Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana emarudzi munyika, umo ongororo dzakawanda dzakagumisa kuti mamiriyoni 8,7 ezvisikwa zvipenyu zvinogara pasi pano. Pakati pemhando iyi yakasiyana-siyana yezvipenyu tinogona kuwana idzo mhuka dzine minhenga, dzave dziripo munhoroondo yose. Muchinyorwa chino tichapa ruzivo rwese maererano navo, saka ndinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi nekuverenga uye nekudaro udzidze zvakawanda nezvavo.
Mhuka dzine Manhenga
Nhamba huru yemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwa zvipenyu zvinogara pasi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti kune marudzi anopfuura mamiriyoni masere, ane maitiro akasiyana-siyana. Asi 8% chete yezvipenyu zvese zvinowanikwa munyika zvinozivikanwa. Mukati meboka duku iri ratinoziva, rakakamurwa kuva marudzi akawanda. Mhuka dzinoumba zvikamu izvi zvinosiyaniswa nehumwe hunhu hwemuviri, iwo hunhu humwe chete ndihwo hunoita kuti huve hunoshamisa uye hwakasiyana.
Mukati merudzi urwu rwakasiyana-siyana tinowana mhuka dzine minhenga. Ichi chimiro chinoshamisa, minhenga, chave chiripo kwemakumi emakore. Mhuka zhinji ndidzo dzine minhenga munhoroondo yese yekushanduka-shanduka, muenzaniso weizvi zvipuka zvinobhururuka zveprehistory. Zvisinei, pari zvino mhuka dzine mapapiro chete muchimiro chadzo chenyama ishiri. Iwe hauzocherechedze chero imwe mhuka kunze kweshiri dzine minhenga iyi, imwe mhando yakashanduka uye yakagadzira humwe hunhu kuti vararame.
Ndedzipi Mhuka dzine Manhenga
Kana tichibvunza nezvemhuka idzo dzine hunhu uhu, tinoreva rudzi irwo rwezvisikwa zvipenyu zvinenge zvine minhenga, kureva dzine minhenga. Rudzi urwu ruchakwanisa kuwanikwa mukati meboka remhuka dzine vertebrate uye kana tichitaura nezvemhuka dzine minhenga, tiri kutaura zvakananga nezveshiri, sezvatakambotaura. Iri boka remhuka ndiro chete rine minhenga uye kuti mhando dzemhuka idzi dzinogona kugara munzvimbo ipi neipi inowanika kwavari.
Izvi zvinoitika nekuti ine maviri makuru maitiro ayo anozoibvumira kuchinjika pasina dambudziko kune chero nharaunda. Hunhu hunonyanya kukosha hwemhuka dzine minhenga kana shiri idzi, minhenga mimwechete uye kuti dzinoonekwa nekuve endotherms. Kana iri minhenga uye kuchinjwa kunowanikwa mumagumo maviri epamberi aripo mumapapiro, ayo achange akakura uye akasimba, ivo vachaona kukwanisa kwayo uye kukwanisa kubhururuka. Izvi zvinoenderanawo nerudzi rweshiri iyi.
Sezvatakambotaura, shiri imhuka dzinopisa.Neizvi tinoreva kuti mhuka idzi dzine hunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa kupisa kwemuviri wadzo. Pamusoro pekuchengetedza muviri wako pane tembiricha isingaperi, pasina chero shanduko. Kunyange minhenga yemhuka idzi ichabatsira ne thermoregulation. Saka mhuka dzine minhenga imhando dzinoshamisa, kwete nekuda kwemvere dzadzo chete, asiwo nekuti dzinogona kudzora tembiricha yadzo pasina kudiwa kwerubatsiro rwekunze.
Mhando dzePeni uye Zvadziri
Sezvambotaurwa, minhenga chimiro cheshiri chinotsanangurwa nekukwanisa kwadzo kubhururuka. Asi tinofanira kuyeuka kuti aya anoitawo basa rinokosha, izvi zvinoenderana nerudzi rweminhenga dzine mhuka dzine minhenga idzi. Muenzaniso weizvi ndewekuti minhenga ichange iine thermal insulation function, mamwe mabasa atinogona kuwana ndeokuti anopa kudzivirira kumhuka, anopa ruvara uye chimiro kushiri, pakati pemamwe mabasa. Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana emapeni uye kushanda kwawo kunotsamira pane rimwe nerimwe rawo, uye aya ndiwo anotevera:
Zvekutiza
Minhenga yerudzi urwu inobatanidzwa mukukwanisa kubhururuka kweshiri. Iyi minhenga inogona kuwanikwa pamuswe uye pamapapiro eshiri. Nezve maitiro emhando iyi yeminhenga tinogona kutaura pamusoro pezviviri zvakakosha zvikuru uye izvo zvinonyanya kukosha, tinoona kuti vane maitiro akaoma zvikuru uye ane asymmetry.
Outline
Contour minhenga ichava nebasa rekudzivirira, sezvo ichidzivirira shiri kubva mumvura. Mhando iyi yeminhenga inogona kuwanikwa mumuviri wese weshiri, yakafukidzwa zvachose navo. Iyi minhenga inoratidzwa nekunyorova kwemavara, inopa ruvara uye inoumba chinyorwa cheshiri.
semi-minhenga
Iyo semi-minhenga inogona kuwanikwa iri pazasi pe contour minhenga. Iyi minhenga ichava nebasa rekudzivirira, kureva kuti, ichadzivirira shiri kubva pakushanduka kwekushisa kamwe kamwe. Saka ivo vachaidzivirira kana kune tembiricha inotonhora kana kubva mumwaranzi yezuva.
Maka
Mhando iyi yeminhenga ichafanana nehafu-minhenga, sezvo ichange iine kupisa kwekupisa sebasa ravo. Kunze kwezvo, basa rayo nderekubvumira shiri idzodzo dzomumvura kuti dziyangarere. Manhenga aya anogona kuwanikwa pedyo nedehwe reshiri.
blade minhenga
Filofeathers, semi-minhenga, inogona kuwanikwa pasi peminhenga ye contour. Iyi minhenga yakasiyana zvikuru sezvo iine basa rekunzwa kushiri, izvo zvinodzibvumira kuona zvinhu zvakaipoteredza.
Akangwara
Aya marudzi eminhenga anobva muboka reminhenga yekunzwa. Izvi zvine basa rekuita kuti shiri iyi iwane tumbuyu munzvimbo yayo nemuromo wayo. Mhando iyi yeminhenga inonyanya kuoneka mushiri dzinoita zvipembenene. Saka, nekuda kwadziri, shiri dzinogona kuona zviri nyore zvipembenene zvakadzipoteredza.
Mhuka Dzine Minhenga Dzinobhururuka
Muchikamu chino chechinyorwa tichataura pamusoro peboka riya remhuka dzine minhenga dzinokwanisa kubhururuka. Isu tichataura nezve hunhu hweumwe neumwe wavo uye nehunhu hwavo. Saka, dzimwe dzemhuka idzi dzine minhenga dzinogona kubhururuka ndedzinotevera:
Mucheki
Manhenga ane rudzi urwu rweshiri anoshamisa zvikuru, nekuda kwekupenya uye kunoshamisa kwemavara. Nekudaro, kusarudzika uku kuchaenderana nenzvimbo kwairi kugara. Tinogona kuwana zvienzaniso zvemhando iyi yehuni kana sezvainozivikanwawo Picidae, iyo inenge iine tsvuku uye beige minhenga. Asi zvisinei nekuti kune predominance mune aya mavara, anogonawo kuwanikwa mune yero uye pink.
Cuckoo kana Cuckoo
Mukati meboka remhuka dzine minhenga inobhururuka tinogona kuwana cuckoo, cuckoo, kana sekuzivikanwa kwainoitwa nesainzi Cuculidae. Iyi ishiri diki, iyo inoratidzwa nekuve nemuswe mutete uye wakareba uye mapapiro. Kana iri mapapiro ayo, tinogona kuona kuti akasiyana-siyana emumvuri wegrey achakunda muvarume, kunyanya mumusoro, mutsipa uye kumashure. Kana uri mudumbu rawo, uchava chena; Nekune rumwe rutivi, takaona kuti muvakadzi minhenga inogona kufanana neyechirume. Zvisinei, vanogonawo kutora ruvara rutsvuku, kunyange zvazvo mumvuri uyu wekupedzisira hauna kujairika.
shiri duku
Shiri yemumba kana semaziviro ayo anonzi Passer domesticus, Iyi imhando yeshiri inowanikwa kumaruwa semumaguta. Nezve minhenga, yakasiyana mumhando dzose dzevarume, sezvo mavara aripo mumapapiro emurume ari kunyanya kushamisa, uye kunyange pavanenge vari mumwaka wekubatana, vanowanzoratidza bhibhu rinopenya uye rakanaka kwazvo kuti rikwanise. kukwezva nenzira iyi.kuvakadzi.
Medium Merganser
Serreta median kana sekuzivikanwa kwainoti Mergus serrator, ishiri iri muboka remhuka dzine minhenga inobhururuka. Shiri idzi dzakaita somumvura, kana iri minhenga yomukono, ichaisa mamwe minhenga mitema pamusoro wake. Minhenga yose yomuviri wadzo ichabva kupfumbu kuenda kuchena, asi kana iri yehadzi, minhenga yadzo ichava yakatsvukuruka. Kungofanana chete kuchaita zvose murume nemukadzi ndeyechipiri minhenga, iyo ichava yakachena. Chinhu chakatanhamara murudzi urwu ndechekuti kana dzava kuda kubhururuka dzinomhanya zvakanyanya.
European Falcon
Iyo European Falcon inomira pachena nekuve neminhenga yakagadzirwa nemavara matatu. Minhenga iri pachipfuva chayo yakaumbwa neminhenga yebrown, ukuwo minhenga iri pamapapiro ayo uye pachiso chayo inenge ipfumbu. Zvisinei, pane zvimwe zviitiko apo minhenga yakachena inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo idzi. IEuropean Falcon kana seFalco subbuteo inozivikanwa zvakare, ishiri diki, ine mapapiro anopera pane imwe poindi, yakasarudzika hunhu mavari.
Gondo Rendarama
Iye zvino tave negondo regoridhe kana sezvarinozivikanwawo nesainzi seAquila chrysaetos. Iyi ishiri yerudzi rwe raptor, inogona kusvika pakumhanya kwe 280 km/h. Kana iri ruvara rweminhenga yayo yakasvibirira, shiri iyi inosiyaniswa nemakumbo ayo kubva kune dzimwe, sezvo aya akafukidzwa zvachose neminhenga. Tine kuti minhenga inovhara musoro wayo ichava yegoridhe uye iyo inovhara mapendekete ayo nemagumo emuswe ichava neminhenga michena.
Kurumidza
Iyi imhando yeboka remhuka dzine minhenga, iyo inozivikanwa zvakare nezita resainzi rekuti Apus apus. Shiri iyi haina kukurumidza kufanana negondo regoridhe, asi rinomhanya rinogona kusvika pakumhanya kwe200 km/h. Iyo inomhanya inogona kuwanikwa nguva dzese mumhepo, sekunge kudya kwayo kwakavakirwa pazvipembenene. Chinhu chakasiyana-siyana chazvo ndechokuti mapapiro avo anowanzova akakura zvikuru, pane zvinopesana, makumbo avo anowanzopfupika. Kusarudzika uku kunoita kuti vave nechimiro chakasarudzika chemuviri.
shiri dzisingabhururuka
Takatozivisa dzimwe mhuka dzine minhenga dzinobhururuka, zvino tava kuzotsanangura maitiro emhuka idzo dzine minhenga isingabhururuke kana kuti dzinozivikanwawo seshiri dzisingabhururuka. Pakati peboka iri tinogona kuwana zvinotevera:
Penguin
Kunyange zvazvo mapenguin asingagoni kubhururuka, uye nokuda kwechikonzero ichi ari muboka reshiri dzisingabhururuka, anogara munzvimbo dzine mvura. Nekuda kweizvi vakakwanisa kugadzira zvimbi zvavo, izvo zvinovaita vashahwi vepamusoro. Kunze kwezvimbi zvavo, vane muswe, izvo zvinovabvumira kuchengetedza chiyero chavo pakufamba. Mapenguin kana semaziviro avanoziva nesainzi maSpheniscidae anowanikwa achigara mumakoroni makuru umo anosvika chiuru chemhando dzemhando dzawo dzinogara.
Mhou
Murudzi urwu rweshiri isingabhururuka, minhenga inosiyana pakati pehono nehadzi. Kana iri mukono, minhenga ine minhenga mitema inovhara muviri wayo neminhenga michena inovhara muswe nemapapiro ayo. Asi muvakadzi, vane minhenga yegreyish hue kana kuti inogona kutoita yebrown hue. Nemhaka yokuti mhou haigoni kubhururuka nokuda kwehukuru hwadzo, nokuda kwemapapiro adzo maduku maererano nemuviri wadzo uye nokuti inoratidzirwa neminhenga isina kusimba uye yakanyura, izvi zvinobvumira kuenzana kwadzo pakuita chero kufamba. Humwe hunhu hwatinogona kutaura ndehwekuti mhou kana kuti sezita resainzi inonzi Struthio camelus, inokwanisa kusvika pakumhanya 65 km/h.
kiwi
Iyo kiwi kana kuti inozivikanwawo nesainzi seApteryx. Ishiri idiki inoonekwa nekuva nemuromo wakareba uye wakakombamira zvishoma. Minhenga yayo yakati siyanei, sezvo ichiita seine mvere panzvimbo peminhenga. Iyo Apteryx haibhururuke uye nekudaro ndeyeboka remhuka dzine minhenga isingabhururuke, asi mhuka iyi inogona kusvika nekumhanya kukuru. Nyaya yekuti shiri iyi haikwanise kubhururuka imhaka yekuti mapapiro ayo madiki zvakanyanya maererano nemuviri wayo, saka haibvumire kutakura uremu hwayo. Mapapiro avo anowanzoita kuenzana masendimita matatu.
Cassowary
Iyo cassowary kana sekuzivikanwa kwainoitwa Casuarius, yakakosha kuchengetedza akasiyana ecosystem ari esango. Shiri iyi ndeyeboka remhuka dzine minhenga, idzo dzinozozivikanwa nekuti minhenga yadzo ine zvimwe zvakada kufanana nemabhachi iwayo ane minhenga. Iyi minhenga ichave nebasa re thermoregulation, kuitira kuchengetedza uye kuchengetedza vana vavo. Humwe hunhu hweshiri idzi ndehwekuti misoro yadzo ichava yebhuruu muruvara uye ine yakasarudzika yakaoma crest pamusoro pemisoro yadzo, mukuwedzera pakuva nemutsara mutsvuku wakakora pamutsipa wadzo. Shiri idzi dzinoonekwa nekukura kwazvo uye kurema, dzakanyanya kufanana nemhou uye nekuda kwechikonzero ichi ishiri dzinowira muboka risingabhururuka.
kakapo
Kakapo kana sekuzivikanwa kwainoitwa Strigops habroptilus, imhando yemhuka inogara kuNew Zealand. Shiri yerudzi urwu ndeyemhando yeusiku, dzinoshandisa minhenga yadzo yakasvibira kuvharika kubva kune yadzinobata uye dzinodya mumasango. Kakapo ndiyo yega yerudzi rwayo, parrot, isingabhururuke munyika. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iparrot hombe yemapapiro ayo.
dhadha remumba
Muboka iri remhando dzedhadha tinogona kuwana mune zvakajairika dhadha remusango. Musiyano unoratidza uye unovasiyanisa vese ndewekuti dhadha remumba kana sekuzivikanwa kwarinoitwa nesainzi Anas platyrhynchos domesticus haikwanise kubhururuka, kugona kwaro hakuna maturo. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mhuka iyi yave ichichinjika uye nekudaro yakarasikirwa nesimba mumapapiro ayo, sezvo aya ari mapfupi uye akareruka zvakanyanya.
Gallina
Huku kana sekuzivikanwa kwadzinoita nezita resainzi Gallus gallus domesticus, dzine mamwe minhenga isingadzitendere kubhururuka. Asi minhenga iyi ine mamwe mabasa anodiwa kuti shiri idzi dzirarame. Aya mabasa ndeekudzivirira kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kungave nekuda kwekutonhora kana kupisa, uye zvakare kuvadzivirira kubva kukurohwa kwavanogona kutambura pane imwe nguva. Huku dzinowira muboka remhuka dzine minhenga dzisingabhururu, asi izvi hazvidzitadzisi. Ivo vanozivikanwa nekusadzoreka zvakanyanya, ivo vanorongawo uye vanogara mune hierarchy, izvo zvinovaita territorial.
Kana wanga uchifarira iyi musoro weMhuka dzine minhenga, ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi nekuverenga zvinotevera zvinyorwa: