Kubva Nyamavhuvhu 24, 2006, Pluto yakaburuka kubva muchikamu chayo chepasi mune yedu solar system uye ikava nyika diki, ichimira kuve yepfumbamwe yezvisikwa zvekudenga. itaSei Pluto isiri pasi?? Kuti utsanangure izvi zviri nani, tinokukoka iwe kuti uverenge chinyorwa ichi uye uwane zvakaitika kuna Pluto.
Planet X
Tinofanira kudzokera kumashure epakati pezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, apo nyanzvi yenyeredzi Urbain Le Verrier yakakwanisa kufanotaura nzvimbo yeNeptune yepasi, zvichibva pane zvimwe zvisiri izvo uye kukanganisa kunogona kuonekwa panyika yeUranus. Mune imwe nguva yakatevera, masayendisiti akafunga semhedziso kuti chikonzero chekuvhiringidza kwakaonekwa kwaigona kuve kuvepo kweimwe nyika yaive iine simba pakutenderera kweUranus uye vakaibhabhatidza nezita rePlaneti X.
Percival Lowell 1904
Pedyo nekupera kwezana remakore rechi1894, musayendisiti Percival Lowell akagadzira Lowell Observatory muFlagstaff, Arizona muna XNUMX. Lowell aive, mukuwedzera pakuva philanthropist uye amateur astronomer, munhu anofunga zvakanyanya uye akarongeka. Nekuda kweaya kunyanya maitiro emaitiro ake, asina kuneta kana kukanda mapfumo pasi, akakwanisa kuwana pasi Pluto. Asi zvinosuruvarisa, akafa asingazive kuti akanga azviwana.
Nzira yekuziva mapuraneti
Iyo nzira inoshandiswa kukwanisa kutsanangura mitumbi yedenga senge yakabhabhatidzwa Planet X kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinofamba mukati zvichitariswa. Solar system yakaumbwa seiZviri nyore kwazvo kutevera, zvinongoda kushivirira uye kutsungirira. Kuri nyore kudzidza kuti mitumbi yomuchadenga inofamba ichitenderera nyeredzi yedu, Zuva, inofanira kuva nekufamba kunooneka kana tikaienzanisa nenyeredzi dziri kumashure kwechisiko chapose pose.
Nechikonzero ichi, kana tikakwanisa kutora mafoto akapatsanurwa, ndiko kuti, akaparadzaniswa neimwe nguva yenguva, achitungamira chinangwa kune imwecheteyo ndima Nyeredzi kubva pasi pechadenga, zvichave zvichigoneka kuona mavari kuti nyeredzi dzicharamba dzakagadziriswa, nepo mitumbi yekudenga ine nzira yekutenderera yakatenderedza Zuva, ndicho chikonzero ivo vari padyo nesu, inofanira kufamba uye kufamba ikoko kwaizoita. zvinonzwisisika pakati pekutora mifananidzo uye kutora mifananidzo.
Iyi ndiyo nzira, nokushivirira kukuru, yakabvumira mitumbi yomudenga yakawanda kuwanwa munhevedzano yemifananidzo yakatorwa pakati penhambo dzakati dzenguva, sezvakaita Eris.
Flicker Microscope
Asi, nzira yacho yakatonyanya kunatswa, nokuti haina kukwana kuva nemifananidzo, asi inofananidzwa muchiridzwa chakanzi flicker microscope. Nechigadzirwa ichi mifananidzo miviri inogona kucherechedzwa neimwe nzira uye zvinyoro-nyoro zvigadziriso zvinogona kuwanikwa. Kwakanga kuri kushandisa uyu mutoo uyo, pana February 18, 1930, Clyde William Tombaugh akakwanisa kuwana kuvapo kwepuraneti Pluto.
Vhoriyamu yePluto
Huwandu hwehuwandu hwePluto hwave huchidzokororwa, kubvira pazvakawanikwa. Yekutanga fungidziro yakaitwa tichitarisa kuchinjika uye kuvhiringika kwakaonekwa muUranus neNeptune, kusvika pakutaura muna 1931 kuti Pluto aive nevhoriyamu yakafanana neyePasi.
Ipapo, mugore ra1948, fungidziro itsva yakaideredza kusvika paukuru humwe chetehwo neMars. Muna 1975, Dale Cruikshank, Carl Pilcher, naDavid Morrison, masayendisiti paYunivhesiti yeHawaii, vakakwanisa kuverenga albedo yayo kekutanga uye vakaona kuti yaienderana neaizi yemethane, vachigumisa kuti Pluto yaifanira kuva yakajeka uye yaigona. isina inodarika 1% yehuremu hwePasi.
Zvadaro zvakazoonekwa kuti albedo yaPluto iri pakati pe1,4 kusvika ku1,9 nguva yePasi, zvichida imwe yezvidzidzo zvakatanga kubvunza. nei pluto isiri pasi
Muvambi waPluto
Clyde W. Tombaugh muna 1930 akanga ari munzveri wechiduku, uyo akapiwa basa rokuedza kutsvaka mutumbi wokudenga wakanga wabhabhatidzwa sePlaneti X. Kuti aite basa raakanga apiwa, akanga aine 13 muruoko rwake. -inch astrograph, iyo mifananidzo yaigona kutorwa yechikamu chimwe chete chematenga asi mazuva akati wandei akaparadzana. Mushure meizvozvo, akaongorora mifananidzo yakatorwa neiyo flicker microscope.
Nenzira iyi, Tombaugh akakwanisa kuita kuedza kwekuenzanisa pakati pemifananidzo yake nemifananidzo iyo Lowell akanga awana uye akakwanisa kugumisa kuti Lowell akanga atokwanisa kuwana mifananidzo yePluto.
Pluto mazuva ekutanga epuraneti
Mazuva ayo Pluto aionekwa sepasi achiri kurangarirwa. Kwemakumi emakore akawanda yaifungidzirwa zvikuru nokuti ndiyo yaiva nyika diki pane dzimwe nyika uye ndiyo yakanga iri kure zvikuru nezuva. Saizi yaro ingori hafu yehupamhi hwenyika yakaita seUnited States of America uye iri munzvimbo iri kure kwazvo yesolar system yave kunzi Kuiper Belt, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakodzera kushandisa teresikopu kuicherechedza.
Chimwe chikonzero chaiita kuti ikosheswe kudaro chaiva chokuti ndiyo chete nyika yakambowanwa neimwe nzvimbo inoongorora zvinhu iri muUnited States.
Kuwanikidzwa kwaro kunotangira kugore ra1930, apo nyanzvi yemitumbi yomudenga Clyde Tombaugh, paLowell Observatory muArizona, iyo yakagamuchira zita iroro mukukudza muzivi wenyeredzi anoremekedzwa weAmerica Percival Lowell, uyo akavamba, kunyange zvazvo musayendisiti uyu aidavira kuti vaMartians vakachera migero. inowanikwa munzvimbo yePluto. Kunyangwe Tombaugh akagumisa kuti muwani wechokwadi aive Lowell.
Chinhambwe chayo chikuru kubva kuZuva nePasi, pamwe nehukuru hwayo hudiki, huchidzivirira kupenya kupfuura chiyero che 13,8 magnitude kana iri panzvimbo yayo yepamusoro yeperihelion, ndosaka ichingoonekwa kuburikidza neteresikopu, kubva pa200 mm aperture, nemifananidzo. kana neCCD kamera. Imwe nharo kubva Sei Pluto isiri pasi?
Kunyangwe panguva dzakanaka idzo dzinoonekwa kwatiri senyeredzi inobata nguva ine chitarisiko chenyeredzi, yakadzima yero, isina yakakosha kana yakasarudzika maficha, kunyangwe iwo dhayamita inooneka isingasviki 0,1 masekonzi earc. Zvakanga zvakafanira kumirira kusvika 2015, panguva iyo New Horizons space probe yakapfuura Pluto munzira yayo uye masayendisiti akabvumidzwa kunyatso koshesa kutaridzika kwayo kwechokwadi kekutanga.
Zita raPluto
Zvechokwadi, kuwanikwa kwepasi idzva mukati mezuva redu rezuva raiva nhau huru, iyo yakafamba nyika yose nekukurumidza zvikuru uye vose vanoongorora nyeredzi nevanodzidzira vakatanga kutumira mazita ezvinyorwa kuLowell Observatory, pakati payo paiva Pluto.
