Muna 1815 kuputika kunotyisa kweGomo reTambora (Indonesia) kwakaitika, kumwe kuputika kukuru zvikuru munhau. Yakachinja mamiriro ekunze ekuchamhembe kwePasi kuunza nhevedzano yemhedzisiro mumakore anotevera.
Zviitiko zvakawanda zve geological zvinoitika nguva dzose muchikamu chimwe nechimwe chepasi redu, asi zvishoma zveizvi zvinotifadza sezviratidziro zvekuputika kwemakomo. Makore akakura achipinda mumatenga anopisa, mabota anopenya anoyerera asingamisikike, zviitiko dzimwe nguva zvenhetembo uye nyaya dzinokurudzira dzedzimwe nguva.
Gomo reTambora rakafanirwa netarisiro yedu zvishoma
Nguva yedu yakapfuura izere namanyuko anorangarira kuputika kunoparadza, zvakanyorwa nomutoo wakakwana muchinyorwa chezviitiko zvinoshamisa zvikurusa munhau yomunhu. Semuyenzaniso Vesuvius muna AD 79, Krakatoa muna 1883, kana Saint Helens muna 1980. Zviitiko zvine nzvimbo yazvo mupfungwa dzevanhu nekuda kwekukanganisa kwavakaita, asi hazvisi zviitiko zvese zvakaiswa chiratidzo uye zvimwe zvakakodzera kuzviita. Semuenzaniso nyaya yatiri kutaura nezvayo nhasi.
Sezvineiwo, zvishoma kwazvo zvinotaurwa nezve kuputika kweGomo reTambora muna 1815, iyo yakaitika pachitsuwa cheSumbawa (Indonesia) uye inoonekwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda dzekuputika kwemakomo seyakaparadza zvakanyanya munhoroondo kana, kanenge, yakakura kubva panguva yekupedzisira yeaizi, iyo yakapera makore anopfuura 10.000 7 apfuura. Aive neexplosive index (VEI) ye8 out of XNUMX. Izvozvo zvinotaurwa nokukurumidza uye nokukurumidza.
Kuputika kweTambora muna 1815 kwakatora anopfuura mwedzi mitatu
Tambora i stratovolcano, kureva, gomo rinoputika rakatanga kubva mukuunganidzwa kunofambira mberi uye kukonzeresa stratification yemabota akaomeswa, madota, uye dombo.. Stratovolcanoes, kana cone volcanos, zvimiro zvakaumbwa nepamusoro pemazinga akawanda emabota nemarara akaomeswa.
Inowanikwa kuIndonesia, pachitsuwa cheSumbawa (chegomo rinoputika). Gomo rinoputika, mushure mekumuka kubva mukunyarara, kureva, kubva munzvimbo yekusaita basa kwechinguva, musi wa5 Kubvumbi, 1815, yakatanga nhevedzano yezviitiko zvechisimba zvinoputika zvakatora, muchikamu chakanyanya, mazuva mashanu, asi zvakapera zvachose. nguva inopfuura mwedzi mitatu.
Kuputika kwekutanga kwakanzwika mazana emakiromita
Kuputika kukuru kwekutanga, kwakaitika musi wa5 Kubvumbi, kwakanzwika mazana emakiromita kubva kure uye kwakagadzira shongwe yehutsi nemadota kupfuura 30 km kureba. Vakuru veDutch East India Company, iyo panguva iyoyo yaitonga nzvimbo dzezvitsuwa, Vagutsikana kuti vakanga vanzwa pfuti dzichipfurwa nemuvengi wavasingazivi, vakapa mauto avo zvombo. Zuva rakatevera chete, uye mushure mekuona denga dema-dema uye mvura yematombo akaenzana negrapefruit, vakaziva kuvapo kwemuvengi anotyisa zvikuru.
nemakungwa nematenga
Kuputika kwechipiri, kwakaitika mazuva mashoma gare gare, kwakagadzira mbiru inoputika inopfuura makiromita makumi mana, iyo munguva pfupi yakadururira pasi pamateru egomo rinoputika pamwe chete nenjodzi inoyerera yezvigadzirwa zvemagmatic uye magasi eincandescent (anonzi pyroclastic flows) . Boka rinoyerera, tsunami dzakakonzerwa nekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakabatana nekuputika, uye mvura yemadota nepumice yakaparadza humambo hwose pazvitsuwa zveIndonesia kubva pamusoro penyika. Nzvimbo dzinofungidzira kufa kwevanhu vanopfuura zviuru gumi kubva mukuputika kwega. yeTambora, asi nhamba inokura kupfuura 100,000 kana tikafunga nezvemigumisiro yekuparadzwa, nzara uye zvirwere zvakatambudza Indonesia munguva yakatevera. Zvichangoburwa zvidzidzo zve geological zvinopa kuputika kweTambora zvibodzwa zvinomwe (kunze kwe7) muVEI index.
Mhedzisiro yekuputika kweTambora
Huwandu hwezvinhu zvakaburitswa panguva yekuputika kwacho hwaive hwekuti hwakaderedza kuitika kwemwaranzi yezuva, kana nesainzi, mwaranzi yezuva, pamusoro pePasi, zvichikonzera kudonha kwekushisa kwepasirese. Gore rakatevera, 1816, rakanzi gore risina zhizha nekuda kwekushisa kwakadzika.. The side effects in the northern hemisphere were multiple.
Yekutanga uye yakananga zvakanyanya yaive mhedzisiro pamamiriro ekunze izvo zvakakonzera mamiriro ekunze akanyanya: mazaya echando, kunaya kwechando kwakawanda munzvimbo dzisingafungidzirike, kunaya kwemvura kwadzaisafanira kunge kwakaitika, mafashamo..
Njodzi dzinopfuura zvakasikwa
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwakakanganisawo upfumi hwenyika. Zvikurukuru, pakanga pane kuderera kwezvibereko zvekurima. Kuwana nguva yakakodzera yokudyara kwakava kwakaoma, hazvisi zvose zvinomera zvakakura uye kumera pakudziya kwakaderera, zviitiko zvakanyanyisa zvakakuvadza zvirimwa. Kudonha mukugadzirwa kwezvekurima kwakagadzira matambudziko muchikamu chezootechnical uye kupfuya kwakave kushoma mari nekuda kwekuderera kwekugadzirwa kwemafuro uye kuderedzwa kwehupenyu hwemhuka mukutonhora kunotonhora. Kushaikwa kwezvokudya zvinozoitika Naizvozvo, rakanga riri dambudziko guru kuNorth America nokuEurope, uko zvinetso zvoutsanana zvakadai sokushaikwa kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri nehosha zvakapararira. Izvo zvakakonzera kusagutsikana kukuru.
Tambora uye hukama hwayo naNapoleon
Pakati pemigumisiro yakasiyana-siyana, kukundwa kwaNapoleon paWaterloo kunogonawo kuve nechekuita, neimwe nzira yakabatana nemvura inonaya yakatevedza kuputika kweTambora nemamwe makomo. Mvura yakanaya yakaita kuti nhandare dzehondo dzive machakwi makuru izvo zvakaomesa zvikuru mafambisirwo ehondo evarwi vemabhiza nepfuti.
Muchidimbu, kuputika kweTambora, kunze kwekukuvadza kwakakonzerwa nenharaunda yedunhu, kwakaunza shanduko yenguva pfupi yemamiriro ekunze iyo yakakonzera kukanganisa kukuru kuhupfumi hwenyika dzekuchamhembe kwehemisphere. Matambudziko ehupfumi akashandurirwa mumatambudziko emagariro nezvematongerwo enyika ayo zvakakonzera kuyerera kwakanyanya kwekutama, makakatanwa uye kumukirana kwakawedzera matambudziko agara aripo mune yakaoma geopolitical framework yenguva iyoyo. Chiitiko chechisikigo chehukuru uhu chinogona kutanga shanduko diki diki idzo, kwemakumi emakore, dzakakwenenzverwa kuita mataira mubranch mosaic yenhoroondo.