakaoma uye hwakapindirana hwemapoka uye mapoka evanhu. Mumakore iwayo, vanhu vakawanda vaitongwa nokutya vanamwari vechisimba uye vanotsiva, nepo budiriro yaitsamira pazvose zviri zviviri hondo nokurima.

Maererano nenhau, vaAztec vaionekwa sevatorwa vane chisimba, avo vaigara vachirwisana zvachose nenzanga dzose kana madzinza aiva pedyo navo. Uyezve, vaidavira zvakasimba mukubayira kwevanhu senzira yokudzikamisa chisiko chapose pose uye kushanda sechombo chokutyisidzira nokutonga.

Sezvo varwi veSpain vaifamba vakananga kuMexico uye vachida kutora kutonga, vakatsvakawo kutora nguva yekunyora hupenyu hweavo vaiva chikamu cheAztec tsika. Vakazviita nenzira iyoyo nokuti ndiyo yakanga iri nzira yaizivikanwa zvikuru yokutaura nayo nyaya yavo kare ikako.

Chisingagone kupokana ndechekuti vakundi veSpain ava vaifanira kuedza kwakawanda kuedza kuziva nyaya netsika dzevaAztec vobva vaendesa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kuchizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chetsika netsika dzesangano iri. Zvinotendwawo kuti nyaya idzi dzingadai dzakashanda kumashure sehuni yekuparadza maAztec mumaoko eSpanish.

NHOROONDO YEOTOMÍ

Imwe yengano dzakawanda dzinozivikanwa dzeOtomi ndeye Ngano yeTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi, iyo yakanyorwa naFray Alonso de Grijalva, aive mumwe wevatambi vakaperekedza Hernán Cortés panguva yenhoroondo yekuSpain kuMexico.

Ngano yacho yakarondedzerwa naGerónimo de Aguilar, aiva mupristi akaberekerwa kuSpain uye akaendeswawo kujeri nedzinza romunharaunda reMayan pashure pokunge abuda ari mupenyu pakaputsikirwa nechikepe makore akawanda apfuura. Chokwadi ndechekuti ngano iyi inoonekwa nevakawanda seimwe yekare mukati meiyo tsika yeAztec, pamwe neiyo inonyanya kufarirwa.

Ngano yeTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi inotaura nyaya yenyaya isinganzwisisike yaingozivikanwa seCuetlachtli, iyo mushanduro yayo yakakurumbira inoreva izwi rekuti "Wolf". Nhoroondo inoti nyaya iyi yakamboitika muguta rekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweEl Tajín.

Paakangosvika muguta, akazviita mambo mutsva. Vaive vasingatsigiri chigaro chake vaive nesimba rekuenderera mberi nekupikisa murume uyu nekuda kwekutora simba rekutungamirira vanhu. Mambo weMylonitic weEl Tajín, mwanakomana wechitatu waMiccóatl uye mutungamiri wechitendero cheQuetzalcóatl, akauya pachena.

Ngano ine kuti uyu Mambo weMylonitic akaenderera mberi achidana "nyoka ine minhenga" kuitira kurwisa iyo isinganzwisisike nyaya, zvisinei Cuetlachtli akachinja chimiro chake chemuviri ndokuva mhumhi uye murume panguva imwe chete. Muchimiro chitsva ichocho akaenderera mberi nekuuraya Mambo Milonitica ndokutora chigaro.

Yakanga iri nzira iyi kuti hurumende Cuetlachtli, kuti Tlatoani Mocuitlachnehnequi, akatanga. Zvaidavirwa kuti ichi chimiro inoshamisa akanga chizvarwa kuchamhembe Aztlán, musha wemadzitateguru Nahuas. Yakanga emakore okuberekwa, uye zvikanzi akatiwo kuti akanga aberekwa ari murwi hombe.

Madzitateguru aCuetlachtli ainyanya kuve vavhimi, vaivewo nesimba rekushanduka kuita mapere kana zuva ranyura. Zvidzidzo izvi zvisinganzwisisike zvaive nemasimba akasarudzika uye akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune ese akamboonekwa. Vateveri vake vakagamuchira ropa rake kuti vafambe samapere. Kwaiva rukudzo rwakapiwa kune avo vaigona kuratidza hushingi hwavo.

Ngano inorondedzera kuti hurumende yeTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi yakawedzera kwemakore mazhinji. Munguva yose iyoyo, vavengi vakawanda vakabuda pachena, kunyanya mumataundi aiva pedyo. Kana paiva nechimwe chinhu chairatidza uto reTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi, kwaiva kutya kuduku kwavaifanira kurwisa.

Dzinza iri rakapfuurira kupinda nenzira yechisimba uye yakashata mumaguta makuru akavakidzana. Vakaita semhumhi vakabva vangorwisa vanhu vakarara kusvika vauraiwa. Verudzi urwu vaive vasingatsvage simba, chinhu chavaitsvaga raive ropa rekudya. Vakadya ropa revanhu vavo vese kusvika vaguta.

Makore akati kuti akapfuura, apo Tlatoani Mocuitlachnehnequi vakanga vatoshandisa simba rakakwana kuchamhembe, apo zvinoshamisa kuti nhengo dzakawanda dzeOtomi yake (boka revarwi) dzakamupandukira nechinangwa chokumubvisa pachigaro. Nerutsigiro rwe shaman, iyo Otomi yakashandurwa kuita maJaguars neCoyotes.

Nekuda kwake, Cuetlachtli nemauto ake akabatana akashandurwa kuita mhumhi uye nenzira iyi kurwisana kunotyisa pakati pemasimba maviri akasunungurwa. Usiku, mapoka airwisana akawira pasi nemazana kusvikira pasisina. Pakati pevakaurayiwa nekurwisana ikoko, Cuetlachtli haana kuverenga, sezvo akanga anyangarika, achidzokera kuchamhembe, kunze kwenyika chena, iyo isingazomboonekwa zvakare.

Kunyange zvazvo chiri chokwadi kuti papfuura makore akawandisa kubva pakatanga kurwisana ikoko, vagari vomuEl Tajín, nemamwe mataundi ari pedyo, vachiri kumirira kudzoka kwake. Zviporofita zvakawanda zvakaziviswa nezvekudzoka kweCuetlachtli.

NHOROONDO YEOTOMÍ

Humwe uporofita hwakadaro hunoti apo makomo anotsvuka neropa, ipapo ndiyo ichava nguva apo Cuetlachtli anodzoka. Avo vari mungozi vachanzwa kuchema kwemhumhi sezvo mwedzi wakajeka zvikuru unotinhira muhukuru hwedenga.

Maererano nevanyori vezvakaitika kare vakawanda, ngano iyi ine simba uye inomiririra yakawanda ingadai yakave nechinangwa chakajeka uye chaiva chekutyisidzira uye kutyisa vafambi vanotsika pasi pevhu reCentral America, kusanganisira vakunda veSpain pachavo sezvavaiedza kufambira mberi muMexico yose.

"Chokwadi chiri nyore chokuti shanduro yeNahuatl yemashoko Tlatoani Mocuitlachnehnequ chaizvoizvo inoreva kuti "Mutongi wedu akafanana nemhumhi," inogona kunge yakapa varwi vanotya Mwari chimwe chikonzero chekuuraya vanhu vavaiona sevahedheni vachinamata mhuka kune vose vane simba ".

Pakazosvika 1521s, Cortés akanga atokunda maAztec uye yaimbova budiriro ine simba zvino yaizoparadzwa nerufu nehosha. Zvakakodzera kutaura kuti Spanish vhezheni yeTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi ndiyo chete inozivikanwa yakanyorwa vhezheni yenyaya.

Nechikonzero ichi, vanyori venhoroondo vakabvumirana kuti ingano yechitendero yeruzhinji rwakapusa, zvisinei nekuti nyaya iyi painotariswa zvakanyanya, zvinhu zvakawanda zvisinganzwisisike zvinoonekwa zvinogona kusimudza chokwadi chengano.

Kune avo vanoti ngano yeTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi inogona kunge iri nyaya yakareruka inotyisa yakagadzirwa kuti itye vakundi veSpain, zvisinei pane zvakawanda zvinongedzo uye zvinyorwa zvenyaya inoenda kure kupfuura ngano yemoto yemoto wa1519.

Izvo zvakakoshawo kuyeuka kuti murudzi urwu rwetsika, kunyanya pakati pevaAztec nemaMayans, pakanga paine tsika mukati mengano dzavo dzekumiririra varume vanofa vakashandurwa kuita mhuka dzakasiyana. Iye zvino, mhumhi haina kumbove chiratidzo chakasimba mune chero tsika yeMesoamerican, saka nei ichionekwa munyaya iyi inoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kunzwisisa.

Chinotowedzera kuda kuziva ndechekuti ngano yewarewolf yakabatana zvakanyanya netsika dzeEurope pane tsika yeMesoamerican, izvo zvaita kuti vanyori venhoroondo vazhinji vafungidzire kuti nyaya yekutanga yakagadziridzwa mushure meshanduro kuti ikwane zvakanyanya.

"Chimwe chinonakidza chekucherechedza nezvenyaya iyi kuwirirana kuri pakati peCuetlachtli, kwayakabva nekuzodzokera kunzvimbo dze"Kuchamhembe". Vanochera matongo vave vachidavira kwenguva refu kuti Aztlán, iyo inodudzwa nezita munhau, ingave yaiva munzvimbo yava kunzi Americas zvino.”

Inofungidzirwa nzvimbo yekuzvarwa yakabatana ne "murwi" inoyeuchidza nzvimbo zhinji dzekuchera matongo muUnited States, semuenzaniso Bynum Mound muMississippi, Etowah Mounds muGeorgia, uye Cahokia Mounds muIllinois, ese akatangira kuguma kwehumambo hweAztec.

Ichokwadi kuti chimiro chemhumhi chakanga chisingawanzi mungano dzeAztec, zvisinei, mukati metsika dzeNative America chaimiririra zvakawanda. Mufananidzo we "mhumhi" inenge nguva dzose yakabatana netsika dzehuroyi uye ngano yekusika.

Imwe pfungwa yekuda kuziva, nepo Cuetlachtli riri iro rakatorwa izwi rekuti "mhumhi" mumutauro weNahuatl, hapana kutsanangurwa kunowanikwa chero kupi mumitauro inopfuura 300 yeNative America yaive muNorth America. Zvinoshamisa kuti mutsamba ya1879, naColonel Robert Quick we13th Cavalry yeUnited States Army.

Colonel Quick vakapihwa basa rekubata kana kuuraya mupanduki weNavajo nomad ainzi Cuetlachtli. Nyaya inoenda kuti nhengo dzese dze13th Cavalry dzakanyangarika pasina kuteedzera mushure mekuyambuka Makomo eMedicine Bow vachitsvaga mupanduki.

Kunze kweiyo yakakurumbira uye yechinyakare ngano yeTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi, dzimwe nyaya dzanga dziri chikamu chetsika yeOtomi dzinozivikanwawo. Tinogona kutaura ngano dzakadai se "The Leg Cleaner", iyo ine mabviro ayo kumaodzanyemba kweQuerétaro, uko inoongorora iyo ideology yenharaunda yeko, iyo inogovana pfungwa dzeMexica.

Ichokwadi ndechokuti vanhu veQuetzal veOtomí vakave vanozivikanwa nekushandura imwe neimwe yenyaya dzavo kana ngano munhau dzinonakidza, vachivimbisa chokwadi chenyaya dzavo, pasinei nokuti pane uchapupu hwokuti zviitiko izvi zvakanyatsoitika.

Zvakakodzera kutaura nyaya yeMexquititla Foundation. Kuunganidzwa uku kunosanganisira dzimwe nyaya kana ngano dzine chekuita nenyika, kusikwa kwezuva nemwedzi, ngano dzevanhu vekare, kusvika kwevarume vane chibage, vakadzi nenyoka. Dzimwe ngano ndedzemaonero enyika echiCatholic anorondedzera kuti Kristu akarwa sei nemadhimoni.

mutauro nekunyora

Mukati meiri boka redzinza mune nzira yaro rimene yokukurukura, nomuromo kana kuti nokunyora. Mutauro weOtomí, boka remitauro yeko yeMexico yakada kufanana. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mutauro uyu unotaurwa nevanhu vanopfuura zviuru 240 vanogara nechepakati penzvimbo yakakwirira yeMexico.

Mutauro weOtomi unoonekwa seimwe yemitauro yemuno yeMexico inonyanya kufarirwa munhoroondo. Nhasi uyu mutauro unoshandiswa nevanhu vakati wandei veko vanonzi vaOtomí. Mutauro weMesoamerican uye unoratidza akawanda maficha enzvimbo yeMesoamerican yemitauro.

Zvinoenderana nemutemo weMexico's Linguistic Rights Law, mutauro weOtomi unogamuchirwa semutauro wenyika, sezvazvakaita kune makumi matanhatu nembiri mimwe mitauro yechivanhu neSpanish. Inoonekwa seimwe yemitauro inonyanya kutaurwa yenyika yeAztec, zvekuti inotora chinzvimbo chechinomwe pane rondedzero yemitauro inonyanya kutaurwa yeMexico.

Mutauro weOtomi unofanirwa kutorwa se "mhuri yemutauro weOtomi", nekuti kune zvisingaverengeki zvakasiyana. Izvo zvakakosha kutaura kuti huwandu hwevatauri vemitauro yeOtomi hwave kudzikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, kunyanya nekuda kwechiitiko chekutama kwave kuchiitwa nharaunda iyi.

Sekuda kuziva, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti parizvino hapana chinyorwa chezvenhau chakanyorwa muOtomí, ndiko kuti, hapana mapepanhau kana magazini mumutauro uyu, kunze kwekungotaura zvishoma uye mabhuku akaderera. Nekudaro, iyo Mexican Ministry of Public Education, kuburikidza neNational Commission yeMabhuku Emahara, inoburitsa akati wandei mabhuku eOtomi edzidzo yepuraimari.

Sezvakaita mimwe mitauro yeOto-Manguean, Otomí inonziwo mutauro wemanzwi uye marudzi mazhinji anosiyanisa matani matatu. Mazita anonyorerwa muridzi chete. Nhamba yezvizhinji inotarwa nechivakashure uye nechivakashure chezwi.

Mushure mekusvika kwevanokunda veEuropean, Otomi yakava mutauro wakanyorwa apo marara akapedza nguva yakawanda achidzidzisa Otomi nezve chiLatin girama; mutauro wakanyorwa wenguva yekoloni unowanzonzi Classic Otomí.

Nguva yeProto-otomí uye gare gare Pre-colonial period

Mitauro yeOto-Pamean inofungidzirwa kuti yakapatsanuka kubva kune mimwe mitauro yeOtomanguean makore akapoteredza 3500 BC mukati mebazi reOstomia. Proto-Otomí inoita kunge yakaparadzana kubva kuProto-Mazahua ca. 500 AD. Mumakore akapoteredza 1000 AD, Proto-Otomí yakatanga kusiyanisa mumhando dzemazuva ano dzeOtomí.

Hazvisi chakavanzika kune ani zvake kuti chikamu chikuru chepakati peMexico chakagarwa kwemakore akati wandei nevanhu vaishandisa mitauro yeOto-Pamean, zvakangodaro ndizvo zvakaitika vasati vasvika vatauri veNahuatl.

"Kunze kweizvi, kugoverwa kwenzvimbo kwematanho emadzitateguru emitauro yakawanda yemazuva ano yeMexico, uye kushamwaridzana kwavo nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, kunoramba kusingagumi"

Zvakatotaurwa kuti proto-otomí-mazahua ndeimwe yemitauro inoshandiswa muTeotihuacán, iyo huru yeMesoamerican yemhemberero yeClassic period, iyo yakanyangarika yakaitika kunenge ca.600 AD Zvakakodzera zvakare kujekesa kuti pre- Columbian Otomí people Panguva iyoyo, yakanga isina hurongwa hwekunyora hwakakura hwakakura.

Nekudaro, ruzhinji rwekunyora kweAztec rwaive ideographic uye rwaigona kunzwisiswa muOtomi neNahuatl. Vanhu veOtomi vaive netsika yekugaroshandura mazita enzvimbo kana vatongi muOtomi pane kushandisa mazita echiNahuatl.

Nguva yekoloni uye yekare Otomí

Pakati pekukunda kweSpain kwakaitika pakati peMexico, Otomi yakanga ine kuparadzirwa kukuru kupfuura nhasi. Vaive nenzvimbo dzakakosha dzekutaura chiOtomi mune dzimwe nyika seJalisco neMichoacán. Pashure pomugumo wokukunda kweSpain, vagari veiri boka redzinza vakavamba kuwana nhambo yokuwedzera kwenzvimbo.

Kuwedzera kwenzvimbo yeOtomi kwakakonzerwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekuti vakundi veSpain vakashandisa varwi vazhinji vedzinza iri renyika kuti vaite nzendo dzekukunda, kunyanya kuchamhembe kweMexico. Pashure penguva iyoyo, vaOtomi vakatanga kugara munzvimbo itsva, kunyanya muQuerétaro, kwavakatanga guta reQuerétaro.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsU5GsQsnJc

Vakagarawo muGuanajuato, ndima yaigara makore mazhinji apfuura neChichimeca nomads. Panguva ino vamwe vanyori venhoroondo dzekoloni, vakaita saBernardino de Sahagún, vainyanya kushandisa vatauri veNahua semanyuko enhoroondo dzavo dzekoloni.

Vatauri veNahua vaive nemaonero akaipa kwazvo pamusoro pevanhu veOtomi, izvo zvakagara kwenguva yese yehukoloni. Iyi tsika yekuramba uye kuderedza hutsika hweOtomi huchifananidzwa nedzimwe nharaunda dzechivanhu dzakapa nzira yekurasikirwa nemutauro uye kukanganisa, nekuda kwekuti chikamu chikuru cheOtomi chakada kutora mutauro wechiSpanish uye tsika.

Classic Otomí izwi rinoshandiswa kureva Otomí iyo yaitaurwa mukati memazana emakore ekutanga ehutongi hwehutongi. Yakanga iri nhanho inofadza zvikuru, apo mutauro wakawana manyorerwo echiLatin uye wakanyorwa navafundisi vokuSpain avo vakatanga kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peuyu mutauro, kuti vaushandise sechitendeuki pakati paOtomi.

Chokwadi ndechekuti chinyorwa cheOtomi chekare chakaoma kunzwisisa, kunyanya nekuti mafiri nemamongi evaSpanish mendicant mirairo, sevaFranciscans, vakanyora Otomi girama, iyo yekare iyo Art yemutauro weOtomi weFray Pedro de. Cárceres, yakanyorwa zvichida kare muna 1580, asi isina kubudiswa kusvika 1907.

Mugore ra1605, mumwe munhu munhoroondo, akadai saAlonso de Urbano, akashinga kugadzira duramazwi remutauro wechiSpanish-Nahuatl-Otomi, umo madiki ezvinyorwa zvegirama pamusoro peOtomi zvinogona kuonekwa. Zvinozivikanwawo kuti nyanzvi yegirama yeNahuatl, Horacio Carochi, akanyora girama yeOtomi, kunyange zvazvo pasina chinyorwa cheizvi chinotsigira rugwaro.

Mukati mehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, muprista weJesuit akatanhamara, ane zita risina kuziviswa, akanyora girama yaLuces del Otomí (iyo isati iri, chaizvoizvo, girama asi mushumo pamusoro penzvero pamusoro paOtomí). Kana ari Neve y Molina akabudisa duramazwi uye girama.

Nhau inotiudza kuti mukati menguva youkoloni, nhamba huru yaOtomi yakatanga kushandisa ruzivo rwavo rwomutauro wavo, uye pakanga pari kunyange mukati meiyi nhambo yavakadzidziswa kurava nokunyora mutauro wavo. Nechikonzero ichi, kune nhamba yakakosha yezvinyorwa zvakaitwa muOtomi, zvese zvepanyika uye zvechitendero, anonyanya kufarirwa ari maCodices eHuichapan neJilotepec.

Munguva yekupedzisira yekoloni uye mushure mekuwana kuzvitonga, mapoka echivanhu akange asisina chimiro chakasiyana. Kubva ipapo Otomi akarasikirwa nechimiro chayo semutauro wedzidzo, achigumisa nguva yeOtomi yekare semutauro wekunyora.

Chokwadi chese ichi chinotungamira kudanho rekudzikira kwehuwandu hwevatauri vemitauro yemuno sezvo mapoka echivanhu muMexico yese akatora mutauro weSpanish senzira yavo huru yekutaura. Gwaro rekuti hispanicaization rakatanga kushandiswa pakati pavo, izvo zvakaita kuti vatauri vemitauro yese yeko, kusanganisira Otomi, vadzikire nekukurumidza mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Zvakakoshawo kuyeuka kuti mumakore ekuma1990, zviremera zvehurumende muMexico zvakasarudza kuchinja mitemo yakanangana nekodzero dzevanhu veko, kusanganisira mitauro yavo.

Nenzira iyi, masangano ehurumende akakosha akamuka aive nechinangwa chikuru chekusimudzira nekuchengetedza nharaunda nemitauro yeko. Pakati pavo tinogona kudoma National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples uye National Institute of Indigenous Languages.

Tsika netsika

Kana paine chimwe chinhu chakakodzera kujekeswa nezve nharaunda yerudzi urwu semaOtomíes, itsika yavo uye yega yega tsika dzavanoita. Ngatitangei kutaura nezvemimhanzi yako nekutamba. Madhanzi masangano anopindirana uye akakosha zvikuru mukati mevanhu veOtomi.

Parizvino tine matambiro anobva kukoloni. Pakati pavo tinogona kutumidza maApache, arches, cowboys, muleteer, vatema uye vafudzikadzi. Kazhinji, mitambo iyi inorongwa sechikamu chezvipo zvinopiwa nevagari vemisha yeOtomi kuvatsvene vavo pazuva remutambo.

Zvakakodzera kutaura kuti matambiro aya haangoitwa panguva yemutambo wevatsvene chete, asi mazhinji emitambo yechinyakare inoitikawo panguva yemutambo weSanta Cruz, ndipo panoitwa tsika dzekukumbira mvura. Vanowanzo tamba pane mamwe mabiko akajairika akadai serubhabhatidzo kana michato.

Mukati metsika nemagariro evanhu veOtomi, zvakakodzera kuti titaure zvakajairwa basa rehunyanzvi renharaunda idzi. Vanhu veOtomí vanonyanya kuzivikanwa nekugadzira zvakasiyana-siyana zvemaoko, pakati pazvo tinogona kutumidza kugadzirwa kwemvere dzemakwai, molcajetes uye metates ematombo.

Ivo zvakare vane tsika yekugadzira ngowani dzemichindwe, lite chair, maguey fiber ayates, machira akagadzirwa nemucheka muchiuno, pakati pezvimwe zviitiko. Vanowanzo shandisa rutsanga kugadzira hari, tswanda, njiva uye zvirongo zve pulque.

Sechikamu chetsika dzavo maererano nehupfumi, zvakakosha kutaura kuti kune Otomi inonyanya kukosha basa retsika kwavari ndeyekurima. Vanowanzo hunyanzvi mukugadzira chibage chekuzvidyira, asi zvakare vanogadzira zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sebhinzi, chili, gorosi, oats, bhari, mbatatisi, squash uye chickpeas.

Zororo retsika

Mumataundi eOtomi mune mitambo yakawanda yechinyakare yakakosha zvikuru, zvisinei imwe yeinonyanya kufarirwa uye inozivikanwa zvikuru ndeyekupemberera Zuva revakafa, rinoitwa gore negore musi waNovember 1. Panguva yepati iyi itsika yekuita mabasa akasiyana.

Pamwe kune vakawanda zvinoda kuziva kupemberera zuva revakafa, zvisinei kune chikamu chakanaka chevaMexico, kunyanya kunharaunda dzechivanhu, mhando dzemhemberero idzi dzine chirevo chakakosha. Kwavari rufu nemafaro zvine hukama hwepedyo.

Kutenda uku kunobva kuvanhu vekare vaigara muMexico, kusanganisira vaOtomi, vaidavira kuti mweya yevakafa yaidzoka gore negore kuzoshanya uye kuwana chouviri: kudya, kunwa uye kuva nenguva yakanaka, sezvayaiita pavaiva. vaiva vapenyu.

Mhemberero yakashanduka mushure mekusvika kwevaSpanish muzana ramakore rechigumi neshanu. Iye zvino vanoramba vachipemberera zuva revakafa, asi kana vari mweya yevana vakafa, vanoyeukwa zuva rakapfuura, ndiko kuti, paZuva Revatsvene Vose. Kuti vayeuke ndangariro dzavo vanozviita nematoyi nemabharumu ane mavara anoshongedza makuva avo.

Pakati pezuva revakafa, vanhu vakuru vakafa vanoremekedzwawo, asi nekuratidzwa kwezvokudya zvemufi zvinofarirwa uye zvinwiwa, pamwe chete nezvinhu zvekushongedza uye zvemunhu. Mumakuva ndiyo tsika yekuisa maruva, kunyanya cempasúchil uye makenduru, ayo anovhenekera nzira yemidzimu akananga kudzimba dzehama dzavo.

