Hinduism inoona zvisikwa zvose uye basa rayo rekudenga sebasa remasimba matatu anokosha anofananidzirwa nevamwari vatatu vanoumba Utatu hweHindu kana "Trimurti" ava ndivo: Brahma musiki, Vishnu mutsigiri uye Shiva muparadzi. Mumukana uyu, tinokukoka iwe kuti uzive zvese zvine chekuita neiyo Mwari Brahma.
Mwari Brahma, Musiki
Ngano yechiHindu inotaura naBrahma muziva zvose, manyuko ezvose zviripo, chisakiso chezvimiro zvose nezvinoitika, namazita akasiana-siana:
- Iye ndiye syllable "Om" - the eka aksharam (bhii rimwechete).
- Akazvarwa asina kusikwa, ndiye Swayambhu.
- Kutanga kuratidzwa kwekuvapo kwemunhu, ndiAhankara.
- Embryo kubva kune zvakasikwa, ndiHiranya Garbha (goridhe embryo).
- Bhora remoto.
- Sezvo zvisikwa zvese zviri vana vake, ndiye Prajapati mambo wemadzimambo.
- Pitamaha tateguru.
- Vidhi mubhadhari.
- Lokesha ishe wezvose.
- Viswakarma mugadziri wenyika.
Kwakabva mwari Brahma
Kune nhoroondo dzakawanda dzekwakabva Brahma mumagwaro echiHindu, dzichipa shanduro dzakasiyana dzemavambo ake. Maererano nePuranas inoraviwa nevakawanda uye yakakurumbira, Brahma akaberekwa pakutanga kwechadenga kubva pamurwi unokura kubva paguvhu raVishnu (Nokudaro, Brahma pane dzimwe nguva anonzi Nabhija kana kuti "guvhu-akazvarwa").
Imwe ngano inoti Brahma akazvisika nekutanga kugadzira mvura. Mumvura akaisa mhodzi yakazova zai regoridhe kana kuti Hiranyagarbha. Kubva muzai regoridhe iri akaberekwa Brahma musiki akafananidzwa, uye zvinhu zvakasara zvezai zvakawedzera kuita Universe (nekuda kweizvozvo, inozivikanwawo seKanja, kana "kuberekerwa mumvura").
MuSapata Brahmana, Brahma anonzi akaberekwa kubva mukusanganiswa kwehupirisita hwevanhu nemoto, chinhu chaive chave chiri pakati pemitambo yeVedic. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mabviro enhoroondo eBrahma ane hukama zvakanyanya nezvibayiro zveVedic.
MuUpanishads, Brahma zvishoma nezvishoma anotsiva Prajapati (kana kuti "Tenzi weZvisikwa," musiki anonyanya kuzivikanwa Mwari muVedas) semusiki wekutanga, achitora mazhinji ehunhu hwePrajapati. The Mundaka Upanishad inotsanangura kuti "Brahma akamuka seyokutanga pakati pevamwari, muiti wezvose, mudziviriri wenyika." Tsananguro dzakadai dzakambopihwa kuna Prajapati muVedas.
Hunhu hwemwari Brahma
Chero chinomiririra mwari Brahma chinowanikwa mutemberi yechiHindu chinoratidzwa senguva dzose nemisoro mina, zvinyorwa zvina, uye maoko mana. Tsanangudzo yemisoro mina inowanikwa munyaya dzekare dzePuranas, apo zvinonzi Brahma paakanga achigadzira chisiko chapose pose akaitawo Shatarupa, mwari wechikadzi ane maitiro ane zana akanaka.
Mwari Brahma akatorwa mwoyo pakarepo nechisiko chake, uye Shatarupa, avhiringidzwa nokuvapo kunopfuurira kwaBrahma, akavamba kufamba munzira dzakasiana-siana kudzivisa kumutarira kwake. Zvisinei, kuedza kwake kunzvenga Brahma kwakabvumikisa kuva kusina maturo, sezvo Brahma akakura zvokuti aigona kumuona zviri nani pasinei zvapo nenzira yaaizoenda nayo.
Brahma akakura misoro mishanu apo mumwe nomumwe wakatarisa mativi mana emakadhi, uyewo mumwe pamusoro pemimwe. Panguva iyi Ishe Shiva vaive vatonetawo nematambiro aBrahma achiona zvichinetsa kuti Brahma aive adana naShatarupa uyo sezvisikwa zvake aive akafanana nemwanasikana wake.
Kuti atarise kufambira mberi kwaBrahma, Shiva akacheka pamusoro pemusoro wake. Kubva chiitiko chacho, Brahma akatendeukira kumagwaro eVedic mukuedza kupfidza. Naizvozvo, anowanzo fananidzirwa akabata maVedas mana (zvinyorwa zveuchenjeri) uye musoro wega wega unodzokorora chimwe chazvo.
Mwari Brahma anowanzoratidzirwa ane ndebvu chena pachiso chake chimwe nechimwe, kuenzanisira nguva refu yokuvapo kwake kubvira pakutanga kwenguva. Hapana norumwe rwamaoko ake mana akatakura chombo, chinomusiyanisa navamwe vamwari vazhinji vechiHindu. Rimwe remaoko ake rinoratidzwa rakabata ladle rinobatanidzwa nekudururwa kweghee rinoyera kana mafuta papire yechibairo, izvi zvinotoratidza chimiro chaBrahma saishe wezvibayiro.
Ukuwo akabata hari yemvura, inofananidzwa negoko rekokonati rine mvura. Mvura ndiyo yekutanga-inosanganisira ether, umo mbeu dzekutanga dzekusika dzakadyarwa, uye naizvozvo inokosha zvikuru. Mwari Brahma anewo rozari yaanoshandisa kuchengeta nguva. Anowanzo fananidzirwa akagara paruva reroti rinofananidzira nyika uye ruvara rwayo kazhinji rutsvuku, runomiririra moto kana zuva uye simba rayo rokusika.
Motokari yaBrahma (vahana) ndiyo shan. Shiri yehumwari iyi inopihwa hunhu hunonzi Neera-Ksheera Viveka kana kugona kupatsanura musanganiswa wemukaka nemvura muzvikamu zvadzo. Mutsika yechiHindu, ichi chiito chinomirira pfungwa yokuti kururamisira kunofanira kupiwa kuzvisikwa zvose, pasinei nokuti mamiriro acho ezvinhu akaoma sei. Kupfuurirazve, uku mano okuparadzanisa mvura nomukaka kunoratidzira kuti munhu anofanira kudzidza nenzira yakafanana kusiyanisa zvakanaka nezvakaipa, kugamuchira chinhu chinokosha uye kurasa zvisina maturo.
Ngano inosanganisira Sarasvati, mudzimai wake mukuru, inopa tsananguro yekushayikwa chaiko kwekunamata kwakapihwa Brahma. Nyaya iyi inotaura nezvechibairo chikuru chemoto (kana kuti yajna) chaive choda kuitika paNyika nemuchenjeri Brahmarishi Bhrigu achishanda semupristi mukuru, zvakasarudzwa kuti mukuru pane vamwari vese aizoitwa mwari anotonga, uye Bhrigu akatanga. kuwana mukurusa pakati poUtatu.
Paakasvika paBrahma, mwari akanga anyura mumhanzi yairidzwa naSarasvati zvekuti aingonzwa kurira kwaBhrigu. Bhrigu akashatirwa akakurumidza kutuka Brahma, achidzokorora kuti hapana munhu paPasi aizomupa minyengetero kana kunamata zvakare.
Etymology
Etymology yezwi Brahman ndiro mudzi Bruh ane suffix Manin. Izwi rinopinda mumhando mbiri (neuter uye masculine) nezvirevo zvakasiyana. Brahman in neuter gender zvinoreva "kuBrahman", Kuziva Kwepamusoro, Chokwadi Chechokwadi, Humwari Mukuru. Nezve izvi zvinoreva "humwari" hunopinda uye hunotora ichi chisiko chose.
Rimwe izwi muchimiro chechirume rinoreva kuratidzwa chaiko kweAbsolute Reality muchimiro chemusiki. Kuratidzwa kwaBrahma samwari wekare kunofananidzira kusikwa kusina mavambo, nokudaro zviso zvake zvina zvinonzi ndiko kwakaberekerwa Veda ina.
Historia
Pakutanga, Brahma akabuda kubva muzai regoridhe rekudenga kuti azogadzira zvakanaka nezvakaipa, pamwe chete nechiedza nerima rake pachake. Akasikawo marudzi mana: vamwari, madhimoni, madzitateguru nevarume (wokutanga aiva Manu). Mwari Brahma ipapo akasika zvisikwa zvipenyu zvose pasi pano (kunyange mune dzimwe ngano izvi zvinonzi zvakaitwa nemwanakomana waBrahma Daksa).
Mukati menguva yokusika, zvichida munguva yokusangwarira, madhemoni akabuda muchidya chaBrahma, achisiya muviri wake amene kuti gare gare uchinje kuva usiku. Pashure pokunge mwari Brahma asika vamwari vakanaka, akasiya muviri wake zvakare, gare gare kuva zuva. Saka madhimoni anowana kukwira kudenga uye vamwari masimba erunako anotonga masikati.
Zvadaro, Brahma akasika madzitateguru nevarume, achisiya muviri wake zvakare kuitira kuti vave mambakwedza uye mambakwedza maererano (iyi nzira yekusika inodzokororwa mune imwe neimwe eon). Brahma ipapo akagadza Shiva kuti atonge vanhu kunyange zvazvo mungano dzapashure, mwari Brahma anova mushumiri waShiva.
mwari wemusiki Brahma zvakare aive nevashandi vakasiyana-siyana, akanyanya kukosha aive Sarasvati uyo mushure mekusikwa akapa Brahma: maVeda mana (mabhuku matsvene echiHindu), matavi ese eruzivo, iyo 36 Raginis uye 6 Ragas yemumhanzi, pfungwa senge ndangariro. uye kukunda, yoga, zviito zvechitendero, kutaura, Sanskrit, uye zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuyera uye nguva.
Kunze kweDaksa, Brahma aive nevamwe vanakomana vakakurumbira vaisanganisira maSeven Sages (ayo Daksa aive mumwe), uye mana anozivikanwa Prajapatis (vamwari):
- kardama
- pancasikha
- voodoo
- Narada, komisheni wekupedzisira pakati pavamwari nevanhu.
Uyezve, mwari Brahma aionekwa semuiti wevakadzi uye rufu. Munyaya dzengano dzakataurwa muMahabharata, Brahma akabata pamuviri vakadzi semavambo ehuipi pakati pevarume:
“Mukadzi anofeva moto unopfuta… ndiye muromo webanga; ichetura, nyoka uye rufu, zvose muchinhu chimwe.”
Vamwari vaitya kuti vanhu vaizova nesimba zvokuti vangadenha kutonga kwavo, naizvozvo vakabvunza mwari Brahma kuti ndeipi yakanga iri nzira yakanakisisa yokudzivisa nayo. Mhinduro yake yaive yekusika vakadzi vasina chinangwa avo:
"Nechishuwo chekunakidzwa nenyama, vanozotanga kufadza varume". Ipapo ishe wevamwari, ishe akasika kutsamwa semubatsiri wechishuwo, uye zvisikwa zvese, zvichiwira musimba rechido nekutsamwa, zvinozotanga kuzvibatanidza nevakadzi ”- Mahabharata muHindu Myths, 36.
Mune imwe nyaya, mudzimai waBrahma wekutanga rufuwo, simba rakaipa rinounza kuenzanisa kune zvakasikwa uye rinova nechokwadi chokuti haripfuuri. Nhamba yerufu inotsanangurwa zvinoyevedza muMahabharata se:
«mukadzi mutema, akapfeka zvipfeko zvitsvuku. Maziso ake, maoko netsoka zvaive nemavara matsvuku, aive akashongedzwa nemhete nezvishongo zvehumwari" uye akapihwa basa re "kuparadza zvisikwa zvese, zvisizvo uye nyanzvi" pasina kusarudzika - Mahabharata muHindu Myths, makumi mana.
Rufu rwakachema ndokukumbira mwari Brahma kuti amusunungure pairi basa rinotyisa, asi Brahma akaramba asingazununguki ndokumutuma kuita basa rake. Pakutanga, Rufu rwakaenderera mberi nekuratidzira kwake nekuita zviito zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshamisa zvekuzvinyima zvakadai sokumira mumvura mukunyarara kwakakwana kwemakore 8.000 uye kumira pamusoro pemakomo eHimalaya kwemakore 8.000 mamiriyoni, asi Brahma haana kuzununguka.
Naizvozvo rufu, ruchiri kuchema, rwakaita basa rake kuunza usiku husingagumi kuzvinhu zvose apo nguva yake yakasvika uye misodzi yake yakawira pasi ndokushanduka kuva chirwere. Nokudaro, kuburikidza nebasa rerufu, musiyano pakati pevanhu vanofa nevamwari wakachengetedzwa nekusingaperi.
Kubatana pakati peBrahma, Shiva naVishnu
Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva ndiye Hindu trinity, inonziwo trimurti. Mudzimu Mukuru kana Chokwadi Chese Chese, chinonzi Brahman, chinoumbwa muvanhu vatatu chimwe nechimwe chine basa rinoenderana necosmic: Brahma (musiki), Vishnu (muchengetedzi) uye Shiva (mushanduri/muparadzi). Nemhaka yokuti chiHindu muunganidzwa wetsika nezvitendero zvakasiyana, nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva yakanga iri nhamburiko yokuyananisa dzidziso yaBrahman nemitoo yakasiyana kune Humwari.
Pamatatu ekuzvarwa aBrahman, Shiva ane nzvimbo yakakosha mune zvechinyakare maitiro eyogi sezvo achitorwa seyeyogi huru kana adiyodi. Shiva zvakare inofananidzira kuenzana kwekuziva uye kunakidzwa, uye kudzikamisa mhedzisiro yemaitiro eyoga kazhinji. Kubatana naBrahman, anofananidzwa seye trimurti, ndicho chinangwa chekupedzisira muhuzivi hweyoga uye maitiro. Nhasi Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva se trimurti haanyanyi kunamatwa.
Pane kudaro, maHindu anowanzo namata mumwe wevatatu semwari wepamusoro-soro uye vanotora vamwe semiviri yamwari wavo wepamusoro. Somuenzaniso, Vaishnavism vanodavira kuti Vishnu ndiye mwari mukuru, nepo Shaivism inodavira kuti Shiva mukuru. Brahma kana tichienzanisa ine vashoma vanonamata samwari mukuru. Muzvinyorwa zvekare, vamwari vatatu vanofananidzira pasi, mvura uye moto:
- Brahma: inomiririra pasi. Ndiye simba rekutanga uye rekusika rehupenyu hwese. Imwe nyaya inoti iye mwanakomana waBrahman, nepo imwe ichiti akazvisika kubva mumvura nembeu.
- Vishnu: inomiririra mvura, iyo inofananidzira basa rayo somutsigiri woupenyu. Ndiye rutivi runodzivirira rweBrahman, anozivikanwa nekusimudzira kunaka uye kusikwa, uye anozivisa nekuzvarwa kwake: Krishna neRama.
- Shiva: inomiririra moto uye inozivikanwa sesimba rinoparadza re trimurti. Zvisinei, anoonekwawo sesimba rakanaka rinochenesa uye rinoparadza uipi, richigadzira nzira yechisikwa chitsva nemavambo matsva.
Chitendero cheBrahmanism
Brahman seUltimate Reality, Universal Intellect iyo isingaperi isina kutanga, yepakati uye yekupedzisira ipfungwa yemetaphysical inoumba hwaro hweBrahmanism. Brahmanism inoonekwa seyakatangira chiHindu. Saka Brahmanism ndiro dingindira guru uye rutendo rwevateveri veVedic, pfungwa dzavo uye pfungwa yehuzivi zvinopa mavambo ekutanga uye magariro echitendero uye maitiro muHinduism.
Sezvo fungidziro nemaonero aBrahman zvakasumwa navaRishi, avo gare gare vakava vateveri vakasimba vechiBrahman, vakarangarirwa navamwe kuva veboka roupristi uye vainzi maBrahmin. Ivava vakapeta dzidziso yacho kupfurikidza nedzidziso nokuitwa kwetsika, nokudaro chiBrahman chakasvika pakushandiswa nesimba nokutsunga kusingazununguki.
Zvinonziwo Brahmanism sezvinotaurwa nevamwe vaongorori yakawana zita rayo kubva kumaBrahmins, vaiita tsika dzeVedic. Uyezve, muprista weBrahman ndeuyo anogara akanyura mupfungwa dzeBrahman asingagumi. Brahmanism, zvisinei, inoramba iri iyo inonyanya kutsvakwa ideology inovhiringidza hunyanzvi hwekududzira hwevatongi vakachenjera uye nyanzvi dzepamusoro uye nanhasi ichiri chakavanzika chisingaperi.
Pfungwa dzepakati dzeBrahmanism dzakanyatsoenderana nemetaphysics, kubvunza kuti chii chaicho chaicho, chokwadi chenguva, yekuve, yekuziva, uye mavambo uye hwaro hwekuvapo kwese. Nyanzvi dzakawanda, dzakadai sevanochera matongo, geologists, hydrologists uye philologists, vakapotera mune zvinyorwa zveVedas, kunyanya mupfungwa yeBrahman, sezvo yakabatana zvakananga nevanhu uye mavambo avo.
Brahman seanopararira, asingaperi, uye chikonzero chikuru che "zvose zvine kufamba uye zvisina kufamba", inoumba kugamuchirwa kwakakosha muBrahmanism. Kwakavakirwa pakutenda kuti chinhu chiri chose chakambovapo, chiripo iye zvino, uye chichavapo chinhu chiduku muzvokwadi isingagumi yapose pose, inonzi Brahman.
Iyo Atman, mweya, ndiyo yechipiri inonyanya kukosha pfungwa muBrahmanism. Iyo Atman inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo tsime rehupenyu hwese pakati pevanhu. Mweya wechipenyu unofungidzirwa kuva wakafanana neBrahman pachawo, zvichiita kuti vanhu vatende kuti munhu anoumba mweya haasi mumwe kunze kweBrahman uye ane hunhu hwose hweBrahman.
Mweya, nokudaro unoziviswa sowakafanana noMweya Mukurusa unopararira, unoumba chitendero chikuru muchiBrahman. Mweya Mukuru, uyo usati wazvarwa uye ndicho chikonzero chekuzvarwa kwemunhu wese, unoumba nheyo yeBrahmanism, iyo yakawedzera zvichitevera kufungidzira kwaBrahman.
Mweya unoonekwa sewakafanana neMweya Mukuru, uyo usiri chimwe chinhu kunze kweBrahman. Kutenda uku kunoratidza pesvedzero yeBrahmanism paBuddhism, Jainism uye Hinduism. ChiHindu nhasi chinorangarirwa kuva chizvarwa kana kuti bazu rechiBrahmanism, sezvo vaHindu vakawana zita ravo muRwizi rwaIndus, pamahombekombe maVedas aishandiswa nevaAryan. Naizvozvo, maHindu akatevera Vedas nechitendero chavo cheBrahman vaionekwa sevatsigiri vekutanga vechiHindu.
Brahmanism uye Buddhism
Buddhism yave ichirangarirwa kuva nhungirwa yechiBrahmanism maererano nedzidziso yayo huru nezvitendero, asi ivo vakaigadzirisa kune dudziro dzavo. Sezvingabvira zvikuru kuti mumwe munhu anotevera chiBrahman pasina mubvunzo anodavira mufungo wokuberekwazve kwavanhu nemhaka yokuti mweya unoumbwa nenyama yomunhu waizokurumidza kupotera mumuviri mutsva, avatar itsva, kuti izadzise zvishuvo zvawo zvisina kuzadzikwa.
ChiBuddha, kune rumwe rutivi, hachidaviri mumurangariro wokuberekwazve, asi chakajekesa chiBrahman kusvika pakusunungurwa kwokuti chimwe chinhu chiri chose chiri muchadenga hachina maturo kunze kweBrahman, iyo ndiyo bedzi iripo uye isingagumi. VaBuddha vanopokanawo uye vanoramba chitendero chomweya womunhu, vachitaura kuti kune mweya mupenyu usingarambiki, uye vanhu havaumbi mweya asi vanozadzwa nokutambura, uko kunoumba kusagara kwavo.
Vedic mabhuku
Veda, (Sanskrit: "Knowledge") muunganidzwa wenhetembo kana nziyo dzakaumbwa muchiSanskrit chekare neveIndo-European-vaitaura nzanga dzaigara kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweIndia mumireniyamu yechipiri BC. C. Hapana zuva chairo rinogona kuverengerwa kuumbwa kweVedas, asi nguva ingangoita 1500-1200 B.C. C. inogamuchirwa nenyanzvi zhinji.
Nziyo idzi dzakaumba mutumbi wechitendero uyo, muchidimbu, waikura uchitenderedza tsika nechibayiro che soma uye waidzokororwa kana kuimbwa panguva yemitambo. Vairumbidza boka guru ravamwari, vamwe vavo vairondedzera zvinoitika zvomusikirwo uye zvomudenga somunhu, zvakadai somwoto (Agni), Zuva (Surya naSavitri), mambakwedza (Usha mwarikadzi), madutu (vanaRudra) uye mvura (Indra) . ), nepo mamwe achimiririra unhu husingaoneki hwakadai soushamwari (Mitra), chiremera chetsika (Varuna), umambo (Indra), uye kutaura (Vach mwarikadzi).
Mubatanidzwa mukuru, kana kuti Samhita, wenhetembo dzakadaro umo hotri (“reciter”) akakweva mashoko nokuda kwokudzokorora kwake, iRigveda (“Zivo Yendima”). Maitiro matsvene anozivikanwa semantras akadzokororwa neadhvaryu, muprista ane mutoro wekupisa moto wechibayiro uye kuita mhemberero. Aya mantra nemavhesi zvakabatanidzwa muSamhita inozivikanwa seYajurveda ("Ruzivo rweChibayiro").
Boka rechitatu revaprista rinotungamirirwa neudgatri (chanter), vakaita kudzokorora kunonzwika kwakabatana nendima dzinenge dzabviswa zvachose kubva kuRigveda asi dzakarongwa seSamhita yakasiyana, Samaveda ("Kuziva nziyo"). Aya matatu maRig Vedas, Yajur naSama, vaizivikanwa se trayi-vidya ("ruzivo rwakapetwa katatu").
Chikamu chechina chenziyo, mashiripiti, uye incantations inoumbwa seAtharvaveda ("Ruzivo rweMupristi weMoto"), iyo inosanganisira tsika dzakasiyana dzemunharaunda uye inoramba iri kunze kwechibayiro cheVedic. Mazana emakore mashoma gare gare, zvichida akapoteredza 900 BC. C., maBrahmana akanyorwa semanyoro eVedas, ayo aiva nengano dzakawanda netsananguro dzetsika.
MaBrahmana akateverwa nemamwe magwaro, maAranyakas (“Mabhuku Esango”) uye maUpanishad, ayo akatora kurukurirano dzouzivi munzira itsva, achikoka dzidziso youmoni norusununguko ( moksha, chaizvoizvo “kusunungurwa”) kubva mukutenderera kworufu. uye kuberekwa patsva ( samsarah ).
Boka rose remabhuku eVedic - maSamhitas, maBrahmanas, maAranyakas, uye maUpanishads - anonzi Shruti ("Icho chinonzwika"), chibereko chekuzarurirwa kwaMwari. Mabhuku ese anoita kunge akachengetedzwa nemuromo (kunyangwe panogona kunge paine manyoro ekutanga kubatsira ndangariro). Kusvikira nhasi akati wandei emabasa aya, kunyanya matatu ekare eVedas, anodzokororwa nehunyanzvi hwekutaura uye mutinhimira wakapfuudzwa nemuromo kubva pamazuva ekutanga echitendero cheVedic muIndia.
Post-Vedic, Epics uye Puranas
Nechokunopera kwenguva yeVedic uye zvakanyanya kana zvishoma panguva imwe chete nekugadzirwa kweiyo Upanishads mikuru, pfupi, tekinoroji uye kazhinji manyoro manyoro akanyorwa pamisoro yakasiyana-siyana ine chekuita nekuita kwakakodzera uye nenguva kwetsika dzechibairo dzeVedic. Idzi dzakazonyorwa seVedangas ("Studies ancillary to the Veda"). Kushushikana neLiturgy kwakasimudza dzidziso, inonziwo Vedangas, yaive chikamu cheVedic scholarship. Paive neminda mitanhatu yakadai:
- Shiksa (murayiridzo), iyo inotsanangura kutaurwa kwakakodzera uye kududzira kweVedic ndima.
- Chandas (metric), iyo chete mumiririri akanonoka asara.
- Vyakarana (analysis and derivation), umo mutauro unotsanangurwa girama.
- Nirukta (lexicon), iyo inoongorora uye inotsanangura mazwi akaoma.
- Jyotisa (zvivheneko), hurongwa hwekuongorora nyeredzi nekuongorora nyeredzi hunoshandiswa kuronga nguva dzakakodzera dzetsika.
- Kalpa (execution mode), iyo inodzidza nzira dzakarurama dzekuita tsika.
Pakati pezvinyorwa zvakafuridzirwa neVedas ndeye Dharma-sutras, kana "manuals on dharma," iyo ine mitemo yekuzvibata uye tsika dzinoitwa muzvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zveVedic. Zvinyorwa zvaro zvikuru zvinobata nemabasa evanhu vari mumatanho akasiyana ehupenyu, kana ashramas (zvidzidzo, imba, pamudyandigere uye kusiya basa); mitemo yezvokudya; mhosva uye expiations; uye kodzero uye mabasa emadzimambo.
Vanokurukurawo miitiro yokucheneswa, mitambo yemariro, zvimiro zvokugamuchira vaeni uye mitoro yezuva nezuva, uye kunyange kutaura nhau dzemitemo. Iyo inonyanya kukosha yezvinyorwa izvi ndeyeGautama, Baudhayana, uye Apastamba sutras. Kunyangwe hukama hwakananga husina kujeka, zviri mukati memabasa aya zvakawedzera kuvandudzwa mune yakarongeka Dharma-shastras, iyo yakazove hwaro hwemutemo wechiHindu.
Brahma sutras, chinyorwa chechiHindu
Iyo Brahmasutra, inozivikanwa seSariraka Sutra kana Sariraka Mimamsa kana Uttara Mimamsa kana Bhikshu Sutra yeBadarayana, ndechimwe chezvinyorwa zvitatu zvakabatanidzwa zvinonzi Prasthana Traya, mamwe maviri ari Upanishads neBhagavad Gita. Rugwaro rweBadarayana runozivisa kuti pamberi pake pakanga pane vadzidzisi vanoverengeka, vakadai saAsmarathya, Audulomi naKasakritsna, avo vainzwisisa revo ye<em>Upanishad munzira dzakasiyana-siyana.
Zvinofanira kubvumwa kuti, mune yazvino mamiriro eruzivo, "moyo weSutrakara" wakaoma kunzwisisa. Izvi zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei pakave neasingaverengeki tsinhiro paBrahmasutra, ane mukurumbira ari ayo aSankara, Ramanuja, Madhva, Nimbarka, uye Vallabha.
Vatauri ava vanosiyana kunyangwe muhuwandu chaihwo hweSutras kana aphorisms. Somuenzaniso, apo Sankara anoisa nhamba pa 555, Ramanuja anoiisa pa 545. Izvi zvinodaro nokuti vatungamiri ava vanosiyana pane zvinoumba imwe sutra: chii chinonzi sutra kune imwe Acharya maviri kune imwe, kana zvakasiyana.
Izwi rokuti "sutra" rinoreva tambo inobatanidza dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana dzeVedantic muhumwe hune musoro uye hunoenderana. Sankara anopa chirevo chenhetembo paanotaura kuti sutras idzi dzinosunga maruva nenzira yeUpanishad ndima (vedanta vakyakusuma).
Brahma samhita, chinyorwa chamwari brahma
Iyo Brahma Samita (Rumbidzo dzeBrahma) chinyorwa chePancaratra (Vaishnava Agamas inopihwa kunamatwa kwaIshe Narayana); yakagadzirwa nemavhesi emunamato akataurwa naIshe Brahma vachikudza Ishe Mukuru Shri Krishna (Govinda) pakutanga kweChisiko. Mwari Brahma, anova mudzidzi wekutanga wekutevedzana kwevadzidzi kwakatangwa naIshe Shri Krishna, anopihwa basa rekugadzira zvinhu uye kuongorora nzira yekuda, kusikwa namwari Shri Krishna, kuburikidza neguvhu rako.
MuKaliyuga yose, nguva yezvino yekukakavadzana uye unyengeri, Brahma Samhita yakanga isingazivikanwi, kusvikira pakuonekwa kwaIshe Chaitanya, uyo akangotora chitsauko chechishanu chemashoko ose. Somugumisiro, chitsauko 5 ndicho chitsauko chakaverengwa, kudzidzwa, uye kuimbwa kubvira ipapo. Mhemberero dzekutanga zvemweya dzinowanzotanga nekuimba chitsauko chechishanu cheBrahma Samhita pamwe chete.
Iyo Brahma Samhita inopa nzira dzeshumiro yekunamata. Brahma Samhita anotsanangura Garbhodakasayi Visnu, mabviro eGayatri Mantra, chimiro chaGovinda nenzvimbo yake yekumusoro nekugara, zvisikwa zvipenyu, Mwarikadzi Durga, zvinoreva hutsinye, zvinhu zvishanu, uye chiono cherudo rwakadzama runobvumira munhu ona kuna Ishe Shri Krishna.
Brahma vihara sekufungisisa
Brahma vihara izita rinoreva iwo mana echiBuddha hunhu uye kufungisisa kushandisa. Mavambo aro anobva mumashoko echiPali, brahma, ayo anoreva “mwari” kana kuti “mwari”; uye vihara, zvinoreva "kugara." Iyo brahma vihara inozivikanwawo semaapamanna mana, kana kuti "isingayereki," uye sezvina zvinyorwa zvepamusoro.
Bhudha yogi inoita idzi sublime state dze brahma vihara kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwekufungisisa hunodaidzwa kuti brahma vihara-bhavana nechinangwa chekuwana jhana (concentration kana kuzere kufungisisa) uye pakupedzisira mamiriro ekuvhenekerwa anozivikanwa se nirvana. Iyo brahma viharas inosanganisira:
- Upekkha - kuenzana kwakadzika midzi mukunzwisisa. Kubatana, kugadzikana, uye pfungwa dzakadzikama uye dzakadzikama umo munhu wese anobatwa zvakanaka.
- Metta - mutsa une rudo unoratidza kushingaira kune wese munhu.
- Karuna - tsitsi umo muBuddha anoratidza kutambura kwevamwe sekwake.
- Mudita - mufaro unonzwira tsitsi umo muBhudha anofara nemufaro uye mufaro wevamwe, kunyange zvazvo asina kutora chikamu mukugadzira mufaro iwoyo.
Aya mazano mana mamwe chete anogona kuwanikwa muyoga uye muuzivi hwechiHindu. Patanjali akakurukura izvi sezvimiro zvepfungwa muYoga Sutras.
Maitiro eBrahma mudra
Brahma mudra chiratidzo chemaoko chinoshandiswa mune ese ari maviri yoga asana, kufungisisa, uye kugara uchishandiswa kwepranayama iyo inokosheswa kune ese ekufananidzira uye kuporesa maitiro. Brahma izita ramwari musiki wechiHindu uye muSanskrit rinoshandura se "vamwari", "mutsvene" kana "mweya wepamusoro", nepo Mudra zvichireva "chiratidzo" kana "chisimbiso".
Izvi zvinowanzoitwa munzvimbo yakagadzikana yekugara, senge vajrasana kana padmasana. Maoko ese ari maviri anoumba zvibhakera nezvigunwe zvakapeta zvigunwe, zvanza zvakatarisa mudenga, uye maoko ese akatsikirirwa pamwe chete pamakumbo. Maoko anozorora zvinyoro nyoro achipikisa pubic bone.
Dzimwe nguva inonzi "chiito chekuziva-kwese-kwese," Brahma mudra inobatsira kukurudzira kufema kuzere panguva yepranayama. Nekuti madhaka aya, uye mudras kazhinji, anotenda kuti anokanganisa kuyerera kwesimba rehupenyu (prana) mumuviri wese, inodzikamisa pfungwa uye inopa simba muviri. Brahma mudra inotendwawo kuti ine mabhenefiti aya:
- Wedzera kuisa pfungwa.
- Bvisa simba risina kunaka.
- Bvisa chepfu.
- Inobatsira iyo yogi kusvika pakakwirira yekufungisisa.
Temples
Temberi yePushkar inogona kunge iri iyo inonyanya kufarirwa pasi rose inopiwa kunamata mwari Brahma, asi zvirokwazvo haisi iyo yega. Zvisinei, ndiyo temberi yekaresa yakapiwa kuna mwari wechiHindu uyu. Ngano inoti Brahma, achienzaniswa nevamwe vamwari, airegerera zvakanyanya uye aikomborera vaainamata nemoyo wese, saka pakanga paine zviitiko zvakati wandei apo aikomborera vaizvipira nemakomborero asingatarise mhedzisiro yezvikomborero zvake.
Zvinonzi akaropafadza madhimoni kubva kuHiranyakashipu naMahishasur kusvika kuRavana, zvichiita kuti vatambudze vanhu uye vamwari vakasiyana-siyana zvakare. Nekuda kweizvi Vishu naShiva vaizofanira kutora kutonga kwemamiriro ezvinhu uye kuuraya madhimoni nemaavatar avo akasiyana. Sezvo Brahma akapfuurira kuva anoregeredza, vanhu vakarega kumunamata uye panzvimbo pezvo vakapa minyengetero kuna Vishnu naShiva.
Imwe ngano inoti Brahma akasika mwarikadzi Shatarupa ane zana mafomu. Paakangosikwa, Brahma akatora fancy kwaari ndokumutevera kwese kwese nekuda kwekuroya kwake kwaari. Zvisinei, akaedza kuinzvenga kwenguva yakareba sezvaibvira. Asi Brahma akanga akasimba zvakakwana kuti azvipe misoro mishanu, mumwe kurutivi rumwe norumwe - kuchamhembe, kumaodzanyemba, kumabvazuva nekumadokero uye musoro wechishanu pamusoro pemimwe, achida kumutarisa kwese kwaaienda asina kumbomukanganwa.
Sezvo Shatarupa aionekwa semwanasikana waBrahma, Shiva akagura musoro waBrahma wechishanu sehukama hwemakunakuna hwakanga husina kufanira. Kubva ipapo, Brahma anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye mwari asina hanya pakati pevatatu: Brahma, Vishnu naShiva.
Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva zvinonzi mwari Brahma akatsvaka rupfidzo nekanganwiro nokuda kwechiito chakadaro, uye ndicho chikonzero nei dzimwe temberi dzinoverengeka dzakavakwa ndokutangwa kuti vanamate mwari musiki, Brahma. Heano mamwe eanoremekedzwa matemberi eBrahma muIndia:
Tembere yeBrahma, Pushkar
Iri pedyo nePushkar Lake mudunhu reAjmer reRajasthan, temberi yeBrahma ndiyo imwe yetemberi dzakashanyirwa zvikuru dzeBrahma muIndia. Mumwedzi wechiHindu weKartik (November), vateveri vamwari uyu vanouya kutemberi vanonyura munyanza vachipa minyengetero kuna mwari wacho.
Tembere yeAsotra Brahma, Barmer
Temberi yeAsotra iri mudunhu reBarmer reRajasthan, iyi imwe temberi inonyanya kutsaurirwa kuBrahma. Yakavambwa neRajpurohits yevanhu uye inovakwa nematombo kubva kuJaisalmer neJodhpur. Zvisinei, chidhori chamwari chakagadzirwa nemarble.
Tembere yeAdi Brahma, Khokhan – Kullu Valley
Iyo Adi Brahma Tembere iri munzvimbo yeKhokhan yeKullu Valley. Ngano inoti temberi yainamatwa nevanhu vanobva kumatunhu ese eMandi neKullu. Zvisinei, apo umambo huviri hwakakamurwa, mufananidzo wakavakwa kune rumwe rutivi, muMandi, uye vakazvipira vaifanira kuzviganhurira vamene kukushanyira tembere yakanga iri yemiganhu youmambo.
Brahma Temple, Kumbakonam
Zvinodavirwa kuti Brahma aidada nechipo chake chokusika kusvikira kupfundo rokuti aizvikudza kuti akanga ari nani kupfuura Shiva naVishnu muunyanzvi hwokusika. Izvi zvakaita kuti Vishnu aumbe chipoko chaityisa Brahma. Achitya, akauya kuna Vishnu nokuda kwebetsero, akumbira ruregerero nokuda kwokusazvininipisa kwake. Vishnu ipapo akakumbira Brahma kuchengeta kutendeuka paPasi kuti azvidzikinure.
Zvinotendwa kuti Brahma akasarudza Kumbakonam kuti afungisise. Afadzwa nokuedza kwaBrahma, Vishnu akabvuma kukumbira ruregerero ndokudzorera zivo yake nechinzvimbo pakati pavamwari.
Brahma Karmali Mandir Tembere, Panaji
Temberi yeBrahma Karmali iri makiromita manomwe kubva kuValpoi uye anenge makiromita makumi matanhatu kubva kuPanaji. Kunyangwe tembere isiri yekare zvakadaro, chifananidzo chinotendwa chavepo kubva kutenderera 60th century. Ndiyo chete temberi muGoa, yakatsaurirwa kuna mwari Brahma. Chifananidzo chedombo dema cheBrahma chakaiswa mutemberi chinonzi chakaunzwa kuCarambolim, Goa muzana remakore rechiXNUMX nechikamu chikuru chevakazvipira vakapukunyuka kusashivirira kwechitendero kwakaitwa nevaPutukezi.
Brahmapureeswarar Tembere, Thirupattur
Ngano ine kuti Shiva's consort, Goddess Parvathi, akambokanganisa Brahma nokuda kweShiva. Izvi zvakashatirisa Shiva ndokugura musoro waBrahma ndokumutuka kuti akanganwe navanamati vake ndokubvisirwa masimba ake ose. Nenguva isipi, kudada kwaBrahma kwakapera uye akakumbira kukanganwirwa.
Zvisinei, Shiva akatsamwa akanga asati agadzirira kugamuchira ruregerero rwake. Kuti agadzirise zvose zvaakanga akanganisa, Brahma akatanga rwendo rwokunamata. Parwendo rwake, akasvika kuThirupattur kwaakamisa 12 Shiva lingas ndokunamata Shiva ikoko. Asundwa nekuedza kwake kuzvidzikinura, Shiva akazviratidza pamberi paBrahma, akamubvisa pakutuka ndokudzorera masimba ake ose. Shiva akabva akomborera Brahma ndokumupa nzvimbo tsvene mutemberi, uye Brahma anga ari mwari wetemberi kubvira ipapo.
Nei mwari Brahma asingaremekedzwi zvakadaro?
Pane nyaya dzinoverengeka mungano dzechiHindu dzinoratidza kuti sei asingawanzonamatwa, hezvino mbiri dzadzo:
Chekutanga ndechekuti Brahma akasika mukadzi kuti amubatsire nebasa rake rekusika, ainzi Shatarupa. Ainge akanaka zvekuti Brahma akabva atomutarisa, ndokumutarisa kwese kwaaienda. Izvi zvakaita kuti anyare zvikuru uye Shatarupa akaedza kunzvengesa kutarisa kwake. Asi kwese kwaaifamba, Brahma akamera musoro kuti atarise kusvikira akura. Pakupedzisira, Shatarupa akapererwa zvekuti akasvetuka kuti aedze kunzvenga maziso ake. Brahma, mukuda kwake, akamera musoro wechishanu pamusoro pezvese.
Mamwe magwaro anotaura kuti Shatarupa yakaramba ichichinja kuva zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana, kusvikira yava zvisikwa zvose pasi pano kudzivisa Brahma. Nekudaro, akachinja chimiro chake kune yechirume vhezheni yezvaaive uye nekudaro mhuka dzese dzepanyika dzakagadzirwa. Lord Shiva vakayambira Brahma kuti aratidze makunakuna uye ndokugura musoro wake wechishanu nekuda kwemaitiro "asina kunaka".
Sezvo Brahma akanga adzongonyedza kufunga kwake kumweya kupfurikidza nokuenda kuzvinoshuva zvenyama, shurikidzo yaShiva yakanga iri yokuti vanhu vaisafanira kunamata Brahma. Saka senzira yokupfidza, Brahma anonzi ave achiramba achidzokorora maVeda mana kubvira ipapo, mumwe kubva mumwe nomumwe wemisoro yake mina.
Chitendero chechipiri chekuti sei Brahma asingaremekedzwe kana kukudzwa, uye imwe inonzwira tsitsi, ndeyekuti basa raBrahma semusiki rakapera. Kusiira Vishnu basa rekutarisira nyika uye kuna Shiva kuti aenderere mberi nechikamu chake chekumuka kwemuchadenga.
Kusiyana pakati peBrahma, Brahman, Brahmans neBrahmana
Kuti unzwisise kusiyana kwemazwi aya, zvakakosha kuziva tsanangudzo yeimwe neimwe, iyo inoratidzwa pasi apa:
- Brahma: ndiye musiki mwari wechisiko chose uye wezvose, ichi chikamu cheTrimurti, vamwari vakakwirira vechiHindu vanomirira: Brahma (kusikwa), Vishnu (kuchengetedzwa) uye Shiva (ngwavaira).
- Brahman: ndiwo Mudzimu Mukuru uye Usingaparadziki, uripo muatomu imwe neimwe yechisiko, unoramba uripo somuoni, usingatapurwi nawo. Mweya wechipenyu chose chikamu cheBrahman.
- Brahmins: ivo iungano iyo vaprista vechiHindu vanobva mairi, vane mutoro wokugovera dzidziso nokutsigira zivo yemagwaro matsvene.
- brahmana: izwi rinoshandiswa kutaura zvinyorwa zvinoera zveIndia zvakanyorwa muVedic Sanskrit uye zvinoenderana nenguva yakapfuura pakati pe900 a. C. uye 500 a. C. Ivo chikamu chetsika inokosha yevanhu vechiHindu.
Mantras yamwari Brahma
Mantra ishoko rinoyera, ruzha, kana chirevo, kazhinji muchiSanskrit, chinodzokororwa mukati memhando dzakasiyana dzetsika dzechitendero uye dzemweya dzakadai seHinduism, Buddhism, uye yoga. Izwi rokuti mantra rinobva pamidzi miviri yeSanskrit: manas zvinoreva "pfungwa" uye tra zvinoreva "chombo." Saka nekudaro, mantras anoonekwa se "zvishandiso zvekufunga," anoshandiswa senzira yekubatanidza nekunangisa pfungwa.
Izvi zvinogona kunzwisiswa sechero ruzha, izwi kana chirevo chinoshandura kuziva kuburikidza nechirevo, toni, mutinhimira kana kuzunguza kwemuviri. Kana ichiimbwa nekuzvipira, mamwe mataurirwo anotendwa kuti anogadzira kutenheka kune simba mumuviri nepfungwa, zvichibvumira nzvimbo dzakadzama dzekufungisisa. Sechivanhu, mantras anotendwa kuti ane masimba emweya uye epfungwa, imwe neimwe iine chinangwa chayo uye zvinoreva kumashure kwayo.
Mantras inogona kutaurwa mudzokororo kana kuimbwa nemutinhimira. Kudzokororwa kwemantra kunogona kushandiswa kumutsa nyika dzepamusoro dzekuziva, kubatanidza simba rezvinangwa, kuratidza zvisimbiso zvakanaka, uye kupinda mumatunhu akadzama ekuziva. Mantra yamwari Brahma muSanskrit ndeiyi:
"Om Namo Rajo Jushei Sristau
Sthithou Sattwa Mayayacha
Tamo Mayaya Sam-harinei
Vishwa Rupaya Vedhasei
Om Brahmanei Namaha»
Dudziro yake inoti: «Om izita raIye, akasika cosmos iyi nemagunas ayo matatu (unhu hwechisikigo: chakanaka, chakaipa uye chisingaiti), uyo akapa chimiro kuzvinhu zvose uye uyo ari pasi rose. Ndiye Brahma, wandinokwazisa neruremekedzo."
Kana wakawana chinyorwa ichi pamusoro paMwari Brahma chichinakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakidzwe nezvimwe izvi: