Idzi mhuka dzinoda kuziva dzine zvinoshamisa zvakasarudzika izvo zvinovatendera kuti vajairane neiyo marine ecosystem, kune kunyange vamwe vane kugona kuzvimisikidza munzvimbo dzese dziri mbiri, zvese izvi kunyangwe zviri mhuka dzinoyamwisa uye izvo zvinotiratidza kuti dzakakosha sei. Mhuka dzegungwa, tinokukoka kuti usangane navo pano chaipo.
Chii chinonzi Marine Mammals?
Iwo marudzi ane bony chimiro nemusana, iwowo anodziya-blooded (homeothermic) uye anochengetedza mammary gland anobudisa mukaka. Vanowanzo kuve nevhudzi munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemuviri uye mhuka idzi dzinopedza yakawanda yenguva yadzo dzakanyura mumvura Makungwa nemakungwa.
Pane kusiyana kukuru pakati mhuka dzemugungwa, zvinofungidzirwa kuti kune marudzi anenge 120.000 XNUMX.
Zvinonzi mhuka dzemugungwa dzakashanduka-shanduka mushure mekunge mhuka dzepanyika dzadzokera kumvura makore anopfuura mamirioni makumi matanhatu nenhanhatu apfuura uye dzakakwanisa kuwana zvigadziriso zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvinovabvumira kurarama hupenyu hwemvura uye izvi zvese zvakaitika nekuda kwekusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze.
Chii chinonzi Marine Mammals?
Mumhuka dzemugungwa zvinotevera zvinogona kuwanikwa:
- otters: Sea otters uye katsi yegungwa.
- pinnipeds: Zvisimbiso, zvisimbiso uye walrus.
- Cetaceans: Whales, dolphin uye porpoises.
- Sirenians: Manatees uye dugong.
- Mhuka yekunechando: Bere (polar bear) imhuka isiri mumvura, asi yakatumidzwa zita rekuti imhuka yemugungwa nekuti inopedza nguva yakawanda yegore iri paaizi yegungwa uye inojairana nehupenyu hwemugungwa.
Mukati memapoka ese aya mune macetaceans uye sirenians vanogara hupenyu hwavo hwese mumvura, kune rumwe rutivi mapinnipeds uye otters vanopedza chikamu chehupenyu hwavo panyika uye semhedzisiro ndeye ma sirenians uye cetaceans anonyanya kujairana nehupenyu. mugungwa
ari mhuka dzinoyamwisa mumvura vari chikamu che zvipenyu zvemugungwa yehukuru hukuru uye vane nhoroondo refu yekushandiswa kwekutengeserana nevanhu, zvese izvi kuti vawane nyama, mafuta, mafuta, matehwe kana nyanga dzenzou, izvo zvinovaita zvisikwa zvisingadzivirirwe zvakanyanya uye munjodzi yekunyangarika.
Ndicho chikonzero icho chikamu chikuru chezvipenyu zvegungwa chiri pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwevanochengetedza zvakatipoteredza uye vanotsigirwa zvakasimba nemapoka makuru ekudzivirira kwezvakatipoteredza uye kodzero dzemhuka, zvose kuitira kuchengetedza vavhimi kubva kwavari.
Mumakore ekutanga enguva ino, zvaive zvakajairika kuona mhuka dzemugungwa nekudzikoshesa sezvisikwa zvitsvene zvine mweya yakaitwa yemunhu yaimiririra simba uye simba guru regungwa, semuenzaniso mawhale nema dolphin egungwa.
Zviri nyore kuona kuti zvipenyu izvi zvakagadzirisa nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugara uye dzinogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzemahombekombe uye mumakungwa akadzika.
Kwakabva mhando idzi
Scientific tsvakurudzo uye zvakawanikwa zvakasiyana-siyana marudzi emafossils, ngatizive kuti madzitateguru echinyakare emhuka dzemammalian dzegungwa akagara mugungwa rekare reTethys (munguva yakapfuura yepasi), anenge mamiriyoni makumi manomwe emakore apfuura.
Kunyangwe zvisingazivikanwe kuti shanduko yekushanduka-shanduka kwakapa nzira yekuchinjisa kunharaunda yemvura yakaitika sei, chatinoziva pamusoro peizvi ndechekuti ivo ndeveboka remonophyletic, zvinoreva kuti mapoka akasiyana ezvipenyu akaonekwa kubva kumadzitateguru akasiyana panyika. .
Ndiko kuti, ivo vakavakirwa patsvagurudzo yakaitwa pamhando dzeergonomic dzezvisaririra zvavo uye mamorekuru avo akafanana. Ndicho chikonzero nei mucetaceans, dolphins uye whales, zvinotendwa kuti yaiva artiodactyl, senguruve kana mhou, iyo yaiva hama iri kure yemvuu.
Tinogonawo kuwana sirenians, iyo munyaya yavo yaiva proboscidean yakabatanidzwa kune pachyderms, uye pinnipeds ine tateguru wemustelids nemapere.
Gare gare, aya mapoka matatu akagamuchira hunhu hwemuviri hwevezera ravo, hwaive hwakakwana kune zvavaida kuti vajairane nehupenyu hwemugungwa, hunozivikanwa sekusangana kwekushanduka-shanduka.
Zvizhinji zveizvi mhuka dzemugungwa dzine kugovaniswa kwakaganhurirwa munzvimbo dzakatenderedzwa, senge; whales, pygmies, narwhals, beluga, pakati pevamwe uye mamwe ekuparadzirwa kwakakura, ndiko kuti, anogona kuwanikwa chero kupi zvako panyika.
Kuchinjira kuMamiriro Emvura
Mukushanduka-shanduka, mhuka dzemumvura vaiva nekuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana kwehupenyu uye kushanda, izvo zvakavabvumira kugadzirisa kuhupenyu munzvimbo itsva yemvura.
Kana tichida kunzwisisa chikamu chekugadzirisa, tinofanira kuziva kuti hunhu hwakasiyana hunodiwa munzvimbo yegungwa kupfuura yemhuka dzepamusoro uye naizvozvo, mhuka dzinoshuva kugara munzvimbo yemvura dzinofanira kutanga dzajairana nazvo.
Nekudaro, kuti tinzwisise chikamu chekugadzirisa, isu tinofanirwa kufunga nezve dzimwe nyaya dzine chekuita nehunhu hwenzvimbo yemvura. Tinotanga kumanikidzwa kunzwisisa kuti kuwirirana kwemvura kwakapetwa katatu kune mhepo uye kuti viscosity inenge makumi matanhatu pavanenge vari mukutsamwa kwakafanana.
Zvinoitika kuti izvi zviviri zvinokanganisa kukakavara, nekuti iwo masimba anopesana nebasa remvura. Mukuwedzera, chimwe chinhu chinokosha mumhoteredzo yegungwa idzvinyiriro, ndiko kuti, simba rinoshandiswa pamutumbi uye rinowanzoudzvinyirira, rine simba kupfuura pamusoro.
Pamwe chete nekupisa kwekushisa, iyo yakawanda mumvura kupfuura mumhepo uye inogona kutaurwa kuti kuendeswa kwekupisa kubva mumuviri kuenda kunze uye simba rechiedza rinoderedzwa mberi. Mushure mekunge mamiriro aya apihwa, mhuka dzemugungwa dzinofanirwa kujairana nadzo, uye mamwe acho ndeaya anotevera:
- Thermoregulatory Adaptations: Semuyenzaniso, tinocherekedza mumaotter vhudzi sechidziviriro chemvura, endothermic kana hypothermic, inogadzira kupisa kwemukati, kana ukobvu hwemafuta ari pasi pedermis.
- Hydrodynamic Adaptation: Matanda avo ari pisciform, ndiko kuti, akafanana neaya ehove, magumo avo nemiswe zvinoshandurwa kuva zvimbi, vhudzi ravo rinonyangarika kana kuderera, izvo zvinoderedza kushorwa pakushambira uye kuputika pamitsipa yavo.
- kugadzirisa kufema: Idzi dzine mahombe ekufema, izvo zvinovabvumira kuita shanduko inoshanda yegasi, vane kuwedzera kwekusakwana kwepulmonary uye izvi zvinokonzerwa nenzvimbo yediaphragm mumuviri wavo kana kudzingwa kwemhepo munzvimbo, pachinzvimbo chekufema. iyo kudzivirira embolism mukupisa kwakanyanya.
- Kugadzirisa Kubereka: Muchikamu chino vane muromo wakapamhama, unovabatsira kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwemukaka wezamu panguva yekuyamwisa, kana mukaka wakakora uye wakawanda kudzivirira kurasikirwa nenharaunda.