Chitendero

VaOtomi vane zvitendero zvavo zvechitendero, zvinova musanganiswa weCatholic uye pre-Hispanic elements. Pakati pezvitendero zvavo zvechitendero pane chinamato chevakafa, kudavira mune zvimwe zvirwere, zviroto uye nhoroondo dzakatekeshera muupenyu hwaOtomi. Ruzhinji rweOtomi runoziva nechitendero cheKatorike uye vane tsika yekupa rukudzo kumifananidzo yakawanda yechiKristu.

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kuvapo kwamapoka orudzidziso echiPurotesitendi mukati memataundi eOtomi kwakakurawo nenzira inoshamisa. Vane tsika yekunamata vatsvene vanochengeta mumatemberi ematunhu. Zvitendero zvechitendero zveOtomi zvakakamurwa kuva mapoka makuru kana uzivi.

  • mesoamerican indian
  •  Katurike
  • evangelical protestant

Otomi vamwari

Imwe yetsika dzorudzidziso dzinoratidzira Otomi yakanga iri chaizvoizvo kunamatwa kwavamwari vakasiana-siana, zvikurukuru chine chokuita namativi anokosha echisiko, akadai seZuva, Mwedzi, Pasi, Mhepo, Mwoto, Mvura, pakati pezvimwe. Pakati pevamwari vavo, vanhu vaviri vanokosha vakabudawo: "Amai Vakwegura" uye "Baba Vakwegura".

Muchitendero chemetzca, zvakakosha kutaura nezvekapoka iyo Otomi yakaita kumwedzi, zvisinei mumwe wevamwari vane simba uye akakosha veOtomi aive Otontecutli, aionekwa semutungamiri wekutanga weOtomi, uyo akagamuchirawo kunamatwa kubva kuMexico.

Mumwe wevamwari vakuru veOtomi veJilotepec aive mwari wemhepo wavakadana kuti Edahi, yakaenzana neMexica Ehécatl. Kana ari Fray Esteban García aiva nechokwadi chokuti Otomi wokuTutotepec aiva netsika yokunamata mhepo, yaifananidzirwa namwari wemhepo Edahi.

Kunze kwezvo, vaive netsika yekunamata Muye, inotsanangurwa saishe wemvura, yakaenzana neMexica Tlaloc. Pakati peOtomi, pakanga pane vanamwari vaduku Ahuaque naTlaloque avo vakakumbira vanyori vemvura. Otomi mwari wehondo ainzi Ayonat Zyhtama-yo, nepo Otomi weTutotepec ainamata mwari wemakomo ainzi Ochadapo.

Vazhinji vevagari vemisha yeOtomi vane tsika yekutenda zvakasimba muuroyi. Vanoti huroyi hunogona kuitika, uye vanotenda kuti mweya yakaipa ine simba rekurwarisa. VaSierra Otomí vanoshandisa izwi rokuti nagual kureva mavampire ane simba rinopfuura revanhu uye mweya yemhuka dzevaroyi.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAZxpetmvTg

VaOtomi vanochengeta chitendero chokuti madzishe ezvakaipa, akadai saRainbow, Santa Catarina naMambokadzi wePasi, vane simba rokukuvadza vanhu. Zvakakodzerawo kutaura kuti vanhu vokuSierra Otomí, vanogara pedyo nemaguta ane vaprista, zvikurukuru vanobvuma dzidziso yeKaturike.

Chikamu chakanaka chevanhu veOtomi chave chichinyanya kukanganiswa nemamwe maitiro echitendero, semuenzaniso evhangeri yePurotesitendi, dzidziso inoratidzirwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekuramba zvimwe zvitendero uye kupa pfungwa yekuramba basa rekutakura zvinhu.

vanonamata

Mukati mevanhu veOtomi unogona kuwana zviratidzo zvakawanda zvechitendero, semuenzaniso ma shaman. Ava vanhu vanorondedzerwa senyanzvi dzechitendero dzinotarisana nezvinetso zvomunhu oga nezvemhuri nezvimwe zvisikwa, zvingava zvinopfuura vanhu, vanhu, miti nemhuka.

Otomi shamans inyanzvi mukupa mazano uye kurapwa, kuwedzera pakupindira mumitambo yakasiyana yeruzhinji yevamwari vechihedheni. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, shamans vanewo mabasa ehupirisita, kunyange zvazvo zvakakosha kujekesa kuti havana kurongeka muhutungamiri hwehutungamiri.

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