Musi waKurume 14, 1930, Falconer Madan, aive muraibhurari paOxford University Bodleian Library, akaudza muzukuru wake Venetia Burney nezve kuwanikwa uye akapa zita rekuti Pluto, iro raive mungano dzechiRoma mwari wepasi.
Nyaya iri shure kwezita raPluto ine mukurumbira zvakare.
Yakakarakadzwa nemusikana ane makore 11 okukura, Venetia Burney, aigara muEngland, uye aifarira ngano dzeRoma uye akava nepfungwa yokutumidza iyi pasi itsva yakaoma nechando zita ramwari anokatyamadza wepasi. Sekuru vake vakaendesa zano kunhengo yeUK's Royal Astronomical Society, uyo akaripa kune vaaishanda navo vekuAmerica kuLowell Observatory.
Nyika ichangobva kuwanikwa, iyo inotenderera inodarika makiromita mamiriyoni 4.828 kubva kuzuva, yaizozivikanwawo saMambo weKuiper Belt.
Kuvhota nezvikonzero zvayo
Nezvose zvikumbiro zvakagamuchirwa, vhoti yaifanira kuitwa paLowell Observatory kusarudza pakati peMinerva, Cronos naPluto. Pakupedzisira, zita rokuti Pluto rakagamuchira mavhoti ose, pakati pezvimwe zvikonzero, nokuti mabhii maviri ekutanga ezita (PL) akabatana nekutanga kwemuvambi waro, Mr. Percival Lowell. Nechikonzero ichocho zvakare, chiratidzo chepasi rino ndiP uye L.
Pluto sepasi diki uye tsananguro yeIAU
Asi musi wa24 Nyamavhuvhu 2006, International Astronomical Union yakatsanangura patsva pfungwa yeinofanira kunzwisiswa sePlaneti. Izvi zvakakonzera kufunga Sei Pluto isiri pasi? Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, kuti chinhu chemudenga chigovaniswa sepasi, chinofanira kuita zvinotevera zvinodiwa:
Kuve muviri wekudenga uri mukufamba kwe orbital kutenderera Zuva.
Kuva nehuremu hwakakwana kuitira kuti simba regiravhiti rinobva pairi rinokunda simba remuviri wakaoma zvekuti rinouya kuzotora hydrostatic equilibrium, ine chimiro chebhora.
Inofanira kunge yakakwanisa kutsvaira mativi ekutenderera kwayo kwezvinhu.
Zvinoitika kuti Pluto inosangana nezvinodiwa zvese, kunze kwechitatu, ndosaka yakadonha kubva panzvimbo yayo sepasi repfumbamwe resolar system, inofanirwa kutariswa nhasi mukati mechikamu che Mapuraneti madiki.
Pluto inotaridzika sei?
Basa reNew Horizons space probe rakatora makore angangoita 9 uye raifanira kufamba makiromita anopfuura mamirioni mazana matatu kusvika kuPluto, uko kwakaunganidza data rakakosha, ruzivo nemifananidzo yakawanda, iyo maererano nesainzi yaizotsanangura. Sei Pluto isiri pasi?
Mumifananidzo yakakwira-resolution, inogona kutorwa neNASA's New Horizons spacecraft, zvinogona kuoneka kuti pamusoro pePluto inonakidzwa nemhando inoshamisa yemavara akajeka. Iyi mifananidzo mitsva yePluto yakashamisa vaongorori vepuraneti nekuti mhepo diki yepasi, yakavhenekerwa nezuva, yakatorwa mifananidzo.
Apo NASA yakakwanisa kubudisa mifananidzo yakajeka yakanga yawanikwa kusvika kure pamusoro pePluto, zvaigoneka kuona kuti vakaratidza gungwa rine makomo rinozivikanwa seSputnik Planum, richikwanisa kuonekwa nenzira yakanaka kwazvo. makomo akaiganhura.
