Makarwe imhuka kubva mukirasi yeReptilia uye iyo inova chikamu cheCrocodylia order, iyo inosanganisira zvimwe zvinokambaira zvakaita semangwena, gharials uyewo makarwe echokwadi, kureva, ayo emhuri yeCrocodylidae. Kana uchida kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemarudzi ose emakarwe aripo, ramba uchiverenga chinyorwa ichi.
Mhando dzeMakarwe
Madzitateguru ezvipembenene izvi zvikuru uye zvinoshamisa zvinowanzonzi crurotaros uye maererano nezvose zvidzidzo zvesayenzi zvakaitwa munyaya iyi, mhuka idzi dzakaonekwa makore anenge mamiriyoni 240 apfuura. Panguva iyoyo, zvipuka zvikuru izvi zvakasvika pakukura zvakakura uye zvakakomba inenge nyika yose.
Pasinei neizvi, nhasi kune marudzi anenge 23 chete akasiyana-siyana akaparadzirwa munzvimbo dzose dzinodziya dzepasi. Munhoroondo yavo yese, izvi zvinokambaira mukati metsika dzakasiyana dzakagara pasi pano zvinomiririra vamwari vekubereka, vanodya mweya inosemesa uye vakaonekwawo sezviratidzo zvesimba.
Garwe Hunhu
Makarwe ese anodya zvakanyanya uye mhuka dzinodya. Uyezve, mhuka idzi dzine mararamiro ehupenyu hunenge huri mumvura umo dzinogona kunge dziri kunze kwemvura kwemaawa akawanda; Havawanzove nematambudziko akawanda ekushanda uye kufamba kunze kwenzvimbo yemvura. Kazhinji, mhuka dzinokambaira idzi dzinogona kuonekwa dzichiungana mumapoka makuru zvikuru ari kupisa muzuva, izvi imhaka yekuti ngwena imhuka dze ectothermic, kureva kuti dzinoda chiedza chezuva kuti dziwedzere kupisa kwemuviri wese.
Pakati pehunhu hwayo hweanatomical, chimwe chezvakanakisa iganda rayo, iro rakaomarara zvakanyanya, rakagadzirwa nezvikero uye rinogona kuratidzwa nemavara akasiyana sebrown, girinhi kana kunyange dema. Iri ganda chairo rinoita kuti zvive nyore kwavari kuti vazvifukidze ivo vachiri pamusoro pemvura pavanogara vachigara, vanoita izvi vakamirira kuti mhuka inogona kusvika kwavari.
Makurwe anewo humwe hunhu hwemuviri hunovatendera kuti varambe vari mumvura kwenguva yakareba, vane maziso nemhino pamusoro pemusoro wavo, nenzira iyi, ngwena dzinogona kufema uye kuona chimwe nechimwe chekufamba. zviri kuitika zvakakupoteredza.
Zvino, pamusoro pemafambiro avo, imhuka dzine hunhu hwakaenzanirana, kunyange zvazvo dzichitonga zvikuru; chokwadi chiripo ndechekuti makarwe ndechimwe chezvipuka zvishomanana zvinorira. Mukuwedzera kune iyi yemagariro evanhu, maitiro ekubereka emadzimai anogona kusimbiswa, sezvavachagara vachitarisira mazai avo ose nenzira inobudirira uye ipapo, mune ramangwana, vana vavo vaduku.
Makarwe anogara kupi?
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, madzitateguru emakarwe akadzokera kune angangoita mamirioni mazana maviri nemakumi mana emakore apfuura uye angadai akapararira pamusoro penyika yese. Pasinei neiyi nzvimbo huru munguva yakapfuura, nhasi huwandu hwayo hunongogumira kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeAsia kondinendi, America, Oceania, uye Africa zvakare. Mukati meidzi nzvimbo, dzinowanzoonekwa muequator uyewo munzvimbo dzinopisa, umo tembiricha dzakakwirira zvokuti dzinogona kuberekana pasina zvinetso.
Kazhinji, nzvimbo dzekugara dzemakarwe machakwi makuru, nzizi uye madziva. Nekuda kwekubata kwemunhu uye zvese zvakakonzera shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, ecosystem inogara mhuka dzinokambaira idzi dzave panjodzi uye nekufamba kwenguva dzave kunyangarika zvishoma nezvishoma. Kutaura zvazviri, kuchinja kwose kwemamiriro okunze kwakaita kuti marudzi akawanda engwena aripo nhasi aonekwe ari munjodzi huru yokutsakatika.
Kune marudzi mangani aripo?
Kurongeka kwese Crocodylia inoumbwa nemhuri kana marudzi akasiyana emakarwe. Pakati pemhando idzi unogona kuwana mamwe akadai seanotevera:
- Alligatoridae, kana zviri nani kuzivikanwa caiman kana alligators
- Gaviallidae, inonziwo gharial crocodiles
- Crodylidae, makarwe echokwadi
Zvadaro, marudzi emakarwe ari mukati memhuri idzi uye maitiro avo:
gharial crocodiles
Iyo Gaviallidae, kana inozivikanwawo zvakanyanya segavial crocodiles, imhuka dzinokambaira dziri chikamu chemhuri yeGavialidae, kunyangwe pagara paine gakava rakatenderedza taxonomy yavo. Gavial crocodiles inoratidzirwa nenzira yakanaka nekuva nemeso akaputika uye mhino yakareba uye yakatetepa kana ichienzaniswa neyezvimwe zvinokambaira zvehurongwa uhu. Iyo mhino inobatsira zvikuru pakuvhima hove, iyo inoumba inenge yese yekudya kwayo.
Ruzhinji rwemakarwe egharial ave aripo akaguma anyangarika mukutsakatika kwakaitika muTriassic-Jurassic; Nhasi kune marudzi maviri chete anozivikanwa egharial asara munyika, aya ndiwo anotevera:
- Tomistoma schlegelii, kana inozivikanwa seFalse Gavial: Izvi zvinokambaira zvinogara zvakanyanya mune mamwe matunhu eAsia, kunyanya munyika dzakaita seMalaysia neIndonesia.
- Gavialis gangeticus, kana inozivikanwa seGharial Crocodile: Inogarawo muAsia, asi munzvimbo dzine machakwi chete dzeRwizi rwaGanges, muIndia.
Caimans kana alligators
Mangwena kana anonyanya kuzivikanwa semangwena, ingwena-yakafanana nezvinokambaira izvo zvinoumba mhuri yese inonzi Alligatoridae. Makarwe aya anosiyana nedzimwe mhando dziripo nekuve nemhuno yakafara zvikuru uye pfupi. Mukuwedzera kune izvi, kusiyana nezvinogona kuitika mumhuri yeCrocodylidae, maaligator haana zvachose munyu-excreting glands, uye nekuda kwechimiro chimwe chete ichi, vanogona kugara mumvura yakachena chete. Mukati memhuri yese yemakirigata, marudzi masere akasiyana zvachose emakarwe kana mangwena anogona kuwanikwa, ayo akaiswa muzvikamu zvina zvinotevera:
- Melanosuchus niger, kana inozivikanwawo seOrinoco Black Caiman: Izvi zvinokambaira zvinowanzogara zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeOrinoco neAmazon nzizi, dziri muSouth America.
- Cayman, anozivikanwa saYacarés kana Caimans echokwadi: Kune marudzi matatu akasiyana emakarwe aya, Caimán cocodrilus, Caimán yacaré uyewo Caimán latirostris, ose anogara muNeotropics chete.
- Alligator, kana inozivikanwa seAlligators: Pamakirigata aya pane marudzi maviri chete akasiyana. Imwe yeiyi inogoverwa munzvimbo yese yeChinese, mhuka iyi inozivikanwa seAlligator sinensis kana Chinese alligator. Nekune rumwe rutivi, tinowana Alligator mississippiensis, kana kuti zviri nani kuzivikanwa seAmerican alligator, ari mangwena anongowanikwa mumachakwi nenzizi dzekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweUnited States of America.
- Paleosuchus, kana anozivikanwa seDwarf Caimans: Mukati meiyi genus unogona kuwana dzvuku alligator, kana sezita resainzi rinoratidza, Paleosuchus palpebrosis; uye zvakare kuPaleosuchus trigonatus, kana kuzivikanwa zvakanyanya secaimán postruso. Zvose zvinokambaira zvinongowanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeAmazon.
makarwe echokwadi
Zvino, mhuri yeCrocodylidae inoonekwa seimwe yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemakarwe aripo. Maererano nezvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura, izvi zvinokambaira zvakatanga kuonekwa muAustralasia pakutanga kweEocene nguva, makore angangoita mamiriyoni 56 apfuura. Mushure meizvi, makarwe akatanga kukunda America uyewo Africa, makondinendi umo mvura yakachena uyewo mvura ine brackish yakawanda.
Mukati memhando dzemakarwe echokwadi anosanganisirwa mamwe emhando huru. Muenzaniso weizvi iCrocodylus niloticus, kana kuti inonyatsozivikanwa seGarwe reNairi, mhuka inokambaira inogona kusvika pakureba inosvika pakati pemamita mashanu kusvika matanhatu. Pamusoro peidzi, makarwe imhuka dzinorarama kwenguva refu zvikuru, chinhu chakajairika ndechokuti dzinorarama makore ari pakati pe50 ne80. Imhuka dzine tsandanyama dzakasimba uye dzakakura, kuwedzera pashaya dzadzo dzine simba guru; uyewo, kubva pashaya imwe chete iyi panobva mazino avo makuru ekuti pavanovhara muromo vanenge vari kunze zvachose.
Humwe hunhu hwayo hwakatanhamara imhino yayo, iyo inodonha kubva pachigadziko ichi kusvika kumuromo, pamusoro pekurebesa kana ichienzaniswa neyemangwe. Pamusoro pemeso adzo nerurimi rwadzo, dzine matinji anobudisa munyu; nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chete ichi, makarwe echokwadi anogona kuwanikwa mumvura dzine munyu wakaderera, zvakadai serwizi deltas kana machakwi. Kugona uku ndicho chikonzero chikuru chakaita kuti madzitateguru avo akwanise kuyambuka Pacific Ocean yose neAtlantic Ocean pahunde dzemiti yakanga yakukurwa mushure medutu guru.
Nhasi, kunongova nemhando gumi nenhatu kusvika kugumi neina dzakasiyana dzemakarwe echokwadi, marudzi ayo akaiswa mumapoka matatu akasiyana. Aya marudzi ndeaya anotevera:
- Crocodylus, kana inozivikanwa seMakarwe: Iri ndiro genus rakasiyana siyana riripo pamarudzi ese emakarwe, uye genus iyi inombundirana nemhando gumi neimwe inoparadzirwa muAfrica yose, America, Oceania neAsia. Pakati pemhando dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa unogona kuwana Crocodylus acutus, kana kuti inonyatsozivikanwa seAmerican crocodile, uyewo Crocodylus niloticus, kana kuti inonziwo Nile crocodile, iyo ndiyo yega mhuka inobva kuAfrica.
- Osteolaemus tetraspis, kana zvakare Dwarf Crocodile: Nhasi kwave nekukakavadzana kwakanyanya pamusoro pekuti kune mhando mbiri kana imwe chete. Chero zvazvingava, huwandu hwemarudzi maviri aya anogoneka anogara muAfrica chete.
- Mecistops cataphractus, kana kuti Slender-snouted crocodile: Iyi imhando yengwena inogara kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweAfrica uye nhasi uno iri munjodzi huru yekutsakatika.
makarwe emvura yemunyu
Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, makarwe echokwadi, kana kuti anozivikanwa seCrocodylidae, ane glands pamusoro pemeso avo uye pamusoro perurimi rwawo izvo zvinovabvumira "kuchema" munyu wose uri kupinda mumuviri wavo. Izwi rinonyanya kuzivikanwa rekuti "ngwena misodzi" rinowanikwa kubva paunhu uhwu, kunyangwe hazvo isiri misodzi, asi inzira inoshanda yekudzora kuwanda kwemunyu kungave mumuviri wako. Ichi chinhu chikuru chakabvumira marudzi mazhinji emakarwe kuti abudirire kupinda mugungwa kwemamiriyoni emakore.
Garwe remumvura
Mukati memhuri yeCrocodylidae, mune rudzi rwunozivikanwa segarwe remugungwa, rudzi urwu ndiCrocodylys porosus, inova mhuka inokambaira inogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeSouth Asia, kunyanya munyika dzakaita seIndonesia, Malaysia nePhilippine. Izvi zvinokambaira zvinogara zvakanyanya mumachakwi, nzizi, mumikova yemvura ine brackish uyewo mumadhamu, zvisinei, makarwe emugungwa ane hukuru hukuru hwekutsungirira mvura ine munyu wakanyanya. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vanogona kuonekwa mumakungwa kuvhima dzimwe hove.
Thalatosuchians
Kune suborder inonzi Thalattosuchia, iro boka rezvikara zvemugungwa zvine hukama nemakarwe. Mhuka idzi dzaive mhuka dzinokambaira dzaive nechimiro chedzvinyu, zvimbi zvehove nemusoro wegarwe. Munguva yeCretaceous period, mhuka idzi dzakagara zvakananga nema dinosaurs uye dzakagara mumakungwa enyika dzakawanda kusvikira dzapera. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vanogona kuiswa zvisiri izvo seimwe rudzi rwe dinosaur yemugungwa.
Ruzhinji rweaya "makarwe" emvura yemunyu aive nemhino yakareba, yakafanana neiyo yemakarwe egharial, zvichitungamira kukutenda kuti aidya zvakanyanya nehove. Mhuka idzi zhinji dzaisvika pahurefu hwaiva pakati pemamita mapfumbamwe kusvika gumi, sezvakaita Machimosaures rex. Nekuda kwechimiro chavo, zvave zvichifungidzirwa kuti thalatosuchians dzaive mhuka dzepasirese, saka dzaigona kuenda kumahombekombe kwemahombekombe kunopisa zuva kana zvakare kukandira mazai.
Kana iwe uchida kudzidza zvakawanda nezvezvinokambaira kana mhuka dzakasiyana dzepasi, zvinokurudzirwa kuti usasiye peji usina kutanga waverenga chimwe cheizvi zvinyorwa zvitatu: