Mhando dzeZvipembenene uye Hunhu hwadzo

Kana tichitaura nezvemhuka hombe panyika, zvakajairika kunongedza zvipembenene zvinonyatsozivikanwa, zvimwe zvinoshamisira semashavishavi nemaladybugs, uye zvimwe zvine njodzi senhunzi neumhutu. Asi kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda pamusoro pazvo, ramba uchiverenga chinyorwa ichi pamusoro peMhando dzeZvipembenene uye maitiro avo ayo achave anobatsira zvikuru kwauri.

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Mhando dzeZvipembenene Maererano neMorphology yavo

Tupembenene iboka reArthropods rine goko rakaomarara rekunze rakagadzirwa nechinhu chinonzi chitin, vane hunhu hwavo hunonyanya kufarira kudzidza, sezvo dziri mhuka dzakawanda kwazvo pasi pano.

Kazhinji, vane muviri wavo wakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: mune yekutanga, iyo musoro, kune maziso avo, 2 antennae, miromo uye uropi; mune yechipiri, iyo inofananidzwa nethorax, ine mapapiro nemakumbo matanhatu, uye chetatu, iyo dumbu, apo dzimwe nhengo dzomukati dziripo.

Pazvipembenene zvinodarika miriyoni zvakawanwa kusvika parizvino, uye kuziva kuti mazhinji ezvipenyu izvi zvakakwanisa kurarama kwemamiriyoni emakore, zvakaiswa mumhando makumi matatu emirairo zvichienderana nehunhu hwavo hwemamorphological, ndiko kuti, chitarisiko chavo chemuviri. iwo makuru akatsanangurwa pazasi:

Odonata (Order Odonata)

Muboka iri mune vanobhururuka nekuda kwemapapiro avo mana asingagone kukotama, ivo vane makumbo mana ekubata zvavanenge vadya, maziso makuru ekuona akazvimirira ega ari muchimiro chemosaic uye zvinonzi vane chimiro chisina kukwana . Vanowanikwa pasi rose, asi kunyanya munzizi nehova dzekondinendi yeEurope.

Mumhando iyi mune:

  • Damselflies (suborder Zygoptera)
  • Dragonflies (infraorder Anisoptera)

Mune yekare, musiyano pakati pemurume nemukadzi unopiwa nesimbi yavo yebhuruu ruvara rwekare uye tsvuku tsvuku kune yekupedzisira, tsika yavo yekubatana inoitwa nekubhururuka. Vanodya zvakanyanya kune zvimwe zvipembenene zvakaita senhunzi, umhutu, nyuchi, mavu uye butterflies, pakati pezvimwe.

Nepo iwo ekupedzisira aine maziso akakura, ane mativi mazhinji, mapapiro awo akachinjika akatambanuka uye aine tsinga yakasiyana neyekutanga. Vanodya mhute dzeumhutu, zvimwe zvipembenene zvemumvura, makonye, ​​uye zvipukanana zvemumvura zvakaita sema tadpoles nehove diki, kazhinji vachidzingirira mhuka dzadzo mukubhururuka.

Orthoptera (Orthoptera Order)

Miviri yavo yakawanda cylindrical yakasvibira kana yakasvibirira, vanogara zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzinopisa, asi vanogara mugwenga, masango nedzimwe nzvimbo, kunyanya muSouth America, South Asia neEurope.

Vamwe vane muono wakapfava asi vamwe vane muono wakakomberedzwa, ma antennae avo akaturikidzana anogona kusiyana kubva kureba kusvika kupfupi. Vane maviri maviri emapapiro akatwasuka akaiswa pamusoro pechipfuva, apo chikamu chepamberi kana tegmina chinosiyaniswa nekureba uye kutetepa kupfuura mapapiro ekumashure. Mukuwedzera, makumbo avo akareba anovabvumira kusvetuka.

Zvinokurumidza kuzivikanwa nekuti ruzhinji rwehurongwa uhu hunoburitsa ruzha rwunodaidzwa kuti stridulation, kunyanya mumwaka wekudziya wegore, zvisinei, mamwe anoenderana nekugamuchirwa kweinzwi mumvere dzemusoro, uye panhengo inonzwika inonzi yeJohnston, iri muantenna.

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Hupenyu hwavo hunogona kupedza gore, kubereka kwavo kune zvepabonde, ivo vane oviparous nekukura kunoitika muzvikamu zvitatu, zvinoti: zai, nymph uye munhu mukuru. Kunyange zvazvo zhinji dzine nzvimbo dzekugara panyika, dzimwe dziri mumvura, zhinji dzinodya zvirimwa nepo dzimwe dziri omnivores, kureva kuti dzinodyawo mhuka.

Orthoptera inosanganisira zvinotevera:

  • Mhashu
  • Crickets
  • Lobsters
  • hwiza
  • charates

Termites (Order Isoptera)

Chipembenene cherudzi urwu, chinodaidzwawo kuti mujuru, chinogona kuyera pakati pe2,5 ne18 mm, chine miviri yakapfava, ine miromo inotsenga uye zvisvongo zvipfupi. Ivo vanopinda nenzira yakakwana yekushandura iyo inosanganisira pupal nhanho. Vazhinji vanogara muSouth America, Africa neAustralia, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinopisa uye savannas, uko vanogadzira makoroni anopfuura miriyoni emujuru, ayo anoumbwa kunyanya namambokadzi uye mapoka matatu evashandi, masoja nevagadziri.

Vamwe isoptera vanodya huni kana zvirimwa, asi vamwe vanodya fungi dzinokura pasi pevhu, dzakawanda dzinoonekwa sezvipembenene zvinoparadza zvefenicha, miti uye zvivakwa zvemapuranga. Ivo vanozivikanwa nehuwandu hwavo hukuru uye kusiyana-siyana munzvimbo dzeAfrica, South America neAustralia, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinopisa. Pakati peanonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeaya anotevera:

  • Dampwood mujuru (Kalotermes flavicollis)
  • Canarian drywood mujuru (Cryptotermes brevis)
  • Mujuru wekuChile (Noetermes chilensis)

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Hemiptera (Order Hemiptera)

Vanoratidza muromo unomubvumira kuboya nekuyamwa zvinwiwa. Vane shanduko isina kukwana iyo isingabatanidzi chrysalis, kuwedzera antennae yakati rebei kana ichienzaniswa nehukuru hwechipembenene, chinogona kunge chiri chepasi kana mumvura. Idzo dzinowanzodya zvinomera asi dzinodyawo zvimwe zvipembenene uye dzinosveta ropa revanhu nemhuka, zvichiita kuti dzive mavector ezvirwere.

Ivo vanozivikanwa nekuva nemuviri wakatsetseka une mavara mumumvuri wetsvuku uye dema. Chimiro chemusoro chakasiyana-siyana uye chinogara chakatwasuka. Vane mitezo mikuru yekuona pamwe maviri kana matatu ocelli mune dzimwe nguva, mukuwedzera pakuita kuti ma sensors avo akakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvishanu.

Kana ari makumbo, haanyanyi kuoneka, kunze kwezvikara zvakakora; muzviitiko izvi, femur inobviswa mazino uye tibia inovhara pairi kuti ibate zvokudya zvayo. Zvizhinji zvezvipembenene izvi zvinobudisa zvinhu zvinonhuwa.

Iwo marudzi ezvipembenene zvinodya, mamiriro anoita kuti zvikuvadze kurima, sezvo zvidyarwa zvisina simba nekukanganisa chlorophyll nehupfu hwadzo uye mune dzimwe nguva dzinogona kuve mavector ehutachiona.

  • Cicadas, Mealybugs uye Aphid (Homoptera)
  • beaked bug (triatoma infestans)
  • Shield bug (Carpocoris fuscispinus)

Lepidoptera (Order Lepidoptera)

Aya ndiwo mamwe marudzi ezvipembenene zvine mapapiro mana ayo, pamwe chete nemuviri wose, akafukidzwa nemakero akadzikama, ayo anogadziriswa fungi. Vane shanduko yakakwana, ndiko kuti, ivo holometabolous, vachipfuura nepakati pezvikamu zvezai, nymph, chrysalis uye munhu mukuru. Atlas butterflies anogara mumasango anogara achipisa eAsia, uye sirika inobva mumakonye awo makuru inokosheswa zvikuru.

Mazhinji marudzi emashavishavi uye zvipfukuto anowanzo vhara, uye anoshandisa hunhu hwavo hwepanyama kuvanda kubva kune chero muvengi, kutevedzera mashizha, matavi uye bark remakwenzi. Mumapoka ose ari maviri, kune marudzi ane ocelli pamapapiro anotevedzera maziso uye, nekutevedzera nzvimbo inobvira yemusoro, anovhiringidza zvikara zvinotungamirira kurwisa kwavo munzvimbo ino, nokudaro kusanyanya kunetseka.

Mamwe emhando dzayo zvipembenene zvezvirimwa nezvipfukuto, makushe anokuvadza, makushe neminhenga. Kune zvakare marudzi anobatsira akadai semakonye esirika (Bombix mori), shinda dzejira iri dzinotorwa kubva pakuputira.

  • Atlas butterfly (attacus atlas)
  • emperor butterfly (Thysania agrippina)
  • Dehenya sphinx moth (acherontia atropos)

Zvipembenene (Order Coleoptera)

Chimiro uye hukuru hwezvipembenene zvakasiyana zvakasiyana kubva kune mumwe, zvinenge zvose zvine muviri wakashongedzwa, exoskeletons yavo yakaoma. Humwe hunhu muromo waro wakasimba midziyo yekuruma nekutsenga. Kune vanodya zvirimwa nevavhimi vanobata mhuka diki dzakaita sehove nezvimwe zvipembenene.

Pakati peavo vakaiswa muchikamu ichi ndeiyi:

  • Mhara inobhururuka (Lucanus cervus)
  • Matsikidzi (Coccinellidae)

Matsikidzi ane mavara akajeka akaisvonaka, mamwe matsvuku kana kuti yero ane makwapa matema, uye kune mamwe matema asi ane mavara matsvuku kana kuti yero, hunhu hunoadzivirira pashiri idzo kazhinji kazhinji dzisingadzikanganise nemhaka yokuti hadzina kunaka. Mhuka diki idzi dzinobatsira nekuti dzinodya ma aphid nezvimwe zvipembenene zvinoparadza zvirimwa zvakawanda kuti zvidyiwe nevanhu.

Diptera (Order Diptera)

Kusiyana nezvimwe zvipembenene, avo veboka iri vane mapapiro maviri chete, asi makumbo matanhatu akafanana nemamwe ose. Vane mitezo inonzi halteres rockers, iyo isingashandiswi kutiza, asi yekuenzanisa sezvainobhururuka munzvimbo dzose dzepasi.

Idzo dzerudzi urwu dzine dzakatenderedza, dzakatenderera, nhatu, dzakarebesa misoro, pakati pemamwe maumbirwo, ayo anosanganisira antennae, inodarika 3 ocelli, miromo inoyamwa kana kuruma, uye maziso akakoniwa aanogona kugara kazhinji. mutezo wose uyu womuviri.

Iwo holometabolous zvipembenene zvine metamorphosis yakakwana iyo inowanzobatanidza matanho mana: zai, gonye, ​​pupa uye munhu mukuru. Nhamba yemazai pa clutch inogona kusiyana kubva pashoma kusvika kuzviuru. Kana kuri kudya kwavo, vazhinji vanodya zvinhu zvinoora, nepo vashoma vari mhuka dzinodya nyama nemhuka.

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Pakati peDiptera inonyanya kuzivikanwa, zvinotevera zvakataurwa:

  • Mosquito yeTiger (Aedes albopicus)
  • Tsetse fly (genus Glossina)

Nhunzi dzinonzi dzine ngozi nemhaka yeutachiona hwadzinotakura kubva kune imwe nzvimbo dzichienda kune imwe, sezvo dzichinzwa kuravira mumakumbo adzo pose padzinomhara pazvokudya zvakaora kana kuti nomuto wadzinobuda mudumbu radzo. Chimwe hunhu hunhu ndechekuti vanogona kunhuwidza zvinhu ne 2 antennae.

Kwavari, humhutu hune njodzi zvakare nekuda kwekuruma kwahunoita uye kupararira kwezvirwere zvakaita semalaria nedengue.

Hymenoptera (Order Hymenoptera)

Vane miromo inonanzva kana kusveta chikafu chemvura, pamwe nembiri mbiri dzemapapiro ane membranous. Zvizhinji hazvikuvadzi, asi mune dzimwe nguva nyuchi nenyuchi dzinoruma nerumborera rwadzo, dzinoshanda kubaya uturu nechinangwa chekuzvidzivirira padzinorwiswa.

Pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzezvipembenene zviripo, zviya zvehurongwa uhwu zvine majuru nenyuchi sechimiriri chazvo chikuru nekuti zvinozivikanwa nekurongeka kwadzo kwepamusoro sezvo zvese zvinoshanda pamwechete muboka rinorairwa namambokadzi.

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Kune misiyano mune zvavanodya, semuenzaniso, nyuchi nenyuchi zvinodya muto wemaruva uye mukume, kunewo zvinodya, zvipembenene zvinodya, zvipembenene zve omnivorous uye kunyange zvimwe zvinodya pamvura yemuviri yemamwe marudzi.

Mamwe marudzi ndeaya:

  • Nyuchi yeAsia (velutine vespa)
  • mavuvu (Eumeninae)
  • pollen mavu (masarinae)

Nyuchi dzakakosha zvikuru nekuti huchi hwadzinobura hunoshandiswa kudyiwa nevanhu uye kugona kwadzo mukume zvirimwa zvakasiyana kunodzipawo kukosha kukuru, sezvo dzichikwanisa kuwanza kurimwa kwezvirimwa zvakawanda zvakakosha munyaya dzeupfumi.

Nekune rumwe rutivi, kune zvimwe zvipembenene zvinoparadza zvirimwa zvinorimwa, pakati pemajuru anocheka mashizha nemamwe majuru anodyawo mhodzi, midzi nemashizha. Saizvozvowo, kune zvakare macalcids, ari mukati meparasitic wasps emhando dzakasiyana dzezvipembenene, senge hove uye mealy bugs, izvo zvinokonzeresa kukanganisa kwehupfumi kune zvirimwa zvakaita semaranjisi nekofi.

Mhando dzeZvipembenene Zvisina Mapiro

Izvo zvisina mapapiro hazvina mapapiro kana kuti hazvina kupinda nenzira yekushandura, sezvo vaduku, kubva pakuberekwa, vanochengeta chitarisiko chekusvika pakukura. Dzinofamba pasi, dzakakura mudiki uye dzine muromo unokodzera kutsenga kana kuruma, pakati pezvinonyanya kushamisa pane majuru nemajuru.

Vanoiswa mu:

springtails: Vane chitubu chekusvetuka-svetuka mudumbu mavo, izvo zvinoita kuti vasvetuke pasi kana mumvura. Dzimwe nguva dzinopinda mumadziva nemadziva uye dzinogona kugara muchando.

  • nhata dzechando

proturs: Zvipembenene zviduku zvikuru. Pasina antennae, nemeso akareruka uye muromo wekukuya. Ivo havana metamorphosis. Vanogara munzvimbo dzine mwando, mumapako uye pasi pematombo.

  • aceretomon

Dipluri: Vanoshaya maziso. Ivo vane mobile uye articulated antennas. Iwo madiki muhukuru. Dumbu rine 11 segments inopera mu tweezers. Dzinogara pasi pematombo nemashizha.

  • Catajapix (7mm)
  • Ntata yegirini (5mm)

Thysanides: Tupukanana tunotsenga mukanwa. Vanodya pazvirimwa uye zvakare vanokuvadza zvipfeko, mabhuku, makuki, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Vane maziso akakomberedzwa, antennae marefu akabatana uye mafilament matatu kumucheto kwedumbu, uye muviri wavo wakafukidzwa nezvikero zvidiki zvesirivha.

  • Silverfish kana Lepisma
  • nguo dzemukati
  • thermobes
  • tsikidzi dzemoto
  • Forbycines kana moth hove

Kufunga kwekupedzisira

Zvakakosha kutaura kuti, kazhinji, zvakajairika kutaura nezve nzira dzekudzivirira dzezvimwe zvipembenene kune dzimwe mhuka, izvo zvavanowana nekuda kwechitarisiko chavo chinoita kuti varatidzike senjodzi kana kuti vane kuravira kwakashata, ndizvo zvazviri. zveshiri dzisinganetse shiri. Mumwe muenzaniso ndewekuti, nekuda kwekufanana kwenyuchi nebumblebee, shiri kana zvigunwe zvakarohwa nevekupedzisira hazvifarire kusafarira butterfly iyi.

Saizvozvowo, nekuda kwemavara ane zvipembenene, zvinovabvumira kuti vabatane nemamiriro avo ezvinhu uye nokudaro kutiza kubva pangozi, izvi zvinoitika neavo vakaumbwa semashizha kana mashizha, pakati pezvimwe zviitiko zvakakodzera izvo zvinonzi kutevedzera.

Isu tinovimba kuti ruzivo rwese rwakapihwa kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi pamusoro peMarudzi eTupembenene uye Hunhu hwavo hwave hwekuda kwako. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvimwe zvinonakidza misoro, unogona kuverenga nezvazvo:


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