Kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemiti dzinotsvakwa nemunhu nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana, kuratidza pakati pavo Pine, rudzi rwemiti yakasiyana-siyana nekuda kwechimiro chekoni, kureba kukuru uye kuwanda kwehuwandu; inozivikanwa nemhando yehuni dzemhando yepamusoro dzinoshandiswa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakawanda uye nemishonga inorwisa kutadza kufema. Muchinyorwa chinotevera tichadzidza nezvemhando dzakasiyana dzemapaini anowanikwa pasi rese uye maitiro avo makuru.
Pine
Zvirimwa zvinoratidzwa nekuzadza pasi rose repasi pamwe nemhando dzakasiyana dzezvipenyu dzinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze uye enzvimbo, pakati pemamwe mamiriro anopiwa mukondinendi yaanobva, nekuda kweizvi kune akasiyana siyana enzvimbo dzakasikwa dzinogona inoonekwa seyakasiyana uye yakakosha runako. Pakati pavo, miti inomira semhando dzezvirimwa zvakakosha nzanga, zvese kuita maitiro ephotosynthesis uye kuve chikamu chekushongedza kwemaguta.
Zvimwe zvezvipenyu zvakakosha ndezvipini, miti yakaisvonaka ine chimiro chepiramidi uye mashizha etsono. Izwi rekuti pine rinobva muchiLatin pine, inoumbwa nerudzi rwemuti werudzi rwemikoniferi, mhando dzinosvika pakuva nechimiro chekoni kunyangwe paine mimwe ine chimiro chakaurungana, chakafara uye chakaora mwoyo. Iine seti yemapazi akaomeswa ane zvishoma mutemo. Mbeu ine chimiro chakafanana nepineapple, ichisiyana kune rudzi urwu rwemuti.
Kune huwandu hukuru hwezvipenyu zvakagoverwa pasirese zvine maitiro akawanda, ayo ekuchamhembe kwehemisphere anoonekwa seanowanikwa mapine seJack pine, anogonawo kuonekwa muSouth America seCaribbean pine. Kuratidzira chokwadi chekuti miti ine kukosha kukuru munzanga sechikamu chekushongedza kwemba, kunyanya panguva yeKisimusi, saka vane chirevo chechinyakare chiri kushongedzwa nezvishongo, nyeredzi, mabhora, uta nemwenje inopenya.
Uye zvakare, yakakosha munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzenzanga, kuratidza iyo yehupfumi, uko pine huni inoumbwa neyakaomeswa zvinhu muzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kunyanya nekuti ine durability yakakwana uye kuramba, iyo yakashandiswa pakuvaka midziyo yakakosha sematafura, zvigaro, showcases, pakati pezvimwe. Parizvino, zvigadzirwa zvese zvakagadzirwa zvichibva pazviri zvinoonekwa semhando yepamusoro.
Iyo zvakare ine mishonga yekurapa, ichiva inoshanda kune matambudziko ekufema kana chirwere chechipfuva, sezvo ichikwanisa kudzikisa bronchial spasms. Iine antibacterial nheyo nekuda kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwe tannins, ndicho chikonzero ichionekwa semushonga unoshanda kuderedza zvinyorwa zvemucous mubronchi kana kuvapo kwe microorganisms; Inotopa expectorant, antiseptic uye antipyretic nheyo, kurapa hutachiona hwakasimba mumuviri wemunhu.
Mhando dzePines
Mapaini zvidyarwa zvine vascular zviri zvemhuri yePinaceae, mukati mayo mune chikamu cheiyo conifers, inoonekwa semhando inoyevedza uye inokosheswa kubva kumasango ekuona, nekuti inomiririra yakakosha zvinhu mukuvaka uye kukwenenzvera kwezvigadzirwa zve. imba, inomiririrawo chinhu chakakosha chekuchengetedza ivhu, sezvo ivo vachiita basa sevadziviriri vezvimwe zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinoshatisa mamiriro avo echisikigo.
Naizvozvo, mhando iyi inoonekwa zvakanyanya mumagadheni, ayo kunze kwekumiririra yakakosha mishonga uye yezvakatipoteredza mhando, zvakare inoshamisira uye inotsvakwa sechishongo sarudzo. Izvi zvakakurudzira kupararira kwayo pasi rose uye kuzivikanwa kwayo mumatunhu mazhinji, saka ivo vanorongerwa maererano nembeu yavo uye nhamba yemashizha, ivo vakakamurwa kuita matatu makuru genera anotsanangurwa pazasi:
Subgenus Strobus
Iyo ine mhando yemiti inozivikanwa semapaini machena anobva kuNorth America, ine zvikero zveseminiferous zvine dzimwe nhoo dzekupedzisira, matunhu makuru maanoonekwa ari paNewfoundland chitsuwa cheMinnesota uye paAppalachian Makomo kusvika kuchikamu cheGeorgia. . Mhuka huru mukati mechikamu ichi ndiPinus Ayacahuite, Pinus Armandii, pakati pevamwe.