Craters
Zvaigonekawo kuona kuti Pluto yaive nema craters akawanda, kunyanya akareba makiromita mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu, achiratidzawo zviratidzo zvekuti kukoromoka kwevhu nekukanganisa masisitimu anogona kunge ari enzvimbo ye geological akakwanisa kudonongodza pamusoro penzvimbo yaPluto, ndokuishandura kuita nyika yakaoma. wastelands.
Zvave zvichigoneka kuona kuti satellite yakakura kwazvo yePluto mwedzi Charón, iyo yakatorwa mifananidzo nekuda kwebhuruu, tsvuku uye infrared kusiyana kweNew Horizons probe equipment, musi waChikunguru 14, 2015, uchikwanisa kuona kuti ndedzipi. maitiro ayo, akasiyana zvakanyanya neanoratidzwa pamusoro penyika.
Zvepamusoro
Humwe hunhu hwePluto hunogona kucherechedzwa mumifananidzo yakatorwa neNew Horizons space probe akasiyana maumbirwo ayo anounzwa nepamusoro payo, kusanganisira izvo zvakanzi neNASA makomo akaumbwa nemaitiro anoshamisa. Makomo aya anowanzo kunzi Tartarus Dorsa.
Izvo zvakare zvave zvichigoneka kuona mumifananidzo iyi kuti Pluto ine mapani makuru echando, ayo akatumidzwa zita remadunhurirwa rekuti Sputnik Planum. Panyaya iyi, vaongorori vakati izvo zvinoita semakomo mumifananidzo anogona kunge ari mapoka makuru emvura yakaomeswa nechando, yakaturikwa pamusoro penitrogen yakaomeswa nechando.
Idzi ndedzimwe dzemhedziso dzakasvikwa mushure mekuongorora mifananidzo yakatorwa apo probe yakapfuura padyo nepamusoro pePluto, pamakiromita angangoita 80.467 kubva pairi, munaChikunguru 14, 2015.
Chokwadi ndechekuti zvave zvichikwanisika kufungidzira kuti pane zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana pamusoro penyika ino. Mapani, makomo, makorokoza uye zvingaita sezvingave zvitunha. Iwo madiki madiki mumifananidzo anosvika 0.8 km pahupamhi. Izvo zvakare zvakagumiswa kuti nzvimbo ye craters ndeyekare, kunyangwe nzvimbo yemapani akaomeswa nechando ndeyemazuva ano, sekureva kwesainzi.
Satellites
Haisi chete Charon yaigona kutorwa mifananidzo, asiwo mifananidzo yeCharon, inova setiraiti hurusa inotenderera Pluto, yaigona kuwanikwa, tichiwana kuti nzvimbo yeCharon yekuchamhembe ine rima zvakanyanyisa uye ine cheni yemakomba akadzika kupfuura Grand Canyon, muColorado.
Chimwe chizaruro chemifananidzo yakatorwa neNew Horizons space probe ndechekuti Pluto ane chimiro chinoratidzika semoyo, uye akabhabhatidzwa kwenguva pfupi nezita rekuti Tombaugh Regio, uko kunoonekwa nzvimbo yakakura yemapani isina crater. inoratidzika kunge yakaitika kubva pazera remakore 100 mamiriyoni. Chakanga chiriwo chishamiso chikuru kumasayendisiti kuona kuti pedyo neEquator yePluto pane makomo maduku.
Kutenda kune chokwadi chekuti ongororo yezviratidziro inogona kuitwa pachishandiswa Ralph apparatus yeNew Horizons, zvave zvichibvira kuona kuti kune yakawanda methane ice paPluto, kunyangwe paine misiyano mikuru kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe. pamusoro pePluto yakaomeswa nechando.
Uye ipapo vaive vasere
Iyo nzira yakamonyaniswa yePluto muna 2006, apo IAU yakatsanangurazve pfungwa uye hunhu hunofanirwa kutariswa sepasi uye chikonzero nei Pluto asina kuita zvinodiwa ndechekuti Óorbit inodarika iyo yepasi Neptune.
Nechikonzero ichi, IAU yakainyora zvakare sepasi diki, asi zvakare yakabhabhatidza sechinhu che trans-Neptunian, icho chainzi chinoshoreka uye chakaunza kushatirwa kwevateveri vemapuraneti madiki neinternet.
Kutanga kweKukurukurirana
Kune akawanda mafeni emuchadenga, Sei Pluto isiri pasi? kana kuderedzwa kwakaitwa Pluto kwakavashamisa. Asi munyaya dzesainzi munyika dzezvidzidzo zvemuchadenga, yaive gakava rakatanga makumi mashoma emakore mushure mekunge nyika diki yawanikwa.
Kare muna 1992, vashandi vezvenyeredzi paUniversity yeHawaii paMauna Kea vakawana kuvepo kwemutumbi wemudenga une chando uri chinhambwe zvishoma kubva pakutenderera kweNeptune. Yakatumidzwa zita rekuti 1992 QBI Kuiper Belt Object, uye kuwanikwa kwayo kwakatungamira kune pfungwa yekuti Pluto inogona kunge iri chimwe chezvinhu zvakawanda-senyika zvakawanikwa muKuiper Belt, kureva, Sei Pluto isiri pasi?
Asi kurova kukuru kwakaitika muna 2003, apo purofesa weCalifornia Institute of Technology, Mike Brown, akakwanisa kuwana Eris, nyika diki ine huremu hushoma kupfuura Pluto. Nekuda kweizvi, vesainzi nevazivi venyeredzi vakatanga kufungidzira kuti zvaigoneka kuti kune zvimwe zvezvitunha zvidiki izvi zviri kutenderera muchadenga. nei pluto isiri pasi mumwe nomumwe akatariswa.
Nekuda kwekuwanikwa kwake, VaBrown vanozivikanwa nhasi semurume akauraya Pluto, nekuti panzvimbo yekuziva Eris nezvisikwa zvese zvekudenga zvakakura kupfuura Pluto senyika, IAU yakasvika pachisarudzo chekubvisa Pluto senyika uye kuishandura kuti ive nyika. planetoid kana nyika diki.
New Horizons inotangazve gakava rekare
Asi neruzivo rwakawanikwa nekuda kwemifananidzo uye zviedzo zvakaitwa neNew Horizons space probe, nhaurirano yekudzokororwa kwePluto inoenderera. Imwe yemhedziso inogona kusvikwa muna 2015, nekuda kwemhedzisiro yeongororo yakaitwa kuNASA, ndeyekuti zvakaratidzwa kuti Pluto ine vhoriyamu yakakura kupfuura iyo masayendisiti aifunga pakutanga, kunyangwe ichitsigira thesis ye. Sei Pluto isiri pasi?
NASA yakagumisawo kuti, maererano neruzivo rwakaunganidzwa neNew Horizons probe, Pluto nemasatelliti ayo akaomarara zvakanyanya kupfuura zvaangafungidzirwe, izvo zvese zvakaita kuti nyika dzesainzi, nyanzvi uye vanhuwo zvavo vafungidzire kana Pluto aigona kudzoka. chimiro chayo sepasi.
Planetary Scientist Opinions
Kunyangwe muongorori wechimiro chaAlan Stern akataura kusabvumirana kwake nechisarudzo chakatorwa neIAU, achitaura kuti chikonzero nei Pluto akaderedzwa kubva pachimiro chayo sepasi, ndiko kuti, chikonzero. Sei Pluto isiri pasi? Kwakanga kuri nokuda kwechinhambwe charo chikuru kubva kuZuva.
Akaenderera mberi, paakataura kuti kana ongororo yemifananidzo yePasi iri munzvimbo yekufungidzira yakaenzana kana yakafanana neiyo yePluto, maererano neZuva, yaigona kuitwa, Nyika yaizobviswawo kubva kune solar system. .
Muna 2014, Harvard-Smithsonian Center yeAstrophysics yakabatanidzwawo mukukakavadzana. Mushure memusangano wenyanzvi maererano nekutsanangurwa kwepasi, vateereri vakabvumirwa kuvhota, uye, sezvaitarisirwa, vaipinda vakapa rubatsiro rwavo kuPluto, vachipesana nedzidziso ye. Sei Pluto isiri pasi?
Kune rumwe rutivi, paSpace Institute yeYunivhesiti yeCentral Florida, tsvakurudzo itsva yakatangwa kubva pane nharo yokuti kuderedzwa kwePluto kune imwe nyika yakasvibirira neIAU haigoni kuonekwa seyakakodzera.
Mune chirevo, sainzi wezvemapuraneti Philip Metzger akataura kuti pfungwa yeIAU, mudzidziso, inofanirwa kutariswa kune chinangwa chakakosha, inova sainzi yepuraneti, asi pfungwa yepasi riripo nderekuti hapana anoshandisa mukutsvaga kwavo. Akataura izvi nokuti Metzger neboka rake vakaita ongororo yemakore anopfuura 200 etsvakurudzo uye vakawana chidzidzo chimwe chete chakashandisa pfungwa yakajairwa yekuchenesa orbit iyo IAU yakashandisa kuderedza Pluto.
Izvi zvakamuita kuti ataurewo kuti tsananguro itsva yeIAU haina hunhu, Metzger akazowedzera kuti IAU haina kutsanangura zvavaireva nechido chavo chechitatu, ndiko kuti, zvinorevei kujekesa nzira yako. Musayendisiti akataura kuti kana ichi chinodiwa chichitorwa sezvazviri, saka hapazovipo mapuraneti ezuva, nokuti hapana puraneti inoita basa rekubvisa kutenderera kwayo.
Kunyanya kutonhorera kuchikoro
Kubva panguva iyo Pluto yakaburuka kubva muchikamu chayo chepasi, ndiko kuti, sezvo yakatsanangurwa Sei Pluto isiri pasi? matambudziko nematambudziko zvakatanga, kwete mundima yesainzi chete. Kutaura idi, hapana akanga akagadzirira nokuda kwetapuro iyo kuderedzwa kwakaparira.
Muchikamu chedzidzo zvakakonzera nyonganyonga, uye hatisi kureva dzidziso dzesainzi uye kuedza, asi kune chimwe chinhu chakakosha, nekuti pakutanga chakakonzera kudhindwazve kwemabhuku esainzi, uko kunotsanangurwa kuvadzidzi. yemireniyamu itsva iyi kuti Pluto ipuraneti diki.
Nekudaro, Pluto yakaratidzwa kuva inonyanya kunakidza isiri-pasi kudzidza nezve kuumbwa kwepuraneti, kutaura chaiko.
Zvave zvichiratidzwa, nekuda kwerwendo rweNew Horizons probe, kuti Pluto ine chando chakakura, madutu anogadzirwa neaizi yakasimba methane, uye nhongonya nemakomo akafukidzwa nechando chemethane, asi nekuda kwekuumbwa kwayo, chando chakatsvuka. (panzvimbo pekuva muchena wakapfava). Chimwe chinotyisa chakawanikwa ndechekuti Pluto ine glacier yakakura kwazvo inozivikanwa muzuva.
Kutaura zvazviri, Pluto ine tembiricha inotonhora zvakanyanya, ingangoita minus 204,4 madhigirii celsius, uye tembiricha iyoyo inodonha zvakanyanya sezvo kutenderera kwayo kuchiiendesa kure nezuva, i.e. muaphelion yake. Kazhinji, Pluto iri kure neZuva zvekuti chiedza chezuva paPluto chakafanana nechikandwa nemwedzi uzere usiku paNyika.
Kana tikaricherechedza kubva pamusoro pePluto, Zuva rinongoonekwa kwatiri senyeredzi inopenya. Zvingave chikonzero chekuti masayendisiti uye vateveri vanoramba vachishamiswa nekudzokororwa kwaPluto makore gumi nemana gare gare ndiko kutonhora kusingarambike.
Sayenzi yemapuraneti Alan Stern akataura muchirevo chakaburitswa neNASA kuti kuomarara kutsva kwePluto's system, kubva mukuumbwa kwayo kwe geological kusvika kuhurongwa hwemwedzi nemhepo, kwagara kuri kupfuura zviroto zvedu zvemusango, sekureva kwesainzi iyi, inofanira kunge yakakwana kukanda kumashure. dzidziso ye nei pluto isiri pasi. Uye akapedzisa achiti munzvimbo dzose dzaakakwanisa kuenda kwadziri, tinoona kuti pane zvakavanzika zvitsva.
