Marine Biomes: Chii?, Hunhu, Mhando uye Zvimwe

Kutaura kwokuti nyika inoumbwa nemativi matatu emvura ndeyechokwadi. Marine biome ndiyo yakakura kwazvo biome iripo, nekuti inoumba makumi manomwe muzana epasi redu, asi inoumbawo makumi mapfumbamwe muzana emvura yepasirese. Ziva kukosha kwe marine biomes.

Marine Biomes

Iyo Marine Biomes

Kune marudzi akawanda e Biomes kusanganisira marine biomes, Vane marudzi anopfuura 230 akasiyana ezvisikwa zvipenyu. Iyo marine biome ine hunyanzvi hwekuti mvura yaro ine munyu, ivo varidzi vezvakakura Marine Biodiversity uye vakagadzira akawanda akaoma kunzwisisa ecosystem.

Marine biomes ndiwo ane hukuru hukuru nekuti ave biotic factor. Kudai pakanga pasina zvinhu zvipenyu, izvi zvaizoreva kuti makungwa angadai asina upenyu. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha kune zvipenyu zvemugungwa izuva, nekuti rinoburitsa chiedza chezuva chinodiwa kuti algae uye phytoplankton, iyo inowanikwa mujinga megungwa chikafu cheni, kuti ibudirire.

Pamusoro pezvo, zvimwe zvakakosha zvekusimudzira hupenyu mumabhayomu emugungwa tembiricha nekudzika kwemvura. Ramba uchifunga kuti marine biome kupatsanurwa kwemvura yemvura, iyo iriwo biome, asi mvura yakachena.

Muzviitiko zvese izvi, iyo yakasarudzika seti yepasi pemvura ecosystems, iyo ndiyo inopa pekugara kune isingaverengeki yemhuka dzakasiyana, zvirimwa uye mamiriro. Asi iyo marine biome inongova yegungwa ecosystem.

Uye aya mabhaibheri emugungwa akagoverwa pakati pemakungwa mashanu makuru, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic uye Southern Ocean.

Climate

Marine biomes ane avhareji yetembiricha inosvika 39 degrees Fahrenheit, iyo inenge 4 degrees Celsius. The oceanic biome inotonhora zvine musoro kuSouth Pole, asi sezvainoswedera kuequator, inodziya, nekuda kwekuti maranzi ezuva anokanganisa pamusoro pemvura. Zvinofanira kuyeukwa kuti mhuka dzemugungwa dzicharamba dzichikanganiswa nechero shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.

Hunhu hweMarine Biomes

Makungwa anowanzo vhiringwa nemafungu emugungwa nemasaisai. Kana mamiriro emuchadenga akanyanya, anoburitsa madutu nemadutu ayo anowanzo kuve nemhedzisiro yakakura pakati pemarudzi ezvipenyu zvemugungwa. Nechikonzero ichocho, mhando dzakadai semapenguin, shiri dzegungwa, mawalrus, shumba dzegungwa, zvisimbiso, plankton, polar bears nehove dzinotakura.

Ndicho chikonzero nei marudzi akati wandei aifanira kudzidza kuchinjira kuzvinhu izvi zvakasikwa zvinoitika mumwaka, saka anotamira kunzvimbo dzine chengeteko yakawedzerwa, apo aya mamirire ezvinhu okunze akashata zvikuru anoitika kana kuti apo anenge ava kuda kupfuura.

Kupisa kwakanyanya ndechimwe chinhu chinoburitsa mhedzisiro pazvipenyu zvine hugaro hwazvo mubhaibheri remugungwa. Vakakonzera kufa, zvakananga kana kuti zvisina kunanga, kwezvisikwa zvakawanda zvomugungwa. Pakati pemigumisiro yaro tinogona kuwana coral bleaching, iyo yave yakakonzera 70% yekufa kwemvura pasi rose.

Iyo substrate ye marine biomes inogara yakanyorova kubva mumvura. Zvose zvinotsigirwa nehupenyu hwemvura.

Marine Biome Zvidyarwa

Muedzo we Kukosha Kwezvakasiyana-siyana Zvipenyu ndezvekuti mumhando iyi yebiome kune makirasi maviri makuru emiti ari seagrasses uye algae uye gungwa. Marine algae inosanganisirwa mukati memhuri yemiti yakaoma kwazvo. Algae nemasora egungwa zvinomiririra hupenyu huri nyore uye kazhinji hahuonekwi.

Zvirimwa zviri mubhaibheri remugungwa zvinosiyana kubva kuzvinhu zvidiki zvine sero rimwe kusvika kune makuru, akaoma kunzwisisa. Zvirimwa zvemugungwa zvine hugaro hwazvo hwechisikigo pedyo nepamusoro pemvura, kuitira kuti vakwanise kutora chiedza chezuva chavanoda kuita photosynthesis.

Saizvozvo, zvirimwa zvemugungwa zvinotora chikafu chazvo kubva muzvikamu zvinotakurwa nemhepo kubva pasi pegungwa. Mimwe miti inokwanisa kurarama mukati-kati megungwa, uko kusingasviki chiedza chezuva. Izvi zvinomera, zvine chimiro chekuve fluorescent, zvinokwanisa kugadzira magetsi emakemikari.

Biome Plant Type

Zvidyarwa zvakawanda zvinogona kuwanikwa mumarine biomes, pakati pezvinotevera zvinogona kutaurwa:

Phytoplankton

Aya ndiwo madiki zvirimwa zvinogara mumakungwa biome. Icho chirimwa cheunicellular uye ndicho chigadziko chese chekudya chemugungwa.

Green algae (Chlorophyta)

Green algae ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa inomiririra yemiti yemugungwa. Ndiyo chlorophyll yavo inovapa ruvara rwegirinhi rwakajeka runovaratidza zvakanyanya. Sezvo marudzi emiti aya paanotanga kukora, anova chikamu chezvikamu zvepasi pegungwa. Maererano nenhamba, kune zviuru mazana maviri emarudzi ealgae mu marine biomes, asi vanenge 36.000 XNUMX chete ndivo vakarongwa.

Red algae (Rhodophyta)

Red algae ndiyo yakakura uye yakasiyana-siyana yezvirimwa zvemugungwa mumakungwa biome. Ruvara rwavo runobva pakuti vane pigment inonzi phycoerythrin. Mamwe eaya algae matsvuku anowanzo kunamatira kumakorari uye nekufamba kwenguva anovaka matombo. Zvose zvakasvibirira uye zvitsvuku zvinogona kubudirira mumvura inopisa kana inotonhora.

Mhando dzeMarine Biomes

Brown algae, kune rumwe rutivi, inonziwo phaeophytes, nokuti ine pigment inonzi fucoxanthin, uye inobudirira zvikuru mumvura inotonhora kana inodziya. Zvakare munzvimbo dzinopisa zvinokwanisika kuona marudzi akasiyana-siyana ebrown algae. Brown algae ndiyo inonyanya kumera mhando pamatombo.

Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria, ari mabhakitiriya eblue-girini, aimbozivikanwa seblue-green algae, ane tambo diki diki. Tambo tuduku-duku idzi ndidzo dzinoshandura nitrogen yadzinokwanisa kutora kubva mumhepo nenzira dzinogona kushandiswa nezvimwe zvirimwa zvomugungwa.

Zvirimwa zviri muzvinyorwa zvemugungwa zvinowanzogara munzvimbo dzakawanda dzakatenderedza pasi, kusanganisira pedyo nemahombekombe, madhaka emunyu, uye mugungwa rakashama. Muenzaniso weizvi ihombe kelp, iro sora remugungwa rinowanzogara muSouth Pacific, richikura mumapoka mumvura inodziya yemahombekombe. Ukuwo, kune algae anogara paaizi yegungwa uye anomera paaizi inoyangarara.

Miti ye marine biomes Vanogona kuva nemabasa akawanda. Zvirimwa zvemugungwa, kunyanya uswa hwegungwa uye macroalgae, zvinopa pekugara, nzvimbo dzekuvanda uye chikafu chezvisikwa zvakawanda. Miti yegungwa inobatsira makorari kugadzira matombo.

Mareef anobatwa pamwechete nezvirimwa zvakaita secoralline algae. Algae inowanzogara mukati medzimwe mhuka dzemugungwa. Zvakare matishu emakorari inzvimbo inogara mamirioni ealgae pa square centimita. Miti yegungwa ndiyo manyuko ezvokudya zvekorari.

Algae inogonawo kugara muhombodo, mukati mehombe clams, muflatworms uye sea sponges. Miti yegungwa inoitawo basa rakakosha zvikuru mumasango ekelp, kushanda senzvimbo yekugara uye chikafu chehuwandu hwezvinhu zvipenyu zvakadai sezvisimbiso, octopus uye eels.

Mhuka dzeBiomes

ari marine biomes Ndiko kunogara mhuka dzakasiyana siyana. Mhuka idzi dzinowana chikafu chadzo kubva kuzvirimwa uye dzimwe mhuka diki dzemugungwa dzinogara mune imwechete biome. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zvinomera zvinopa pokugara kune dzimwe mhuka. Dzimwe mhuri dzakakura kwazvo dzemhuka dzinogara mumvura yebhaibheri dzinosanganisira mabhakitiriya, fungi, anemones yegungwa, mollusks, crustaceans, whales, uye hove.

Dzimwe dzemhuka dzinogara mumarine biomes uye dzinomiririra zvakanyanya ndeidzi:

Tiger shark

Kudya kwavo ihove, mhuka dzemugungwa, shiri dzegungwa, crustaceans uye molluscs. Nzvimbo yaro yekugara iri padyo nemhenderekedzo dzemvura dzinopisa uye dzinopisa. Tiger shark dzine mazino akapinza kwazvo, ayo anodzibvumira kudya mhuka dzadzo.

Grey whale

Chikafu chikuru chekudya madiki amphipods uye tuberous worms, akafanana necrustaceans. Ivo vanonyanya kugara mumvura isina kudzika muNorth Pacific Ocean. Grey whales vane miviri yakareba, yakanyoroveswa inovabvumira kushambira zvisina simba mumvura.

Starfish

Chikafu chayo chakakosha maoyster, plankton uye clams. Inowanikwa muPacific, Atlantic uye Arctic oceans. Vane ganda rekunze re calcareous rine simba rekugadzirisa zvakare nekudzivirira.

Bhiza reGungwa

Vanodya shrimp. Igaro rayo icoral reef uye mibhedha yeuswa hwegungwa inowanikwa mumvura dzinopisa. Bhiza regungwa rine maziso anofambisa iro rinokwanisa kuona naro pasina kufamba. Murume ndiye anotakura mazai akasangana nembeu, uye anotarisira vana kusvikira vabuda mubhegi rake, zvinopesana nezvinofungwa nevakawanda kuti ihadzi yerudzi inorera vana.

Mamwe marudzi emhuka dzinogara mugungwa remugungwa ndeye blacktip reef shark, blue shark, manatee, dugongs, convict shark, box crab, nezvimwe zvisingaverengeki.

Biome Classification

Kune marudzi matatu emarine biomes:

Makungwa

Makungwa ndiwo mapoka makuru e marine biomes, sezvo vaine zvisikwa zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Vanobatana nenzvimbo yepasi kuburikidza nenzvimbo inonzi intertidal, inova nzvimbo iyo masaisai anoyerera nekuyerera. Zvisinei, nyika nenyanza zvinoshanda pamwe chete kuti zvikwanise kufambisa mvura nekupisa munyika.

Coral reef

Makorari matombo ari pasi pemvura eraimu zvivakwa zvinogadzirwa nekuunganidzwa kwemhando diki dzeinvertebrates dzine zita remakorari. Makorari anogona chete kukura mumakungwa anopisa ayo asina kudzika. Mhuka idzi dzinoburitsa calcium carbonate inoshanduka kuita limestone kuitira kugadzira exoskeleton.

Vanowanzogara mumapoka, uye skeletal zvinhu zvinoramba zvichikura kuita reef. Makoral reef inzvimbo yezvipenyu zvakawanda zvemugungwa, pamwe nemhando dzinopfuura 4.000 dzehove dzinopisa.

Mazai

Hova dzemvura, kutaura zviri nyore, nzvimbo dzinoyerera nzizi dzichipinda mumakungwa. Iwo anowanzo akavharirwa semi-akavharirwa, izvo zvinoita kuti ive nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa. Mvura dzakadzipoteredza dzakazara nezvokudya zvinobva munzizi, uye dzinenge dzisina kudzika zvakakwana kubvumira kupinda kwechiedza chezuva kuitira kuti zvirimwa zvigone kuita photosynthesis. Nekuda kweizvi, matsime ari kuzara nehupenyu hwemugungwa.


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