Subgenus Ducampopinus
Iyi mipaini ine makwande nenhoo dzemudhori, pamusoro pekuva nemapapiro pambeu dzawo akapatsanuka kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, ane maumbirwo efibrous pamashizha awo. Ivo vanonzi zvakare Piñon, Balfourianae uye Lacebark Pines; dzinosanganisira genus inoonekwa zvakanyanya muMexico, Central Asia uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweUnited States, mamwe emhando huru yekusimbisa ndeaya anotevera, Pinus Arista, Pinus Gerardiana, Pinus Nelsonii, pakati pevamwe.
Subgenus Pinus
Iyo inozivikanwawo seYellow Pines, ine zvikero zve seminiferous zvine chimiro che dorsal shield asi isina bhendi rekuvharisa, uyezve ine mapapiro ayo mumhodzi dzakadururwa, iine maviri fibrovascular bundles mumashizha. Mhando yemhando iyi inoonekwa zvakanyanya muEurope, Asia uye kunyange America. Semuenzaniso, iyo Pinus Pinea, Pinus Kesiya, Pinus Mugo, Pinus Nigra inomira pachena, pakati pevamwe.
Pine Hunhu
Mipaini imhando yemuti unosanganisira seti yemidziyo yevascular, uko conifers inomira kunze, inoratidzwa pakati peboka remiti yakasvibira ine hukuru hukuru. Vane kukosha kukuru kunzanga nekuda kwehuni dzavo, inoenderana nerudzi rwezvinhu zvakakosha zvakasvibirira pakukwenenzverwa kwemidziyo yehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, chinotevera tichaziva maitiro makuru epaini:
- Vane makwati gobvu, mashizha akaita sono nemhodzi dzakafanana nemapaini.
- Vane mishonga yemishonga inotorwa kubva mumakwati avo, mashizha nemichero.
- Haisi kukanganiswa nemwaka wegore, saka inogara ichichengetedza ruvara rwegirini.
- Inozivikanwa nehukuru hwayo.
- Vane nhengo dzekuberekesa dzose (murume nemukadzi) saka vanoberekana vega.
- Nhengo dzavo dzekubereka dziri mumakoni echimiro chavo, ndicho chikonzero zita ravo rinonzi conifers.
- Mashizha ayo ane zvinhu zve macroblasts uye branchiblasts.
Zvisikwa muAmerica
MuAmerica, nhamba huru yezvipenyu yakaonekwa iyo inhengo yemhuri yepine, ichionekwa sekondinendi ine nhamba huru yezvienzaniso zvinowanikwa panyika; nyika dzine zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvikuru iMexico neChile.
Mhando Dzakakurumbira muMexico
Mexico ndiyo nyika yekondinendi yeAmerica ine mipaini yakakura kwazvo pasi rose. Ndidzo imwe yemhando dzine zvidzidzo zvakawanda, zvichiratidza hunyanzvi hwesainzi paNational Autonomous University yeMexico (UNAM), kwavakaona ingangoita mazana maviri nemakumi matatu neshanu inowanikwa muMexico chete, inofukidza 231% yenyika yese. Zvinonyanya kukosha zvinoratidzwa pasi apa:
Ayacahuite Pine kana Viking Pine
Inoonekwa semuti wekuzvarwa weMexico neCentral America, unoonekwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzinenge 1500 uye 3600 metres iri kubva pakati penyika kusvika kumaodzanyemba ichisvika kuHonduras, inokura muvhu rakadhindwa, munzvimbo dzinotonhora uye nekunyorova kwakanyanya. Inosvika mamita makumi mana pakureba, ine giriyi bark ine mutsetse wakatsetseka sezvo ichiri diki, painokura inova yakaoma uye yakatsvuka muruvara.
Mamwe emazita ayo akajairika ndiPinabete, Cahuite, Ocote, uye Acalohuite. Inoonekwa seimwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa mapaini munyika yeMexico nekuda kwehuni dzayo dzakapfava uye dzinoumbika, dziri kushandiswa kukwenenzvera kwemidziyo yakakosha senge fenicha nekuvaka. Inoshandiswa pakugadzirisa masango emaguta uye emuguta, inomiririra rudzi rwehuni hwakanaka.
Pinus Cembroides kana Stone Pine
Inofungidzirwa semarudzi emarudzi eMexico uye nekupararira kukuru munharaunda yose, mukati memarudzi ayo ane hurefu hupfupi (anenge pakati pe5 uye 10 mamita pakureba) kunyange mune dzimwe nguva inogona kusvika mamita gumi nemashanu pakureba. Pamusoro pekuva pakati pe15 kusvika ku5 centimita emashizha, inokura pamateru ezvikomo uye yakaoma uye ine matombo, iri mujinga memakomo. Ine mashizha egirinhi matema uye ishoma.
Inoonekwa semhando dzakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya muMexico uye inoshandiswa mukudyarazve masango enzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzakaoma uye dzisinganayi mvura dziri pabani riri nechepakati peMexico, ichiratidza huwandu hwevanhu vakaita seZacatecas, Durango, Coahuila, Nueva León, pakati pevamwe vane tembiricha uye zvakatipoteredza.
Pinus Montezumae kana Pino Chamaite
Imuti wemhuri yePinaceae inogona kusvika mamita makumi maviri uye kunyange kusvika ku 20 mamita pakureba, yakakurumbira zvikuru mumatunhu eMexico kunyanya muJalisco, Hidalgo, Querétaro, Puebla, Veracruz, Zacatecas, pakati pevamwe; uye kunyange kuwedzera kwayo kunoonekwa kusvika kuGuatemala. Inogara mumasango akadzikama uye ane makomo, bark rayo rine toni dzvuku dzvuku, inewo resin inopisa inotsvakwa kuti ibudiswe uye huni dzayo dzakachena dzinoshandiswa kugadzira midziyo. Pakati pemazita anozivikanwa ndiOcote Blanco, Pino Real kana Pino Montezuma.
Mhando dzakakurumbira muChile
Munharaunda yekumaodzanyemba kwekondinendi yeAmerica, Chile inomira kunze kwekuwedzera kwayo minda yepine, inoshandiswa kunyanya kukwenenzvera midziyo yekuvakwa kwenyika, mamwe emhando dzinotsvakwa zvakanyanya inoratidzwa pazasi.
Araucanian Pine
Inofungidzirwa semhando yemarudzi emunyika yeChile, kunyanya yedunhu rePehuén, ndeyemhuri yeAraucariaceae uye kune coniferous genus Araucaria; zita rayo resainzi ndiPinus araucaria arucana kana Pino Pehuén. Inowanikwa kumaodzanyemba kweChile neArgentina, kunyanya chikamu chemakomo eAndes uye Chilean mahombekombe emakomo. Inozivikanwa nekuve imwe yemarudzi akareba-akararama pasi pano sezvo paine mienzaniso yemakore anopfuura 100 ehupenyu.
Inomiririra rudzi rwemuti unotsvakwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwehuni dzawo dzakanakisa uye nekupa kunaka kukuru kwekuvaka uye basa rekuveza. Pamusoro pekuve nenhoroondo uye ethnobotanical relevance, sezvo mbeu dzayo dzinomiririra kwakakosha sosi yemacarbohydrates uye simba kubvira kare.
Radiata Pine
Imhando ye arboreal inowanikwa kuUnited States asi yakaunzwa muChile muna 1888 naArturo Junge Sahr, ichichinjika nyore kune nzvimbo yekugara uye ichikura nekukurumidza mudunhu, iyi mhando inogona kusvika makumi mana neshanu metres pakureba uye makwati ayo. ine mahwendefa egrey akasviba. Kusvika kuti uwane mhindu yemhando yehuni dzayo uye zvimiro zvayo zvezvakatipoteredza izvo zvinobvumira kuderedza kukukurwa uye kuporesa kukukurwa; mamwe mazita anoti Monterey Pine neCalifornia Pine.
pinus pinea
Inozivikanwa sePino Piñonero, Pino Doncel kana Pino Albar; rudzi urwu rwezita rinobva pambeu dzaro huru uye dzakakurumbira dzekudyiwa nevanhu. Inosvika paurefu hwemamita makumi matatu, gobvu gobvu, dzvuku muruvara uye zvakanyanyozivikanwa fissures muchimiro chendiro. Inozivikanwa nekudzivisa nguva refu yekusanaya kwemvura uye inopikisa kutonhora kwepamusoro, pamwe nekudzivirira kune ivhu rine hunyoro hushoma.
Mhando iyi yave iripo munyika yeChile kwemakore anoda kusvika zana, kunyanya mudunhu reCoquimbo neLos Lagos. Tichifunga nezvemuti wechinyakare unopa michero kubvira kare, mazuva ano zvibereko zvawo zvinoshandiswa mu confectionery, makeke akagadzirwa, candies, ice creams, pakati pevamwe, achiuya kuzomiririra chinhu chakakosha muhupfumi hwematunhu enyika.
Pine Zvisikwa muEurope
Europe inoratidzwa nekuve nemhando dzepaini dzakatanhamara dzinotsvakwa nenzanga, ndokusaka dzakauya kuzosimudzira kudyara kwadzo muchimiro chemasango akadzivirirwa kuti dzichengetedzwe uye dzishandise sechinhu chisina kubikwa. Kucherechedzwa munzvimbo dzakananga dzekondinendi yese, senge Spain.
Mhando dzakakurumbira muSpain
Spain inoratidzirwa nekuita kudyara kwemarudzi mazhinji emipaini uko kune dzinenge sere marudzi emarudzi (akasarudzika munharaunda iyoyo), uko masango akapfuma mumhando dzepine akachengetwa. Zvimwe zvezvinonyanya kufarirwa zvinoratidzwa pazasi:
pine sylvestris
Iyo Pinus Sylvestris inozivikanwa zvakare nemazita akasiyana akadai se: Pino Serrano, Pino del Norte, Pino Bermejo, pakati pevamwe. Iyo conifer inoratidzwa nekusvika mamita makumi mana pakureba, hunde yayo yakanyatsotwasuka uye ine ramifications munzvimbo yepasi, bark rayo rine ruvara rutsvuku munzvimbo yepamusoro asi painodzika inowana ruvara rutsvuku-ruvara. Inokwanisa kushivirira tembiricha yakaderera inoratidzwa munguva dzechando uye kunyangwe kunaya kwechando, saka inoonekwa munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzakaita seCatabric Mountain Ranges, Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada neCentral System, inotsvakwawo nekuda kwehuni hwayo hwemhando yepamusoro.
Pinus Halepensis kana Aleppo Pine
Mamwe emazita ayo akajairika ndiAleppo kana Pino Carrasco, ine mhando yemuti unowanikwa munzvimbo dzeMedithera yenyika yeSpain, kunyanya muLevante, unogona kusvika mamita gumi nemaviri pakureba uye munzvimbo dzine mwando unosvika makumi maviri- Kureba kwemamita mashanu, kureba, vanokwanisa kushingirira kutonhora kwakanyanya uye kuramba nguva yekusanaya kwemvura. Iine hunde yakakora uye yakasimba, ine grey bark chena uye korona yayo ine chimiro chisina kujairika; mhodzi dzayo idiki uye pedunculated, imhando inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kurwisa kukukurwa kwevhu.
pinus pinaster
Imhando yemupine ine chimiro chakatenderedzwa, ndicho chikonzero ichizivikanwa nemamwe mazita akadai saPino Rodeno, Pino Resinero, Pino Negral kana Pino Marítimo. Mhando yemhando iyi inopararira muSpain yese, kusanganisira Portugal, France, Italy, Morocco, Algeria neMalta. Mukati menyika yeSpain, matunhu ayo anoonekwa zvakanyanya ndeye Cuenca del Duero, Catalonia, Albacete nevamwe; Idzo inzvimbo dzine 30 metres kureba, dzimwe dzinotosvika 2000 metres. Hunde yaro yakanyatsotwasuka, ine gobvu dzvuku gobvu uye yakatsemuka pahwaro.
Iyo inonyanya kutsvakwa nemunhu nekuda kwemishonga yayo nekuda kweiyo inoshanda ingredient leukocyanidol, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya se antihemorrhagics uye vitamin P; Iyo ine zvakare yakakwira yemukati yetannins uye turpentine ndeye antiseptic uye astringent, inopesana nekufema turakiti.
The Christmas Pines
Kisimusi ndeimwe yetsika huru dzinotevedzwa pasi rese, nyika zhinji dzinoita shongedzo dzinoshamisa mudzimba dzavo, mumigwagwa, mumigwagwa uye kuita zviitiko zvakasarudzika zvenguva ino, imwe yezvakajairika ndeyekushongedzwa kwemuti weKisimusi, uyo unowanzo fir asi. mapaini anoshandiswawo nokuda kwechinangwa ichi, mhando dzakashongedzwa dzinosiyana zvichienderana nenyika uye nharaunda iyo mhemberero iri kuitwa.
Rudzi urwu rwekudzidzira runosanganisira kushongedza muti nemwenje unopenya, kumashure, uta, maruva, pakati pezvimwe zvekushongedza, kazhinji mavara igoridhe, dema uye chena, kunyangwe nekufamba kwenguva kushongedzwa kwayo kwakawedzera, kushongedza itsika yakajairika. , apo zvipo nezvipo zvinoiswa patsoka dzawo.
Imwe yemhando dzinotengeswa zvakanyanya pamusika mipaini yekuNorth America sePino Silvestre kana Pino Blanco, aya anotsvakwa zvakanyanya mukondinendi yeEurope. Kune rimwe divi, kuMexico marudzi anosiyana, anonyanya kufarirwa ari Viking Pine, Pino Prieto kana Pino Piñonero zvichienderana nedunhu riri kuitirwa mhemberero.
Tinovimba kuti chinyorwa ichi chabatsira, tinokusiira vamwe vanozonyatsokufarira: