Munzvimbo dzakakwirira nemipata yemakomo ekumabvazuva kweColombia, yakabereka budiriro inonzi Muisca kana kuti Chibchas, inozivikanwawo sevavambi vengano yeEl Dorado. Tevere, tinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze zvimwe zvishoma nezve Muisca tsika, tsika dzavo, chitendero, nzvimbo nezvimwe.
Muisca tsika
Muisca kana Chibcha tsika vagari vemo vaigara munzvimbo yeCundiboyacense nenharaunda yekumaodzanyemba kweSantander (munzvimbo yazvino yeColombia), pakati pezana ramakore rechitanhatu nguva yedu isati yasvika. Zvisinei, mugore ra1600 kukunda kweSpain kwakasvika pakutonga iri taundi; Parizvino, vazukuru vavo vanogara mumataundi ari mudunhu reBogotá seSuba neBosa, uye mune vamwe vavakidzani vakaita saCota, Chía naSesquilé.
Izwi rokuti muyska rinomiririra "vanhu" kana "vanhu" mumutauro weMuisca. Tsika yeMuisca yakabatana nehuwandu hwetsika yeChibcha, iyo yakagadzira Muisca commonwealth. Iyo Muisca yakagadzira mari yegoridhe vachishandisa hunyanzvi hwetumbaga, izvo zvinosanganisira kuisa chikamu chepamusoro chemhangura kune alloy yegoridhe.
Iyo axis yedunhu iro nhasi rinomiririra Republic of Colombia, uye yaimbonzi Humambo Hutsva hweGranada, yaive yakagarwa nevanhu vane runyararo uye vakamisikidzwa veko, agronomists uye vanogadzira machira, vagari venhaka yeChibcha mitauro yedzinza yakabva kuCentral America. vanozviti “muiscas” kana kuti “nhunzi”. Nyika yake yaive mapani akabudirira e:
- Zipaquira
- nemocon
- Ubate,
- Chiquinquira
- Tunja
- hope
Inosanganisirwa pakati pemanyuko emamwe matarenda akadai se: iyo Upía, iyo inodzika kuOrinoco; Chicamocha, Suárez, Opón and Carare, iyo inoenda kumusoro; yeNegro Cundinamarques neFunza nzizi idzo kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kusvika kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva dzinotevera Magdalena.
Historia
Iyo pre-Columbian epic yeMuisca ichokwadi kushomeka, nekuda kwekuparadzwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinobvumira kuvakwa kwakatemwa, nekuda kwekukomba kweSpain muzana ramakore reXNUMX. Izvo zvinozivikanwa pamusoro peava vagari vekare veColumbian ndiko kuchengetedzwa kwenyaya yemashoko, nyaya dzevakoloni uye mabasa ekuchera matongo akaitwa kunyanya mushure mekusununguka.
Mamuiscas, anozivikanwawo semuixcas kana moxcas nevapambi vekuSpain, aigara munzvimbo dzepakati peColombia yanhasi; zvisinei, masanhu ehuwandu hwayo aive mumipata yakakwirira yeSierra Oriental pedyo neBogotá neTunja.
Kuchera kwakaitwa munharaunda yeCundiboyacense yakakwirira inosiya uchapupu hwekufamba kwevanhu kukuru munzvimbo iyi kubva panguva yeArchaic, kureva, makore anopfuura 10.000 apfuura pakutanga kweHolocene; izvi zvakaguma nefungidziro yainzi inoshanda muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, maererano neizvo vaMuiscas vaiva vagari vokutanga veAltiplano.
Colombia inewo imwe yenzvimbo dzekare dzekuchera matongo pakondinendi, El Abra, iyo inogona kuverengerwa kumashure semakore 11.000 nguva yedu isati yasvika. Zvimwe zvakasara zvekuchera matongo zvakabatana neEl Abra zvinotarisa tsika yekurima inonzi Abriense. Semuyenzaniso, muTibitó Abriense zvinhu zvekare zvakatangira makore 9740 nguva yedu isati yawanikwa, uye muSabana de Bogotá munzvimbo yekupotera yeTequendama, mamwe maturusi ematombo ekare emireniyamu, akazogadzirwa nevavhimi vane hunyanzvi.
Pakati pezvinonyanya kudiwa zvakawanikwa pane marangwanda evanhu akakwana, anotangira makore 5000 XNUMX nguva yedu isati yasvika. Ongororo iyi yakaratidza kuti vaAbrienses vaive rimwe dzinza rakasiyana neveMuiscas, vachigumisa fungidziro yekuti vakagara munzvimbo isina chinhu.
Pakasvika maSpanish gore ra1536, tsika yeMuisca yaive nevanhu vangangoita hafu yemiriyoni. Vagari vekuCota vaive muBogotá, imwe yemasangano mana aiumba sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reMuisca. Vanhu veko vairima chibage uye vaivhima nondo; Zviito izvi zvakatsigirwa nekugadzirwa kwemachira. Sangano rayo rekugara kwevanhu raitungamirirwa nemuenzaniso wekugara kwematrilocal; Vaiita consanguinity uye matrilineality.
Muna 1538 mushure mehondo dzekutanga, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada akakwanisa kupatsanura mubatanidzwa waivepo pakati pevatungamiriri veMuisca, nokudaro vachivakunda nyore. Kupinda kwevaSpain muzana rose reXNUMXth kwakakonzera kuparara kwemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika eMuisca tsika. Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, ndimi yeguta iri yakarasikirwa nechimiro chayo chimwe uye yakadzingwa neSpanish; mimwe mitauro yomunzvimbomo, zvisinei, yakapukunyuka munzvimbo dzamakomo.
Muchidimbu, vakundi vakaisa madzimambo eMuisca kune encomienda system uye gare gare, pakupera kwezana remakore rechi1841, kune reservation system. Iyo Cota reserve yakanyungudutswa muna 1876, uye yakavambwazve muna 2001 kuburikidza nekutengwa kwevhu. Nhasi, ruzhinji rwevanhu veMuisca vakanyura mudhorobha reCota, iro kuchengetwa kwezita rimwe chetero rakanyudzwa neIncora muna XNUMX.
Parizvino, kune vakapararira vakasara venharaunda idzi mudunhu rese vanoti dzinza ravo. Nheyo dzakasiyana dzetsika dzeMuisca tsika dzinochengetwa munharaunda dzevarimi dzeBoyaca neCundinamarca.
Geographic location
Nzvimbo yenzvimbo yevagari vekuMuisca tsika inosanganisira mataundi eCundinamarca, Boyacá uye chikamu chekumaodzanyemba kweSantander; Mamiriro ekunze anoshanduka kubva pakutonhora kwakanyanya kwedutu paramo yeSumapaz kuburikidza nemapani anodziya, kusvika kumakomo ekutanga eSierra Nevada del Cocuy.
Pakati penzvimbo iyi inzvimbo yeCundiboyacense Plateau, inoumbwa neketani yemapani, mipata nezvikomo, yakapindirana nemvura inoyerera inoyambuka nzizi nemakoronga kana kuti inoiswa mumazana emadziva, machakwi nenzvimbo dzine mvura.
Nokukwirira kunobva pamamita 2.500 2800 kusvika ku4000 1000 pamusoro pemwero wegungwa, uye nemakomo anogona kupfuura mamita XNUMX XNUMX mune dzimwe nzvimbo, mamiriro okunze anotonhora uye anotonhorera kwechikamu chikuru chegore. Kunaya kwemvura kashoma kudarika XNUMX millimeters paavhareji yegore. Pasina makomo anoputika kana makomo akafukidzwa nesinou, mvura yave iri chinhu chakakosha mukuumba mamiriro.
Mapani ese akakura zvigaro zvemadziva ekare enguva yePleistocene yakasimudzwa nekunyorovesa sedimentation pamusoro pemakumi ezviuru zvemakore. Iyo yakakura yemapani ndeyeSabana de Bogotá, ine anopfuura makiromita 1200 iyo yakazara yakazara uye yakayambuka neBogotá River (yakatanga kunzi "Funza River").
Parizvino, dunhu iri ndiro rine huwandu hwevanhu vakawanda muColombia, uye zvese zvinoita sezvinoratidza kuti yaivewo imwe panguva yekukunda kweSpain. Maguta makuru maviri munharaunda iyi iBogotá, dzimbahwe reColombia, uye Tunja, dzimbahwe reruwa rweBoyaca; Nzvimbo mbiri idzi dzakatanga kugadzirwa neMuiscas.
Rusununguko rwenzvimbo yakagarwa neMuiscas yakanga ine makomo, kunyange munzvimbo yepakati inotungamirirwa nematunhu akakwirira eSimijaca, Ubaté neBogotá. Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvechiso chayo chakagadzirwa nenzvimbo dzakasimudzwa uye dzakadzika, uye rimwe divi inzvimbo yakatevedzana yakatsetseka uye isina kurongeka. Mamiriro acho akaumbwa nekukwirira kwakakura kwakabatana kune mumwe nemumwe kugadzira mipata, mawere, materu akapfava kana kucheka kwakapinza mumatombo; kusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze kunoenderana nehurefu.
Kwezviuru zvemakore, mvura dzakafamba nomumipata yakamanikana umo mvura yacho inoyerera nokukurumidza. Dzimwe nguva inodonha ichigadzira mapopoma akakura uye dzimwe nguva inotsvedza zvishoma nezvishoma nemumipata, inogona kudya madhamu kana dzimwe nguva kutsvaira mahombekombe ari pedyo; inotokwanisa kupinza uye yobva yafashukira, ichiparadza chinhu chiri chose chiri munzira yayo.
Zviratidzo
Zvizvarwa zveMuisca tsika vaive uye vachiri nharaunda yezvekurima uye yekugadzira, maererano nenharaunda yeAndean yekuchamhembe kweSouth America. Muenzaniso wekugovera kwavo zvematongerwo enyika wakavashandura kuva boka rinoramba uye rakadzidziswa tsika. Mipiro yetsika yeMuisca yekuzvizivisa kweColombia panguva ino haigoneki, zvakanyanya nekuti Muisca commonwealth yakanga isiri chinhu kunze kwekumiririra kwepamusoro-soro kwesangano retsika uye mhuri yemitauro yakakura.
Zvinosuruvarisa, vanhu veMuisca vakatambura nzira inokurumidza yekuwedzera, inoratidzwa mukuderera kwemaitiro emitemo yetsika; nhasi, vamwe vagari vemo vari kurwisana kuti vanunure dzimwe dzetsika nemafungiro enyika, muhurongwa hunoda kudzorera nharaunda kune kubwinya kwekare.
Social sangano
Hwaro hwesangano reMuiscas, yaive mhuri. Michato yaiwanzopembererwa nevanhu vedzinza ravo; vatungamiriri vaive nerusaruro rwekuva nevaroora vakawanda. Nharaunda yakakamurwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana:
- Superior kana usaques.
- Vapristi kana masheikh.
- Quechuas kana varwi.
- Vatengesi nevanhu vane chekuita nemabasa akaita sevarimi, vanochera migodhi nevanoita mabasa emaoko.
Vapristi kana sheikh vaiva vanachiremba nevaroyi; kuti awane chinzvimbo ichi, chizvarwa chacho chaifanira kudzidza kwemakore akawanda.
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika-kutonga
Nekukura kwehuwandu, tsika yeMuisca yakashandisa nzira yekutonga yakasarudzwa seMuisca Confederation, yakarongedzwa nemataundi akati wandei akazvimirira eMuisca uye inotongwa nekachique. Mukudaro, mubatanidzwa wacho wakaunganidzwa muzvikamu zviviri:
Zipazgo
Yakaumba Confederation yeMaodzanyemba iri pakati peCundinamarca iro guta guru raive Bacatá, parizvino Bogotá, inotungamirwa naZipa. Yakaumbwawo nemadzishe mashanu: Batacá, Guatavita, Ubaque, Fusunga, Ubate, ine maguta akati kuti ari pasi pomutoro wayo; Nekukunda, mazhinji enzvimbo idzi anosanganisira Santa Fe de Bogotá.
zacango
Iyo Northern Confederation yaive mumaguta aripo eLenguazaque neVillapinzón ine guta guru muHunza, inova Tunja, iine Zaque semutungamiri wayo. Pamusoro penzvimbo idzi dzemubatanidzwa, paive nevakuru vakuru vaviri, vaine chinangwa chechitendero uye chinoera chainzi Zybin, izvi ndezvi:
- Iraki: Guta rayo guru reSuamox, parizvino Sogamoso, raitungamirwa nemupristi kana Iraca, aionekwa semutsivi weBochica.
- Tundama: Yakasimbiswa muDuitama, uye ichitungamirirwa nemupristi kana Tundama, uyo akanga ari iye ega akapikisa zvakasimba vakundi veSpain.
Paive neakasiyana akazvimiririra Muisca kana Uta vanhu, vakamiririrwa neTybaraüge, avo vaive vasina kuisirwa pasi pemukuru mumwechete:
- Soboya,
- Charala,
- Chipata,
- Saquence,
- tacasquira,
- Tinjaca.
Mararamiro
Munguva yekuvandudzwa kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, zvizvarwa zveMuisca zvakagamuchira mararamiro enyika; Aya ndiwo manyangariro akaita zvakanga zvakakodzera uye zvechivanhu, zvakadai se: mutauro, zvipfeko uye tsika zhinji dzechivanhu. Nekuiswa kweCatholic, chinamato cheMuisca chakaparara; zvisinei, zvimwe zvezvakasiyana nazvo zvichiri kuenderera mberi uye zvinobatanidzwa zvakanyanya nekutenda mashura.
Wardrobe
Muisca anogadzira machira akagadzira zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana; kunyanya iya yedonje nefique. Maererano netsika yeChibcha, Bochita, mwari weMuisca webudiriro, airayira vatendi vake kuvhuvhuta nokuruka tambo. Mudzimba dzevagari vemo maive musina kushaikwa chirukwa, reel neshinda dzekugadzira machira avo.
Maererano nevamwe vagari vemo, misha yeko yakapfeka zvipfeko zvemithunzi yakasiyana pazviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakosha. Kupfeka kwacho kwaisanganisira rudzi rwejazi negumbeze rakasungwa kumucheto kwepfudzi, rakagadzirwa nemachira akakora edonje, akashongedzwa nemitsetse ine mavara.
Vanhu vakanyanya kukosha vaipfeka matete akaturikidzana emhando dzakasiyana-siyana, machira akadhindwa ane nuances yemuriwo uye mineral nature, vaishandisa macylinders uye porcelain matampu; vakanga vasina kupfeka shangu. Vakapenda miviri yavo neachiote, vakashandisa minhenga yeshiri ine mavara mavara pamisoro yavo; vaipfekawo zvishongo zvendarama zvakashongedzwa zvakanaka, nekireni, mhete dzepamhuno, uye pectorals.
Basa rehupfumi
Pakutanga, dzinza iri rakakwanisa kugadzira mabasa ekurima, vapfuri vegoridhe uye machira. Vakadyara chibage, mbatatisi, quinoa, donje uye kugadzira madhaka nemagumbeze, zvavakatengesa kumaguta ari pedyo; gare gare, neMuisca Confederation, vanoshandisa zvicherwa zvakadai se: goridhe, emerald, mhangura, marasha nemunyu.
Musika wacho waive poindi yehupfumi hweMuisca, nzvimbo yekutengeserana kana kuchinjana zvinhu nemisha. Pakati pevokutanga paiva: Coyima, Zorocota neTurmequé.
Imwe pfungwa inokosha yevagari venzvimbo iyi ndeyokuti vakashandisa imwe rudzi rwegoridhe, sirivha kana copper yakaumbwa; kukosha kwemari kweizvi, kwakapiwa nehukuru hwayo, kuyerwa neminwe kana tambo.
Mukuwedzera, vakagadzira nzira yekurima inonzi micro-vertical model, iyo yakanga ine dzimba dzenguva pfupi munharaunda imwe neimwe uye yakashanda ivhu maererano nemamiriro ekunze; izvi zvaimiririra mhinduro yekurima kunopesana nemamiriro ekunze anoganhurira munharaunda.
Chitendero nezvitendero
Chimiro chechitendero cherudzi urwu ndechekuti yaifunga kuti midzimu yakabatanidzwa kune zvakasikwa, ndicho chikonzero ivo vakatsaurira nzvimbo tsvene dzakawanda kwairi, maererano nedzidziso dzavo, dzakaratidzwa nehumwari, pakati pavo tine:
- Sacred Woods: iwo akanga ari matsvene uye naizvozvo aisafanira kushandiswa munzira ipi neipi, achisundwa nokutenda kwawo mukukomborerwa navamwari.
- Zvinoera miti nemiti: zvakadai setijiqui, fodya, blueberry, walnut uye guayacán.
- madziva matsvene: Iguaque lagoon neLake Tota, pamwe chete neavo vaiva vedunhu remabiko echitendero kuita kuti ivhu rishande, zvakadai se: Ubaque, Teusacá, Guaiaquiti, Tibatiquica, Siecha, Guasca neGuatavita, vakafamba nevatori vechikamu chepilgrimage.
- Nyika inoera yeSuamox: Inofungidzirwa senzvimbo yakaropafadzwa, nekuti Bochica akafira ipapo.
- nzira tsvene: inzira dziya dzakafambwa naBochica, hapana munhu aikwanisa kufamba padziri, kunze kwemimwe mitambo yechitendero.
- Temples: Faundesheni dzakaita denderedzwa dzine denga rakapfirirwa nouswa uye madziro emameti. Pakati pemhando dzetemberi, imwe yakasiyanisa tchunsua yezuva rezuva, qusmhuy yemwedzi essence uye cuca kwaidzidziswa ramangwana chyquy.
Nzvimbo tsvene yeZuva, iyo hurusa yenzvimbo dzorudzidziso, yakavakwa muSogamoso, nzvimbo yakasarudzwa neBochica mukukudza nokukudza mwari wezuva; kwavari vakapa mitumbi yevakabayirwa ipapo.
Vainamatawo nhevedzano yevamwari vengano vakaita saBachué (dangwe retaundi), Bochica (mwanakomana wedenga), Chaquén (aitariswa nezvirimwa), Chibchacum (mwari wevapfuri vegoridhe nevashambadzi), Chiminigagua (mwari akasika), Chía (mwari wemwedzi) uye Sua (mwari wezuva).
Vaprista veMuisca kana kuti chiky vaitungamirira hupenyu hwechitendero hwekusaroora, kuchena uye kuvharirwa munzvimbo tsvene nekutsanya nguva dzose; ava vaiva nehurongwa hwakaoma hwekuraira kubva paudiki hwavo, kuti kana vangopedzwa vaiiswa mhete dzegoridhe nemhete dzepamhuno. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti guta rimwe nerimwe raive nehutsinye hwaro. Kune rumwe rutivi, vamohane vakanga vari vaprista vasina kurongwa avo vaifemera upfu hweiodine ndokufukidza vhudzi ravo namadota.
Tsika nemitambo
Kufanana nemarudzi ose ekare eColumbian, vaMuiscas vakapa zvipo zvakasiyana kune vamwari vavo, pakati peiyo tunjos yakamira. Vaive mifananidzo yeanthropoid kana mhuka dzegoridhe, sirivheri kana mhangura; mamwe marudzi ezvipiriso kuna vamwari akanga ari matanda ezvinonhuwira, zvibayiro zvemhuka nezvevanhu, zvakadai seizvo zvevasikana vaimbozvibayira vamene, vaiisa ropa ravo pamabwe kuti vazvipire kuzuva.
Chaizvoizvo, mhemberero dzeMuisca tsika dzaive dzakabatana nekurima uye hupenyu; izvi zvaive nemitambo yekurima nekukohwa, macaiques, kuvaka nekuvhurwa kwemafenzi.
Kutakura
Kuburikidza nenetiweki yemigwagwa yeAndean yemisha yekuzvarwa yeColombia, vanhu, zvinhu uye zvigadzirwa zvaifambiswa netsoka nekudzoka, vachishandisa migwagwa mikuru, mabhiriji etambo uye zvikepe kana matanda.
Kukurukurirana
Munguva dzepamberi peColumbian, vagari veko vakazivisa rumwe ruzivo rwakatakurwa kuburikidza nechasquis, iyo yaitaurirana uye kufamba madaro marefu netsoka, kutakura ruzivo pakati penzanga kana kushandiswa kwemasaini masisitimu avaikwanisa kutaura nawo kure.
Mishonga
Mamiriro ehutano anowana mumiriri wemashiripiti uye zvikonzero zvawo zvinofanirwa kurwiswa nemupristi wekuzvarwa chiremba, nehunyanzvi hwemashiripiti; Hunhu hwemashiripiti hunokandwa kune shaman kana sheikh hunoratidzwa nekushandiswa kwehallucinogenic zvinhu uye kutonga kwakarurama kwecoca powder kana iodine, inobatwa zvakanyanya neMuiscas.
Nguva nenzvimbo
Vagari verudzi rweMuisca vakaverenga nguva kuburikidza nealmanac yakafanana neyatinoziva nhasi; zvisinei, mazuva aidzorwa sezvinotevera:
- Zuva iri rainzi sua.
- Boka remazuva matatu rainzi sunas.
- Gumi Sunas vakaita mwedzi, vakaimiririra sesunata.
- Gore rakange rakaumbwa nemwedzi gumi nembiri ine gumi suna imwe neimwe.
Architecture
VaMuisca vakasimudza misha yavo vachishandisa matanda nedhaka sezvinhu zvikuru, pakupedzisira vachigadzira madziro ebhahareque. Dzimba dzemazuva ose dzaive nemhando mbiri: conical uye rectangular. Iwo akatsanangurwa pazasi:
- conical housings: yaisanganisira madziro edenderedzwa akaumbwa nembiru dzakavigwa sembiru dzakasimba pairi paitsigirwa kaviri kubva kune rumwe rutivi kuenda kune rumwe pakati pemucheka wetsanga uyo pakati pawo wakanga uzere nedhaka; denga racho rakanga rakakoshwa uye rakafukidzwa nemashanga akaiswa pamatanda, kuwanda kwezvivakwa zvekonical zvakadaro muSavanna yeBogotá, kwakabereka Gonzalo Jiménez de Quezada achipa iyi bani zita reValles de los Alcázares.
- rectangular dzimba: iwo akavakirwa pamadziro akafanana zvakare mubahareque, seyokutanga, ane denga nemapapiro maviri rectangular.
Zvivako zveconical uye rectangular zvaive nemagonhi uye maburi ehukuru hudiki, mukati memidziyo yaive nyore uye yaigara zvakanyanya mumibhedha yakagadzirwawo netsanga kana matanda anonzi barbecues, umo magumbeze akawanda akagadzirwa; zvigaro zvemaoko zvakanga zvisina kukwana sezvo vagari vemo vaisimukira pasi.
Mukuwedzera kudzimba dzokugara dzavanhu vose, kwakanga kune mamwe marudzi maviri edzimba dzokugara: imwe yamadzishe anokosha, zvimwe muchinda wedzinza nemhuri yake, uye imwe yamadzishe emubatanidzwa weMuisca, akadai samadzishe navaZipa.
Cerámica
Paiva nezvivako zvakaitirwa basa remavhu, zvakadai seTunja, Tinjacá, Tocancipá, Soacha neRáquira. Vaigadzira midziyo yokuisira zvipo mutemberi, mifananidzo yevanhu vaimiririra vanamwari vavo vanovachengeta uye vanhu vanokosha, uye ngarava huru dzokutengesera.
Vaigadzira hari yavo nokuumba ivhu zvakananga kana kuti nemichina yevhu inomonereka; iyo yekushongedza yakashandiswa yaive tsvuku uye chena pendi mumhando dzakasiyana siyana, mavara aya akawanikwa kubva kune mineral oxides.
Mimwe ngarava yakanga yakashongedzwa nekushandiswa kwepastillage uye incision, nzira yavaigadzira nayo anthropoid uye geometric dhizaini. Ceramic kushongedzwa kwaive kwakashata, kunze kwekunge iyo dhizaini yaive nemashiripiti-yechitendero chiratidzo nenyoka nenhamba dzevanhu.
textiles
Kugadzirwa kwemachira kwaive kwekukosha kukuru munzvimbo dzakakwirira uye dzinotonhora dzeCundinamarca neBoyaca. Munyori Fray Pedro Simón, anotsanangura chokwadi chokuti vaMuiscas vakashandisa magumbeze emavara matsvuku sechiratidzo chokuchema, maIndia eLenguazaque vakaashandisa mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana emavara uye vatariri veTunja vaifara zvikuru uye vakashongedzwa; Sugamoxies yakakomberedza zvitunha zvemadzitateguru avo mumagumbeze edonje.
Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzejometri, sezviri pachena, dzakapendwa pamagumbeze aya, uye nekuda kwekuongorora kwaEliécer Silva Celis, zvinozivikanwa kuti magumbeze emummy machira ekotoni, machira emamesh uye matehwe emhuka.
Indasitiri yokuruka yakanga iri youkoshi hunoshamisa kuvaIndia; zviitiko zvese zvehupenyu zvaipembererwa nemagumbeze. Kuti vazvishongedze, vakashandisa zvirimwa zvakawanda semavara, vakashandisawo dhayi dzemamineral mavambo kana evhu ane mavara evhu.
mupfuri wendarama
Goldsmithing yakagadziridzwa neakasiyana uye akaomarara simbi nzira, sekushanda ne tumbaga uye yakarasika-wax kukanda.
Tinogona kusiyanisa yakanaka anthropoid uye zoomorphic inomiririra yetunjos kana zvipiriso zvekuyananisa kune vamwari.
Mishonga yegoridhe yakasiyana-siyana yemadzishe nemadzishe makuru, nezvishongo zvedzimba zvaiva zvinhu zvaiyevedza kwazvo; Vakashandisawo mhangura, kujekesa kweanthropomorphic manhamba uye tambo dzemitambo, uye vakagadzira zvikorekedzo, mhete, pectorals nezvimwe zvinhu zvemhangura.
Ngano yeEl Dorado
Iyo Goridhe Route ndiyo yaive chikonzero chikuru chakaita kuti vafambi vekuSpain vasvike kune nyika dzisina kuongororwa uye dzinenge dzisingapindike, vakatanga maguta munzira yavo iyo nhasi ichiri misha yakasimba ine mazana mashanu emakore enhoroondo shure kwavo.
El Dorado yaisangova mufananidzo wakanakisa, asi yaivewo injini yakatungamira mukuwanikwa kwenyika itsva uye chombo chekuuraya chakaparadza mauto ekuzvarwa nevamwe vavo.
Vanorondedzera kuti ngano yaEl Dorado yakambotaurwa munzendo dzeVasco Núñez de Balboa uye kuti vakaguma nekuwanikwa kwePacific Ocean, kunyanya mune izvo zvinonetsa nzvimbo yePanama.
Ndiyo panguva iyoyo, apo zvizvarwa zvenyika idzodzo dzinotaura nezvevaSpain colonizers nezvenzvimbo ine goridhe rakawanda, ukuru hwayo hwakanga hwakakura zvekuti vakasimbisa kuti yakanga isingapere uye kuti yaive kumadokero, mune yatiri ikozvino. kufonera Colombia.
El Dorado akakurudzira kuunganidzwa kwevarwi veSpain kubva munzvimbo dzava kuzivikanwa sePeru neVenezuela, uye izvo zvakave nemubatanidzwa musangano wevakuru vemauto chiitiko chakaita kuti pave nenheyo yemaguta akakosha eColombia eCali neBogotá.
Zvose izvi zvisikwa zvinoshamisa zvevagari vemo uye veSpain pachavo zvakanzi "Dorado" uye yekutanga kuongororwa ndeyemupata weTayronas wekuzvarwa mumakomo eguta reSanta Marta pamhenderekedzo yeCaribbean Caribbean; zvisineyi, yainge isisina mafambiro enzvimbo inonzi goridhe iyo yakapofumadza vanhu vazhinji kubva kumativi ese.
Nharaunda iyo ngano yeEl Dorado yakavakwa sechikamu chakakosha chetsika ndeyeCundinamarca, dunhu rine dzinza guru reMuiscas kana Chibcha, munzvimbo ino yeRepublic yeColombia. Imomo munzvimbo iyoyo, Cundinamarca, apo tsika yakabhapatidzwa navaSpain seiyo yomuIndia wendarama, uko kwakanga kuri mavambo okudavira umambo hwendarama.
Kwenguva dzisingaperi, vanhu veko vakanamata rudzi rwenyoka tsvene yakaonekwa mumvura yeGuatavita lagoon, uye maererano netsika yemuromo Cacica nemwanasikana wake vakakandwa mugungwa iri mushure mekunge Cacique amupomera kusavimbika uye akaraira dzimwe zvizvarwa zvokuimba nziyo dzakadhakwa dzine chokuita nehupombwe hwake, sabhuku akanga asingachagoni kutsungirira nhamo iyi uye akasarudza kuigumisa pasi pemvura yake.
Iyo cacique yakawira mukuora mwoyo kwakasviba uye vaprista, kuti vanyaradze dambudziko rake, vakamukurudzira kuti atende kuti mukati meGuatavita lagoon mudzimai wake nemwanasikana vachiripo uye kuti vaigara mumuzinda wakashata. Saka iyi yakashambidzwa zvachose muguruva rendarama, yakatakurwa padanda uye pakati pegungwa, akakanda zvinhu zvendarama chaiyo sezvipiriso kumhuri yake.
Vazhinji vagara vasina chokwadi nekururama kwechinhu chipi nechipi chine chekuita nechitendero ichi, asi kunyange kana chokwadi chacho chichipokana, zviitiko izvi zvinosanganisira imwe yengano dzakadzama dzevanhu uye zvinokuchidzira mweya wemanyawi wevakapfuma vekuEurope.
Kana wakawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza Muisca tsika, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakidzwe nezvimwe izvi: