Rugwaro rwakabva kupi? uye kushanduka kwayo

Pane zvakawanda zvenhoroondo data inoratidza kuti kwakabva kunyora kwakaitika munguva dzakasiyana uye civilizations; Zvinotendwa kuti yaiva muMesopotamia Yekare, muGreece, muChina, uye kunyange muIndia. Nechikonzero ichi, zvakakosha kuve neruzivo chairwo rwekuti chii mavambo ekunyora uye sei kushanduka kwayo munhoroondo yevanhu.   

mavambo ekunyora 1

mavambo ekunyora

Mukati memakore 100.000 kusvika 40.000 BC, munhu akakwanisa kugadzira rudzi rwemutauro wechinyakare kuburikidza nemanzwi emukati. Makore mashomanana gare gare, kunyanya muna 30.000 BC, vakatanga kutaurirana kuburikidza nemaitiro akaoma, akadai semifananidzo yepikicha inogona kuonekwa mumapako akasiyana eWestern Europe.  

Pasinei neizvi, hurongwa hwekutanga hwekunyora hwakanyorwa pasi rose hwakaitwa muMesopotamia yekare nevanhu veSumerian pakupera kwemireniyamu yechina BC, mugore re3.500. Kuti tinzwisise zvakanyanya dingindira, kuzvarwa kwekunyora kunogona kupatsanurwa kuita pfungwa dzinoverengeka.  

Maitiro ekutanga ekunyora 

Sezvatakakutsanangurirai muchidimbu, mavambo ekunyora anodzokera kumakore angangoita 3.500 uye 3.000 BC Mesopotamia yekare, yatinoziva nhasi seMiddle East, yakakamurwa kuva matunhu maviri; kumaodzanyemba kweSumeria uye kuchamhembe Umambo hweAkkad. Ichi chikamu chenyika chinorangarirwa sechimwe chezvakabudirira zvepakutanga.  

Mariri, vagari vemo vaiumbwa nevafudzi nevagari vomumusha, avo vaifanira kubatanidza zvikwereti zvavo nezvikwereti mukunyora. Ikoko, kunyora kwakagadzirwa nerubatsiro rwemahwendefa maduku evhu uye zvimedu, uko zvinhu zvakapfava zvaiiswa, zvakadai soukama huri pakati pemasaga ezviyo nehura dzemombe. 

mavambo ekunyora 2

Nekumwe kutaura, kuburikidza nemaki, shamhu nemifananidzo, vagari vaimiririra zvinhu, mhuka kana vanhu chaivo kuti vave nebackup yezvaitaurwa panguva iyoyo. Kunyangwe neiyi modhi iri nyore yemutauro, vaigona kutaura imwe pfungwa nekushandiswa kwemifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana, iyi inonzi ideogram.  

Zvakadaro, nzira yekutaurirana yakava yakaoma, nekuti ruzivo rwaingofambiswa kuburikidza nemazita akakosha. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kunyora kwecuneiform kwakazotanga, umo vanhu vakapiwa mukana wokutaura zvakawanda Abstract uye yakaoma.  

Izvi zvinotora zita razvo nemafambisirwo akaitwa chirongwa ichi, sezvo mavara kana mazwi aimiririrwa nezviratidzo zvaive nechimiro chakafanana neicho. wedges uye zvipikiri.   

Zvishoma nezvishoma, budiriro sezvayakakura zvikuru, ndozvakaitawo kunyora kwayo. Naizvozvo, kunyora necuneiform kwakava mutauro unotaurwa, waigona kutaura mashoko ose ari maviri fonetiki uye semantic.  

mavambo ekunyora 3

Nziyo, mafomula uye kunyangwe zvinyorwa zvekare zvainyorwa nazvo. Cuneiform yakava yakakurumbira zvikuru zvokuti yakachinjwa kuva mimwe mitauro, yakadai sokuti; nevaAkadhi, nevaHiti, nevaErami, nevaRuvhi. Kwaitove kufemerwa kwekusikwa kwe alphabets Persia uye ugaritic 

kunyora kweEgipita 

Zvinotendwa kuti kunyora kweEgypt kunobva kune pfungwa yevanhu veSumerian, uye dzidziso yacho ine pfungwa yakawanda, nokuti pane imwe nguva munhoroondo kwaiva nekubatana pakati petsika mbiri. Nekudaro, ese ari maviri akasiyana mu zvizhinji. 

La kusafanana zvine mukurumbira, Chemhondoro Iwe unozviziva zvakanaka, ndeyekuti vaSumeri vakatora zviratidzo zvavo pamahwendefa evhu apo vaIjipita vakazviita kunyanya pazviyeuchidzo zvavo, mapako nemidziyo. 

Runyoro rwebudiriro iyi rwakabuda makore mashoma mushure mecuneiform, mumireniyamu yechitatu BC, uye yaive panguva iyoyo uye nanhasi chimwe chezvakasarudzika zveEgypt tsika.  

Zviratidzo izvi zvinonzi hieroglyphics, uye zvakanga zvakaoma zvikuru. Kutaura idi, dzinoverengeka dzadzo dzakanga dziri zviratidzo zvemifungo, ndiko kuti, dzaimirira mifungo chaiyoiyo kana kuti mashoko; mapuraneti, nyeredzi, manzwiro, nezvimwewo. Panzvimbo pezvo, kwakanga kune mamwe aimirira inzwi rinopfuura rimwe chete nerevo.  

Kunyange zvazvo vaSumer vakanga vatotanga kuvhara nyaya yefonetiki mukunyora, vaEgipita vakaiwana mukubwinya kwayo kwose. Izvi zvakabatanidza mumutauro wavo kuburitswa kwemavara akasiyana-siyana avakanyora muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva.  

Imo pachayo, zviratidzo zvakaumbwa nevaEgipita zvaigona kukamurwa kuva marudzi matatu; mapikicha, anomiririra vanhu kana zvinhu; magiramufomu, anomiririra manzwi; uye zvinotemerwa: izvo zviratidzo zvinobvumira kuziva kuti ndeipi chikamu ndezvako chinhu chimwe nechimwe.  

Nemhaka yokuti mutauro uyu wakanga wakaoma sei, vanyori vakasarudza kurerutsa muitiro wacho nekushandiswa kwenguva dzose kushandiswa kwepepa renhokwe. Iri bepa rakagadzirwa neshinda dzemadzinde echirimwa.anta yaikura mumahombekombe eRwizi rwaNire.  

mavambo ekunyora 4

Zvisinei, pfungwa iyi haina kushanda kwavari kwenguva yakareba zvakare, sezvo vaifunga kuti kunyange kunyora uku kunoda simba rakawanda uye kungwarira. Naizvozvo, vakafunga kugadzira chimiro chitsva chaikurumidza kudhirowa uye chaitaridzika sechituko. Yainzi hieratic writing uye yakanga iri musanganiswa pakati pezvinyorwa zvehieroglyphics neizvi. 

Mugore ra650 BC, mazana emakore mashoma gare gare, vakabudirira kugadzira kutuka kwakajeka uye kuri nyore kunyora, kunonzi demotic. Izvi zvakakurumidza kuva zvinyorwa zvinofarirwa zvebudiriro yese uye kusundirwa kure to the yapfuura. 

Kunyangwe pasina ruzivo rwakakwana nezvezvinoreva chimwe nechimwe chezviratidzo zvechinyorwa chekare cheEgipita, zvinozivikanwa kuti chakabatsira zvisikwa yearufabheti yeFenikiya. Semamwe marudzi echiSemite aive pasi pekutonga kwavo.  

arufabheti yefoinike 

Kunyangwe hazvo vanhu vekuFenikiya vakagadzira yekutanga prototype yearufabheti yefonetiki, yanga isiri iyo alfabheti system zvachose. Kuti arufabheti ionekwe seyakadaro, inofanira kuva neruzha rwechiratidzo chega chega chinobatanidzwa.  

mavambo ekunyora 5

Mumuenzaniso weFenikiya, manzwi emakonzonendi chete aimiririrwa (mavhawero akanga asingabatanidzwi), chimwe chinhu chakafanana neicho chinoitika mumaarufabheti echiHebheru nechiArab azvino. Mhando yekunyora iyi ine zita rakasiyana, vanonzi adjad. 

Kunyorwa uku kwakabuda mugore re1.200 BC, kwaive nenhamba ye22 magiramufomu uye yakanyorwa kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe, seakawanda ayo. derivatives. On kare ikako, idzodzi dzakashanda kuti vataure mashoko akapfupikisa uye zvakarurama.  

Nechikonzero ichi, hurongwa uhu hwakatorwa uye hwakagadziridzwa nedzimwe tsika apo budiriro iyi yakaita nzendo dzekutengesa dzichitenderera Gungwa reMediterranean. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti mamwe matatu akanyatsotorwa kubva kuFenikiya alphabet: 

  • Chihebheru, arufabheti iyo parizvino ine mavara makumi maviri nemaviri kwakabva Yakadzokera kugore ra700 BC. Muzvisaririra zvakawanikwa, nyanzvi dzephilologists dzinotsigira kuti vanhu vekare veSemitic ava havana kunyora mavhawero uye vakaverenga kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe.  
  • Arabic, uye mamwe ese anotevera masitaera; thuluthnash y dewani, iyo yakakwanisa kupararira nekukurumidza nekuda kwekuwedzera kweIslam pasi rose, munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeAsia neAfrica. Izvi zvakabuda munenge mugore ra512 BC uye nenguva iyoyo counted ine mavara anopfuura chiuru akasiyana nhasi.  
  • ChiGiriki, icho pakutanga chaingova nezviratidzo 18 mavhawero asati abatanidzwa. Mavara ekutanga echiGiriki akaonekwa muna 900 BC uye yakakamurwa kuita maviri, kupa mutsara weCyrillic alphabet uye zvisina kunanga kune echiLatin uye Ulfilan alphabets.  

Mukufanana, mune yava kunzi Syria zvino, kwakazvarwa arufabheti yakafanana, yechiAramaic, iyo yakanyorwa nayo mabhuku mashoma eTestamente Yekare. Izvi zvaive zvichiwedzera kutenderedza nzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzichigadzira zvakasiyana. 

Arufabheti yekutanga  

Vanhu vokuFenikiya, vanonziwo vanhu vomugungwa, kare vaifamba muMediterranean yose kusvikira vanzi ndivo varidzi vayo. Panzendo idzi vakagovana tsika dzavo uye ruzivo nevamwe vanhu, mumwe wavo ari vaGiriki. 

Kunyange zvazvo vakawana gadziriro yeFenikiya inofadza, vagari vechiGiriki vaitaura mutauro wakasiyana zvikuru uye vaisagona kunyora nenzira yakarurama maarufabheti akanga aripo. Kuti vagadzirise chinetso ichi, vakachinja zvimwe zviratidzo maererano nemirayiridzo yavo kuti vataure mavhawero akanga asipo mumutauro weFenikiya. 

Uyezve, ava vakagamuchira zvimwe zviratidzo zvechiAramaiki zvokumirira mavhawero aya; kubva ipapo kwakazvarwa Alpha, Omicron, Epsilon uye Ipsilon. Pakati pezana remakore rechishanu BC vakabatanidza Iota.  

mavambo ekunyora 7

Tese tinoziva nezvemipiro mikuru iyo budiriro iyi yakapa kuvanhu. The Arufabheti yechiGiriki inoonekwa seyokutanga munhoroondo, nekuda kwechimiro chayo, mune iyi kunyange mavara makuru uye madiki anoshandiswa. Hazvina mhosva kuti makore mangani apfuura, anopfuura zviuru zvitatu zvemakore gare gare, hazvina kuchinjwa nenzira ipi zvayo.  

Mamwe manyorero ekare 

VaFenikiya havana kupa mabhii ose enyika yekare, kune mamwe akadai seChinese, Japanese kana Indian, akaberekwa nenzira yakasiyana. Ideography yakapararirawo kune mamwe matunhu epasi. Zvisinei, vakawanda vanofungidzira kuti mavambo ayo ari pachitsuwa cheKrete, Greece.  

Kubva pakusikwa kwayo mumireniyamu yechipiri BC, kunyora kweChinese kwafambira mberi zvakanyanya kana zvasvika kune ideography. Parizvino, iyi nzira yekunyora inonzi Sinogram, asi munguva dzekare vaive seti yemavara akafanana neaya echiEgypt tsika. 

Ose aisanganisira mufananidzo uye geometric inomiririra iyo yakashanda kufambisa mashoko ehupenyu hwemazuva ese mutsika dzavo, sezuva kana mwedzi. Munzvimbo dzekuchera matongo munharaunda iyi zvakaonekwa kuti maChinese akatora akawanda epfungwa dzavo mumatehwe ekamba nemapfupa. 

mavambo ekunyora 8

Mumatehwe aya zvaigona kunzwisiswa kuti mitsetse yakakombama yaisatombogadzirwa, maumbirwo akaitwa aiwanzoti twasa, nekuda kwekuoma kunowanikwa pakunyora pamidziyo yakaoma iyi.  

Nokufamba kwemakore, kutaridzika kwesilika kwakabvisa mapfupa uye, gare gare, bepa rakatsiva sirika. Zvakare, yakanga isingachashandi kushandisa musungo sezvo yaibvarura bepa, ndokusaka yakatsiviwa ne bhurashi 

Iro shamhu nebhurashi yaifanira kuve harmonic, yunifomu uye fluid, ichiedza zvakanyanya sezvinobvira kudzivirira discontinuities. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vanyori vakapiwa manyorero akanaka kwazvo echiChinese; mutinhimira wakakura, kurongeka, kuenzanisa, chimiro chemuviri uye zviyero zvaive zvakakosha kuti pave nemhedzisiro yakanaka.  

Mazhinji sinograms anogovana akapusa uye akafanana sitiroko asingapfuure mitsetse mitatu, zvisinei, kunyora kweChinese kunogona kutariswa kwakasiyana. Muchokwadi, iwe unozogona kuwana mamwe mavara ane anopfuura makumi mashanu sitiroko, ese ari munzvimbo imwechete yegraphic.  

kunyora muAmerica 

Mukati memagariro ekutanga eAmerica, maIncas ndivo chete vakakwanisa kusimudzira humambo hwavo pasina rubatsiro rwekunyora, vakangoshandisa nzira dzechinyakare uye dzechinyakare.  

Muenzaniso weizvi ndewekuti kuve nerekodhi yekuverenga kwevanhu vaishandisa tambo yakasungwa tambo yaiwanzoita basa re "kunyora" uye dzimwe nguva iro remasvomhu anodiwa ekusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika.  

Budiriro yeMayan yaive imwe yezvakatangira izvo zvakapa kuratidza kukosha kwechinhu ichi mukukura kwevanhu vakabudirira. Mumakore akapoteredza 300 ne200 BC, vakaona kukosha kwekugadzira nzira yavo yekusiya zvinyorwa zvenyeredzi, nhamba yedata, nzvimbo, mazuva, zviitiko. nhoroondo, mitemo uye unyanzvi. 

Zvisinei, iyi yakanga iri ropafadzo iyo muiyi budiriro vaprista bedzi vaiva nayo, ivo bedzi vaiva nomukana nounyanzvi hwokurava nokunyora. Mukuwedzera, ivo ndivo vakatsanangura macodex uye yakagadzirwa mitemo yenharaunda yako. Nokusvika kwavaSpain muAmerica, makopi mashomanene bedzi aaya mabhuku matsvene akasara.  

mavambo ekunyora 10

Chimiro chekunyora kwevanhu veMayan chakafanana neEgypt, ndicho chikonzero ivo vanonzi glyphs. Nekudaro, zvakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune dzimwe pre-Columbian Mesoamerican tsika, nekuda kwekuoma kwakaoma kwemifananidzo yayo.  

Parizvino, script yeMayan inoonekwa seimwe yeakazara ekare masisitimu nekuda kwekukosha kwayo kwefonetiki. Yakashanda nehurongwa logosyllabic, chiratidzo chimwe nechimwe chinogona kumirira shoko rimwe chete (kazhinji kacho morpheme) kana kuti syllable chaiyo, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nguva zvingareva zvose.  

Naizvozvo, zvakanga zvakati omei kuverenga, kunyange nanhasi kune zvinyorwa zvekare zvakawanda zvisina kushandurwa. Chikonzero cheizvi ndechekuti mazwi anoshandiswa nevaMayans anopa kugona kwekududzira kweanopfuura mazana masere musanganiswa.  

Kuti vatore pfungwa dzavo nepfungwa dzavo, vaishandisa pendi dzemiti uye mashizha emakwati emuti kana kuti matehwe emhuka. Munzvimbo yokuveza, vakashongedza madziro avo, sirin’i, mapfupa, matombo, uye midziyo nezvishongo zvavo zvomunhu oga, asi zvikurukuru nezvimiro zvechitendero.  

mavambo ekunyora 11

Arufabheti yakatora nyika 

MuItaly, pakati pematunhu eTuscany, Lazio neUmbria, pakanga paine taundi duku rainzi Etruria. Vagari vemo vakafadzwa zvikuru netsika dzechiGiriki, saka vakasarudza kutora arufabheti yechiGiriki yaishandiswa munzvimbo dzaitongwa nechiGiriki. southern italy uye gadzirisa sezvaunoona zvakakodzera. 

Izvi zvakatakurwa munzvimbo yese yenyika, zvichikura zvishoma nezvishoma, pasina kana pfungwa diki yehukuru hwaizove nezviuru zvishoma zvemakore gare gare. Neiyi nzira, kwaiva kuti akasvika kuimwe yebudiriro inozivikanwa zvikurusa muEurope nokuMadokero, Roma.  

Aya alphabet akave akanyanya kushandiswa munharaunda dzekumavirira nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda dzakatorwa nenyika dzeEurope, zvakare yenyika umo Chirungu chiri mutauro wechipiri nokuti, kunyange zvazvo paine zvinochinjirwa zvichienderana nemutauro mumwe nemumwe, mazhinji acho anoshandisa mabhii mamwe chete.  

Kubva paarufabheti iyi, mimwe mitauro inobva muchiLatin, inozivikanwa semitauro yeRomance, yakazvarwa, iyi iSpanish, Italian, Portuguese, French, Romanian, pakati pevamwe. Mutauro weRomance unonyanya kushandiswa mazuva ano iSpanish, icho chinotaurwa nevanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 400.  

mavambo ekunyora 12

Pakutanga, kutenderera kwezana ramakore rechinomwe BC, mavara echiLatin akanyorwa kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe, semitauro yekutanga kana zvinyorwa zvisiri zvechiLatin. Sezvo vaRoma vaidzora nharaunda, vakamanikidzira tsika dzavo kuvanhu veko; art, chitendero, tsika, nezvimwe.  

Naizvozvo, izvi zvakare zvakamanikidza kushandiswa kwemutauro wavo uye, nekudaro, maarufabheti. Zvikasadaro, vaisazokwanisa kunzwisisana, kudzivirira hukama hwebhizinesi hunobudirira kuti hurege kuitika. Latin munguva pfupi yakava iyo rimi Mukuru wechechi.  

Kare, arufabheti yeRoma yaiumbwa nemavara makumi maviri nemaviri: A, B, C, D, E, F, Z, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S. , T , V na X. Panguva iyoyo, phonetics yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru, semuenzaniso: vara C raiva nenzwi rakafanana neraG mu“donhwe”, uye raimiririra kukosha kwakafanana naK, ndiko kuti, rairatidza zvose kurira kweK kubva kuG.  

Pashure penguva yakati, mutsara wakawedzerwa kuC kuti usiyanise nenzwi rakabudiswa naK, izvo zvakaguma nokuberekwa kwenguva dzose G. Izvi zvakatora nzvimbo yeZ yakanga yabviswa nekuda kwekusashandiswa kwayo. Kune chikamu chayo, iyo V yaive iyo U ikozvino kwatiri.  

mavambo ekunyora

Pashure pokunge Girisi yakundwa neUmambo hweRoma, mutauro wechiGiriki wakatanga kupinda muchiLatin nechisimba, nokuda kwechikonzero ichi vara rokuti Z rakadzorerwa patsva. zvakafanana Z muchirungu. Nemamwe manzwi, uyu anenge aine sonority yakafanana neiyoyo. Spanish 

Chinhu chinoda kuziva ndechekuti vara Y pakutanga raimiririra ruzha rwakafanana neFrench U, sezvo rakabvawo muchiGiriki. Zvisinei, vanhu vacho vakanga vasinganyanyi kufarira kududzwa kwakarurama kwe las palabras, shasha chete ndiyo yakatora nguva yekutaura zvakanaka.  

Uyezve, tsika dzechiRoma dzakatipa mabhii makuru nemaduku emutauro wedu. Mabhii akashandiswa mumanyoro makuru akaita kuti pave nemabhii makuru emazuva ano, ukuwo manyorerwe echiRoma aishandiswa nevatengesi nevakuru vakuru pazvinyorwa zvavo aiita kuti pave nemavara makuru. zvisikwa of the rakadzika.   

Evolution

Kubva pakutanga kwenhoroondo yevanhu, makore angangoita zviuru mazana matatu apfuura, vanhu vanga vachitsvaga nzira dzekutaurirana, kunyangwe nekuona kuburikidza nemifananidzo. bako. Nechikonzero ichi, varume vekare vanogona kutorwa sevanotangira mutauro uye kunyora.  

mavambo ekunyora 14

Iko kushanduka kwekunyora kwakabva kune zvachose mnemonic inomiririra, nekudzidzira nemusoro macode akareruka aishandiswa kugadzira kutevedzana kwemazita, manhamba kana data, kune mamwe maumbirwo akaomarara aimiririra manzwi uye magirafu ane kumwe kusanzwisisika.  

Maererano netsika yeAristotelian, kunyora hakusi chimwe chinhu kunze kweseti yezviratidzo zvinobva kune zvimwe zviratidzo. Pamusoro pazvo, izvi zvinoti zvakanyorwa hazvimiriri zvakananga pfungwa dzazvinoenderana nazvo, asi mazwi anotaridzwa nawo pfungwa idzi.  

Aya mazwi kumashure uye nanhasi akatungamira vanhu vazhinji kuti vadzidze phonocentrism. Nguva zhinji, izvi zvakatotadzisa kudzidza mitauro yekunyora kubva pakukura zvishoma, uye zvakafarira kukura kwephonology.  

Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, muzivi wechiFrench Jacques Derrida akatsoropodza zvikuru ikoku, achisimbisa ukoshi hwokunyora mumativi ose oupenyu hwomunhu. Kuti uwane kukosha kwainako muhupenyu hwedu hwemazuva ese, kunyora kwaifanira kushanduka nekufamba kwenguva. Iyi evolution yakavakirwa pamisimboti miviri: 

mavambo ekunyora 15

Musimboti ideographic 

Mune iyi musimboti, vanhu, mhuka, zvinhu uye kunyange nzvimbo dzinowanzo kumiririrwa nezviratidzo zvepikicha zvinoteedzera chaiyo kana yakasimudzwa chikamu chezviri kuratidzwa. Iyo conceptualization inoitwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwezvose zviri zviviri pictograms uye ideograms.  

Chokutanga pane zvose, ngatitsanangurirei kuti pictogram chii: girafu uye kwete chiratidzo chemutauro, icho chine hukama nemufananidzo wechinhu chaicho kana chiratidzo. Mazhinji maarufabheti ekare anobva pakushandiswa kwechishandiso ichi.  

Muchokwadi, mu prehistory munhu airatidza mamiriro akaitika nerubatsiro rwepictograms. Mifananidzo yatinogona kuona mumifananidzo yemubako mapikicha. Dai izvi zvakanga zvisipo, kunyora sezvatinozviziva nhasi kungadai kusina kusikwa. 

Munguva dzazvino, ivo vanoramba vaine basa rimwe chete, asi havachashandiswi kakawanda. Zviratidziro zvetraffic zvinogona kutorwa semapikicha nekuda kwekujeka kwavo uye nyore kana uchitaura meseji. Kukurukurirana kworudzi urwu kunokunda zvipingamupinyi zvose zvemutauro, zvinonzwisisika zvikuru pasi rose.  

Kune rumwe rutivi, kune ideograms, ine chinangwa chokumiririra pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki pasina tsigiro yekurira kupi zvako. Izvi zvichiri kushandiswa mutsika dzakawanda pasi rose, sekumaodzanyemba kweNigeria, kuJapan kana kuChina, zvinotonzi ndiyo imwe ye nzira yezvinyorwa zvekare zvevanhu.   

 Mune mimwe mitauro, ideograms inogona kufananidzira lexemes kana mazwi, asi haitauri foni kana kuti manzwi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, semuenzaniso, budiriro yeChinese yazvino inokwanisa kuverenga zvinyorwa zveidiographic zvavasingazivi mataurire. Musiyano uripo pakati pemafungiro ese ari muchokwadi chekuti ideograms yakanyanyisa kupfuura pictograms. 

phonetic musimboti 

Munheyo yefonetiki, zviratidzo zvakatanga kuva nemanzwi aienderana nazvo, izvo zvakabatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani kune vakurukuri. Nekudaro, hazvisi zvese zvaive nyore uye nekukurumidza, pakanga pachine nyonganiso maererano nemafungiro uye mataurirwo awo.  

Muenzaniso wekuvhiringika uku ndewechiratidzo cheSumer chakashandiswa kudoma izwi rekuti museve, iro rakazoshandiswawo kupa zvinoreva izwi rekuti hupenyu, nekuti ese akanzwika nenzira yakafanana.  

mavambo ekunyora 17

 Zvimwe zviratidzo zvishoma nezvishoma zvakatanga kumiririra zvinhu zvakati kuti zvaipana ruzha rwakafanana kana kuti zvimwe zvakafanana, nokudaro masisitimu ari kubuda ari based pamusimboti wefonetiki. Zvishoma nezvishoma, nzira yekumanikidza uye yekududza yakavandudzwa, kuitira kudzivirira kukanganisa. 

Mumaitiro ehieroglyphic, zvese zvekuEgypt neSumerian, zviratidzo zvaimiririra ruzha rwemashoko. mune izvi nendimi iyo ideographic musimboti inofambidzana neiyo phonetic 

Muchinyakare kana iye zvino, hapana nzira imwe chete yokunyora ine pfungwa. Kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vachiona Mandarin semuenzaniso wakajeka wemutauro wakakwana, izvi hazvina chokwadi zvachose, sezvo zviratidzo zvayo zvizhinji. zvakare iwo mafoni uye haamiriri chaizvo chiratidzo chepikicha.  

Chiitiko chakafanana chinoitika mukunyora kweEgipita, mairi mamwe mazwi akanyorwa nezviratidzo monoliters, viriteral kana triliteral uyewo inotakura semantic complements. Zviratidzo zvinotevera musimboti wefonetiki nezvinopedzisa ideographic nheyo 

mavambo ekunyora 18

Mhedziso

Rwendo rwekusvika pakusikwa kwekunyora kwazvino uko isu tese tinoziva kwave kwakakura uye nekufurira kubva kumatunhu mazhinji epasi; Mesopotamia, Egypt, Fenicia, Girisi, Italy, pakati pevamwe.  

Tinogona kuona mipiro iyi yese ichiratidzwa patinonyora muhupenyu hwedu hwemazuva ese. Muenzaniso weizvi inzira iyo vana uye kunyange isu pachedu vanokwevera gungwa.  

Iyo yakajairika nzira yatinoita iyo wave chiratidzo chinouya kubva kumaIjipita. Iwaya anoperetera izwi rekuti mvura zvakafanana nemabatiro anoita mwana wepakati kana mukuru. 

Chero modo Sezvatinozviona, kugadzirwa kwekunyora kwakareva kufambira mberi kukuru kwenhoroondo yevanhu. Uyu wakanga uri mupiro wokumukira umo vazhinji vakabatira pamwe ndokubatira kuti tigogona kukurukura kunzvimbo dzataisazombofungidzira kusvika. Mukuwedzera, zvakatungamirira kunheyo yenzanga dzakawanda dzakaoma kunzwisisa.  

mavambo ekunyora 19

Kutaura zvazviri, kana tikasanyatsofunga, hapana chinangwa papasi pano chisina a nzira mutauro wega kana waunowana, nekuti munhu wese anoda nzira yekuzvitaura uye kuva nekutaurirana kwakakodzera uye kune hutano.   

Kudhindwazve kwemutauro unotaurirwa mumutauro wakanyorwa kwakaita kuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvive nyore, sekuparadzanisa uye kuziva mazwi, kushandura marongero awo, uye kugadzira mhando dzekufunga kwemazwi.  

Pamusoro pezvo, ndinoita kuti zvibvire, padanho rekufananidzira uye padanho rekunyora rakawanda, kutaura zvavanotenda, ruzivo, manzwiro uye manzwiro avo. Mutauro, ungave unotaurwa kana wakanyorwa, unoita kuti tinzwe saizvozvo tiri vedu kunharaunda.  

Uye, chokwadi, kugona kutaura pfungwa dzedu hakuna kutipa simba rekugadzira akakura masisitimu etsika zvisinei ne nzvimbo umo boka revanhu riripo.  

mavambo ekunyora 20

Giovanni Sartori, muongorori wesainzi yezvematongerwo enyika anobva kuItaly, akatora pfungwa yakataurwa nenyanzvi yechiRungu Erin A. Havelock mune rimwe remabhuku ake, makumi emakore apfuura. Izvi zvakataura kuti budiriro inokura kuburikidza nekunyora, ndiyo shanduko yekutaurirana pakati pemuromo nekunyora inobvumira nzanga kufambira mberi zvakanyanya.  

Munyori akadaro anotsinhirawo kuti kugadzirwa kwemichina yokudhinda kwakafarira hwaro hwenzanga yanhasi, nokuti kubva ipapo pakava nokuparadzirwa kukuru uye kuri nani kwezivo.  

Kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, rutivi ruduku bedzi rwechiverengero chavagari vapasi chenyika rwaiva narwo fortgio yokuziva kuverenga nokunyora. Nechikonzero ichi, nhasi tinofanira kukoshesa kodzero dzatinadzo isu tose kuti tizvidzidzise uye tikure sevanhu.  

Kuva nezivo hakumbokuvadzi. Kuti kushanduka kwekunyora kunotibvumira kukoshesa uye kuremekedza mutauro wemhando ipi zvayo, sezvo pasina iyo taisagona kurarama. Kuziva kunyora kunotipa kugona kutaurirana, asiwo kugona kudarika uye kutaura zvatinotenda kuti tizvisimbise sevanhu.  

Kana chinyorwa ichi chaive chekuda kwako, usasiye usati waverenga:

Kwakabva pre-Columbian tsika

Kwakabva tsika dzechiRoma

Social sangano reGreece


Iva wekutanga kutaura

Siya yako yekutaura

Your kero e havazobvumirwi ichibudiswa. Raida minda anozivikanwa ne *

*

*

  1. Inotarisira iyo data: Actualidad Blog
  2. Chinangwa cheiyo data: Kudzora SPAM, manejimendi manejimendi.
  3. Legitimation: Kubvuma kwako
  4. Kutaurirana kwedata
  5. Dhata yekuchengetedza: Dhatabhesi inobatwa neOccentus Networks (EU)
  6. Kodzero: Panguva ipi neipi iwe unogona kudzora, kupora uye kudzima ruzivo rwako