Mupata weMexico wakanga uri nzvimbo huru pakati penyika iyo yakanga iri musha wemarudzi akawanda echivanhu, ayo airwira kutonga pakati pavo kwemazana emakore akawanda. Kuma1100 kwaive nerimwe boka rakagara munzvimbo iyi rikatonga Oaxaca. Dzidza zvese nezve Mixtec tsika!
Mixtec tsika
Iri boka retsika rakaumbwa nenhamba huru yedzimba dzaitaura mitauro yakasiyana yeOtomanguean, asi zvisinei nedzinza, zita rayo. mixtec Zvaireva kuti: Vanhu vemvura.
VaMixtec, vanozvidaidza kuti Nuu Savi, nderimwe remapoka makuru evanobva kuMexico vane vanhu vanosvika zviuru mazana mashanu. Imba yavo, inozivikanwa seMixteca, inosvika 500.000 square kilometers uye inofukidza hafu yekumadokero kwedunhu reMexico reOaxaca, ichienderera mberi ichienda kumatunhu eGuerrero nePuebla.
Nenzvimbo, nzvimbo dzeMixtec dzakakamurwa kuita matunhu matatu: Mixteca Baja, Mixteca Alta, uye Mixteca de la Costa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti huwandu hwevanhu veMixtec pakugona kwavo hunogona kusvika kune miriyoni yevagari, zvichiita kuti ive budiriro yezvakanyanya kukosha munhoroondo yechivanhu.
Kufanana neruzhinji nzanga dzechivanhu, maMixtec airemekedza zvinhu zvakasikwa zviripo muzvitendero zvavo zvakasiyana-siyana nemhemberero uye vakachengeta kupatsanurwa kwemagariro mumapoka kana makirasi. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha zveMixtec tsika kusikwa kweiyo logographic kunyora sisitimu, iyo yakabvumira kujekeswa kwemakodhi akasiyana senge Codex Bodley and the Codex Vindobonensis kana Yuta Tnoho.
Geographic nzvimbo yeMixtec tsika
Vanhu veMixtec vakagara kumaodzanyemba kweyava kunzi United Mexican States, munharaunda yava kunzi La Mixteca. Iyi dunhu iri pakati penyika yekumaodzanyemba kwePuebla, kumabvazuva kweGuerrero nekumadokero kweOaxaca. Inofungidzirwa kuti Mixteca inotora anopfuura zviuru makumi mana emakiromita emakiromita, munzvimbo iyi maguta ose eMixtec aivepo, ayo akakamurwa kuva nzvimbo nhatu huru dzenzvimbo:
- Mixtec Baja (Ñuu I'ni)
- High Mixtec (Ñuu Savi Sukun)
- Coastal Mixtec (Ñuu Andivi)
Mixtec Tsika: Mutauro uye Kunyora
Mutauro weMixtec wakanga wakafanana nemutauro weZapotec, asi hurongwa hwekunyora hweMixtec hwakanga husina hukama kune dzimwe tsika. Idzi nharaunda pane kushandisa zvinyorwa kana mavara, vakashandisa glyphs ine zviratidzo nemifananidzo kuratidza mutauro. Vaishandisawo mifananidzo yaimiririra zviitiko zvinokosha zvakadai sehondo, kufa kwevanhu vanokosha, uye kugadzwa pachigaro kwevatungamiriri vavo vatsva.
Chinonyanya kukosha nezveMixtec tsika ndeye logographic-pictorial maitiro ekunyora masisitimu, ivo vakatsanangura ane mukurumbira makodhi, madhirowa uye mifananidzo inotaura nyaya, ngano, ngano uye zvakasiyana chokwadi. Kuburikidza nemagadzirirwo madiki, vakarondedzera mavambo engano enharaunda iyi, pamwe nekutenda kwavo kwehumwari nenguva dzakakosha.
Semuenzaniso, Codex Zouche-Nuttall inotaura nyaya dzevarwi vakapokana simba pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nemaviri neregumi nematatu. Kune rumwe rutivi, Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus, imwe yeanonyanya kukosha inotaurira nyaya dzengano dzeMixtec vanhu.
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika
VaMixtec vakanga vasiri vanhu vakarongeka pasi pemitemo yehurumende imwe chete yehurumende, pane zvinopesana, ivo vaiva vanhu vakatevedzana avo muzviitiko zvakawanda vaiva nekukakavadzana kwemukati. Pakutanga, ivo vakadzora mipata yakawanda yedzinza reva yucuñudahui, izvo zvakazorodzwa na Yucuita seboka rine simba, zvisinei, gare gare nhamba ye wow.
Wanano yaishandiswa senzira kana bviro yekuumba hukama pakati pemapoka akasiyana mbizi, iyo inovabvumira kuratidza simba rakawanda uye simba mukurwisana nemamwe marudzi akavakidzana, kunyange kuva Mixtecs.
Marudzi nemadzinza echivanhu akanga akawanda uye aiwanzorwisana zvikuru. Idzo tsika dzepamberi peColumbian dzakatora nguva refu dzaive dziya dzakachengeta uto rakasimba uye rakabatana, raikwanisa kurwa uye kubata kwenguva refu.
Panyaya yevaMixtecs, vakagadzira nzira dzakawanda dzehondo, sekurwiswa nepfuti kubva kure kana kurwiswa kwemelee kwaingoitika kumadzinza aya. Mumwe wevarwi vake vakatanhamara maererano ne Codex nuttal, yaizivikanwa se Ishe Sere Nondo. zita rake raiva Jaguar claw.
Economy yeMixtec tsika
Kufanana netsika dzese dzechiMesoamerican dzechivanhu, kurima kwaive chiitiko chikuru chehupfumi chaiitwa nevanhu veMixtec.
Chirimwa chainyanya kukosha munharaunda iyi chaive chibage, icho chaimiririra chikafu chevagari venzvimbo idzi. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakasiyana-siyana zvebhinzi, chili uye manhanga zvakakohwewa. Mixteca ine geography isingakodzeri kurima, saka nharaunda idzi dzakagadzira nzira dzekudiridzira dzakakosha uye dzakasarudza kudimura ivhu kuitira kudyara zvirimwa.
Social sangano
Ese madzinza uye magariro echivanhu epanguva iyoyo akarongwa muhurongwa hwehumambo, hwakagadzirwa nemakasi kana makirasi, uye maMixtec aivewo akasiyana. Sezvo vakarega kuva vanhu vanotama-tama, vakagara munzanga dzine mapoka akasiana-siana enzanga.
Musha wega wega weMixtec waitungamirwa nekachique aive nenzira yake uye maitiro ekuita kudaro, zvisinei izvo zvinenge zvese nharaunda zvaive zvakafanana ndezvekuti mutungamiri wavo aigara achiperekedzwa neboka revanokudzwa, boka revanhu rinoita mamwe mabasa uye madiki. mabasa ehurumende. Boka revashandi, kazhinji varimi, ndivo vaive vakanyanya kuwanda uye ndivo vaipa zviwanikwa, kusanganisirawo maartisans akazvipira kumaceramics, tswanda nemachira.
Nheyo yepiramidhi yemagariro yakagarwa nevaranda nevaranda, kazhinji vasungwa vehondo. Mhuri dzeMixtec dzinowanzove dzamadzibaba uye basa rinopatsanurwa zvichienderana nehukadzi, semuenzaniso, varume vanorima munda wemhuri uye nhasi vanowanzotora mabasa anobhadharwa kunze kwemusha kuti vape zvinodiwa nemhuri.
Ukuwo, vakadzi verudzi rweMixtec vanoshanda zvakanyanya kumba uye kumunda kana varume vemhuri vasipo kune mamwe mabasa.
Dzimba dzavo zvivakwa zvine rectangular zvine mahwindo madiki uye gonhi rimwe chete iro, pane kuvhurika mumugwagwa, rinokutungamirira kune patio. Sezvo nhengo dzemhuri dzichikura, vanowanzoenda kunogara nemhuri yemwanakomana, iyo inogonawo kugara nevanin'ina kana vazukuru nherera, zvinoda imba hombe kuti ishande sekomboni yemhuri mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro.
Tsika uye pfungwa yebasa kunharaunda yakakosha zvikuru munharaunda yeMixtec, zvakakosha kumhoresa mumwe munhu zvine ruremekedzo kana uchipfuura kana kuchinjana mazwi mashoma erudo neshamwari panguva yekungosangana, zvikasadaro iwe unoonekwa semunhu akanyanya hutsinye .
VaMixtec vanoomererawo kune tsika yekare yekushandira nharaunda inonzi Tequio, iyo ine basa iro nhengo dzemusha dzinofanirwa kupa zvinhu kana basa kuti riite chimwe mupiro kwairi, semuenzaniso, mugwagwa, chikoro, tsime. , nezvimwewo. Kubhadhara chikwereti ichi kwakakosha zvekuti nhengo dzemhuri dzinogara kunze kwenharaunda dzinodzokera kumusha kunobhadhara.
Zvokudya
VaMixtec ndivo varimi zvikuru, saka vanorima chikafu chavo chikuru, chibage, bhinzi, gorosi, gariki, hanyanisi, uye matomatisi, uko nyika iyi isingabereki inovabvumira. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo vanogonawo kurima michero yakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira maapuro, mapeya, mapichisi, nemakotapeya. Vamwe vanochengeta makwai nembudzi, zvisinei kuti kufudza kukuru kwakaoma. Vanoraramawo nekuunganidza miriwo yemusango nehowa, kuvhima nekubata hove dze<em>crustaceans, matatya, hove, tsuro nemhembwe.
Vanotorawo mukana wezvipembenene, izvo zvinoonekwa sechinhu chinonaka uye chinovaka muviri, kunyanya mhashu dzinounganidzwa mangwanani aOctober, November naDecember, apo zvipembenene zvinoungana mumirwi mikuru. Kazhinji kubika kwezvipembenene izvi kwakareruka, mhashu dzinounganidzwa dzosiiwa kuti dzizorore kwezuva rose kuitira kuti dzigone kugaya zvokudya uye kubvisa mudumbu radzo. Vanobva vasukwa zvakanaka chose vodirwa mvura.
Kana dzaoma, dzinofukidzwa nemuto weremoni uchangobva kusvinwa womwaiwa nemunyu, zvosiya kuti dzifambe mumusanganiswa wacho. Mupoto ine bhotela, fry mhashu kusvikira ndarama yakatsvuka uye uiperekedze nechibage uye muto.
chitendero chemixtec
Nhasi vazukuru vetsika yekare yeMixtec vatendi veKatorike, asi munguva dzisati dzakundwa uye kudzoreredzwa vaive nechitendero chavo. Kufanana nemamwe mapoka mazhinji ezvizvarwa zveMesoamerican, maMixtec aive nevamwari vazhinji vakasiyana vaivimba nenyama neropa rezvibairo zvevanhu nemhuka kuti varambe vachigutsikana.
VaMixtec vainamata zuva nemamwe masimba echisikigo epasi, hupenyu nerufu, nyika mushure mekufa, nezvimwe. Vaivawo nevamwe vamwari vaimiririra hondo, kubereka, mvura nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasikwa. Vaiita zvibayiro zveropa kuratidza kuvimbika kuna vamwari vavo, asi ivo vainangidzira ngwariro panzvimbo dzakadai senzeve, rurimi, uye dzimwe nguva mwoyo.
Vaiva mhizha dzakanakisisa uye zvizhinji zvezvimedu zvavo zvakanaka zveceramic zvaishandiswa pamitambo yechitendero, semuenzaniso, magirazi nehari kuti vatore ropa kubva munzeve nendimi sezvipiriso kuvamwari vavo. Vachitevera karenda yavo, vaivewo netsika dzemoto dzekupemberera kufamba kwenguva uye kutanga kwemazuva matsva echitendero. Parizvino vazukuru veMixtec vanoita mubatanidzwa wechitendero chemadzitateguru avo chinosimbisa kuti zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa zvine mweya, muitiro unozivikanwa seanimism uye chiKaturike.
Muhupenyu hwemhuri hwega, michato, rubhabhatidzo uye machira ekutanga zvinopembererwa. Munharaunda, mutambo mukuru unosanganisira mhemberero yemazuva mazhinji yemutendi weguta, mapato anofadza anosanganisira fireworks, mabiko nemitambo, pamwe neruzhinji rwezvitendero.
Vanopembererawo senyika yose Zuva Revakafa, uko mhuri dzinokudza mushakabvu nemaatari epamba, dzichidya zvokudya zvinofarirwa nemushakabvu, uye kushongedza makuva avo nemakenduru nemaruva.
Ngano mabviro eMixtec tsika
VaMixtecs vaive nekwakabva ngano kwakafanana sevamwe vanhu vekuMesoamerican, vaiti vakararama munguva yeFifth Sun uye kuti Era iyi isati yasvika, vamwari vaive vasika nekuparadza nyika kakawanda.
Chisikwa ichi chinorondedzerwa muCodex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I, apo vanotaurawo nezvekuuya kwevamwari vavo nedzimwe nyaya dzengano. Iyo Mixtec nyaya yekusikwa kwenyika yakanyanya kunyanya uye inotipa pfungwa yechiono chavo chezvese zvakavatenderedza. Vamwari vaviri vaive vekutanga, madzibaba evasiki vepasi uye vevamwari vana vasiki:
"Mugore uye nezuva rerima nerima, kusati kwave nemazuva, kana makore, nyika iri murima guru, kuti zvinhu zvese zvaive nenyonganyonga nenyonganyonga, nyika yakafukidzwa nemvura, kwaingova nematope nematope pamusoro pemvura. danda renyika
Panguva iyoyo, maIndia anoti mwari aioneka aioneka zita rake rainzi 'nondo', uye nezita remadunhurirwa rokuti 'jaguar nyoka' uye mwarikadzi akanaka chaizvo uye akanaka, ane zita rainzi 'mhembwe' uye nezita remadunhurirwa rokuti 'jaguar nyoka'. Cougar'. Vamwari vaviri ava vanoti vaive mavambo evamwe vamwari vaive nemaIndia.
Apo vamwari vose vari vaviri vakaita kuti nyika igadzirire uye vana vavo vana vakazvarwa, mumwe wavo anozivikanwa seNine Winds akabata maMixtecs ekutanga panyika neApoala tree. pakati pavo Dzahuindanda, museve wezuva.
Matauriro ounyanzvi
Idzo tsika dzechiMesoamerican dzakasiya nhaka yakanaka yehunyanzvi, iyo yakabvumira, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kudzidza kwakadzama nezvavo, uye tsika yeMixtec haina mutsauko. VaMixtec vakagadzira matauriro akasiyana-siyana eunyanzvi, achinyanya kukoshesa zvehari nemachira, zvichiratidza mazviri zvakawanda zvezvitendero zvavo. Pamusoro peizvozvo, tinowana zvivezwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvebudiriro iyi, mavaishandisa matombo akadai sejade uye turquoise.
Sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, mifananidzo yakawanda yeMixtec nhasi inosanganisira kugadzirwa kwemachira, kusanganisira kurukwa kwemvere dzemakwai nedonje, asiwo inokunda pakuruka mashizha emichindwe mumabhasikiti neheti.
Chidimbu chinonyanyozivikanwa uye chechimiro chetsika iyi ndeye Mixtec huipil, bhurauzi rakashongedzwa zvine mutsindo mumavara mazhinji anopfekwa nevakadzi veMixtec. Mazuva ano kugadzirwa kweceramics hakuchawanzoitiki, zvisinei, madzitateguru eMixtec akagadzira midziyo yevhu yakaisvonaka, yakashongedzwa yakawanda yaishandiswa mumitambo yechitendero.
Iro basa nesimbi rakagadziridzwa kunonoka, asi rakanga risiri muganhu kutsanangura zvinoshamisa zvivezwa uye zvinomiririra negoridhe, zvakare kuve nehunyanzvi mukugadzira zvishongo, zvichikonzera mametallurgists akanakisa. Pakutanga kubva kuMupata weMexico, zvidimbu zvakanaka zvegoridhe uye turquoise zvakawanikwa kuti Mixtec yaishandiswa semitsipa uye pendants. Mhangura ndiyo yainyanya kushandiswa kugadzira midziyo yemazuva ose.
mixtec decadence
Pakati pebudiriro dzemumupata weMexico, kutonga nharaunda kwaiwanzova kwenguva pfupi zvikuru, nokuda kweichi chikonzero rimwe boka rine simba rakatsiva rimwe kazhinji kazhinji. Vaichimbova vanhu vanoda hondo zvikuru vaigara vachipindira uye vachitongana.
Kunyange zvazvo vaMixtec vakanga vatonga dunhu reOaxaca, nguva yavo semutungamiri mukuru yakanga ipfupi kana ichienzaniswa nehumwe humambo. Zvisinei, tsika dzavo zhinji dzakaramba dziri munharaunda yacho sezvo dzakatorwa neimwe nzira nevaya vanokunda.
Mumakore akapoteredza 1400 maAztec vakatanga kukunda uye kutonga kwemupata uyu uye zvishoma nezvishoma magariro aivepo akadonha. VaAztec vakarayira kuti umambo hwose hwavaikunda huvape mari, zvokudya, uye vanhu vamwe navamwe sechibairo.
Zvisinei, vaMixtec havana kukanda mapfumo pasi nyore uye kudzivirira kwavo kwakasimba kwakagara kwemakore mashomanana, kusvikira munenge muna 1458. Apo vaAztec vakanga vakunda zvachose uye vakunda vaMixtec neZapotec, vakavaka rusvingo rukuru pamusoro pechikomo cheOaxaca, kusvika. ramba wakatarira mapoka ose ari maviri.
Pakazosvika 1521, maAztec akakundwa neuto rekunze, nechitarisiko uye zvombo zvisingazivikanwi nevagari venharaunda yacho. Vaive vaSpain, avo vakakurumidza kusvika munyika dzeMixtec, vachiongorora mupata uye vachitsvaga goridhe raichiva.
Mamisheni akanga atanga chiKristu cheMixtecs nemamwe mapoka munharaunda yeOaxaca, kunenge muna 1528. Zvisinei, kusvika kwevaEurope hakuna kungounza kutenda kutsva, kusabatwa zvakanaka uye zvirwere zvitsva zveSpain zvakaparadza vazhinji vevagari vemo, kusanganisira Mixtec yekare. tsika. Parizvino kuchine maMixtec muMupata weOaxaca uye munzvimbo dzeGuerrero nePuebla, inozivikanwa seLa Mixteca.
Kana chinyorwa ichi chaive chekufarira kwauri, ita shuwa yekutarisa mamwe mablogiki link:
- Mesoamerican tsika
- Nzvimbo yeMixtec tsika
- Economy yeMixtecs