Kana tichitaura pamusoro peboka remhuka dzemarudzi ezvinokambaira, tiri kureva mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzerudzi urwu. Muchinyorwa chino tichatsanangura imwe neimwe yehunhu hwezvinokambaira uye isu tichazotaurawo zvishoma nezve kupatsanurwa kwemhando iyi. Nokuda kweichi chikonzero, ndinokukumbira kupfuurira kurava nyaya inotevera.
Reptile Hunhu
Zvinokambaira, sezvatakambotaura, iboka remhuka dzine marudzi akasiyana-siyana. Pakati pekusiyana kukuru uku tinogona kuwana madzvinyu, nyoka, kamba uye kunyange makarwe. Mhuka yerudzi urwu inogona kuwanikwa pairi pasi uye mumvura, inogona kuva munyu, gungwa, kana yakachena; senzizi, madziva, nezvimwe. Zvinokambaira zvinogona kuwanikwa zvichigara mumasango anogara achipisa, mafuro, magwenga uye kunyange nzvimbo dzinotonhora zvikuru dzinogona kuwanikwa panyika.
Hunhu huchatsanangura rudzi urwu rwemhando dzemhuka ndidzo dzakadzitungamira uye dzakatobvumira kuti dzigare mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvipenyu. Tevere, isu tichadonongodza maitiro akatanhamara ane zvinokambaira uye izvo zvinovaita zvisikwa zvinoshamisa zvakadaro:
Kuberekerwa
Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvipenyu zviri zveboka iri remhuka zvinoratidzwa nekuve oviparous. Apa tinoreva kuti dzinokandira mazai, asi pane zvimwe kunze uko dzinenge dziri ovoviviparous, kureva kuti dzimwe nyoka dzinobereka vana vadzo vakanyatsoumbwa. Kana iri fertilization, inogara iri mukati. Mazai anozoonekwa nekuve negoko rakaomarara kana rakaita sematehwe. Kana iri nhengo yekubereka yevakadzi, ndiko kuti, mavhavha avo, achawanikwa "anoyangarara" mudumbu remudumbu. Idzi dzinewo chimiro chinonzi Müllerian duct chinovanza goko ramazai.
Ganda
Humwe hunhu hunonyanya kuoneka murudzi urwu rwemhuka ndeyekuti mune idzi hapana mucous glands muganda ravo kuti ridzivirire, ivo vanongoita epidermal zviyero. Aya mazero anogona kuwanikwa mukati meganda rako nenzira dzakasiyana; senge padivi nepadivi, kupindirana uye mamwe marudzi ehurongwa. Zviyero izvi zvinokutendera kuti usiye nharembozha pakati pavo, nzvimbo iyi inozivikanwa sehinges, izvi zvinokutendera kuti uite mafambiro.
Pasi pezviyero zvinofadza zvepidermal, tichawana zviyero zvepfupa zvinonzi osteoderms, iyo inenge iine basa rinobvumira ganda ravo kuti rive rakasimba zvikuru. Apo rudzi urwu rwemhuka runodurura ganda rayo, haringagadziriswi muzvidimbu zviduku asi, pane zvinopesana, richava muchidimbu chimwe, "rudzi rwehembe". Izvi zvinongokanganisa epidermal chikamu cheganda rako.
Kufuridzira system
Kana tikaongorora hunhu hweamphibians aya tinoona kuti kufema kwavo kuchaitika kuburikidza neganda ravo uye mapapu anenge ari septate zvishoma. Neizvi isu tinoreva, ivo havazove neakawanda ekupfuura ekuchinjana gasi. Kana tichitaura pamusoro pezvinokambaira, kune rumwe rutivi, kuparadzaniswa uku kuchawedzera, izvi ndizvo zvichaita kuti vabudise imwe ruzha pakufema. Iyo yekupedzisira inowanzoitika zvakanyanya mumadzvinyu ese uye kunyangwe mumakarwe. Humwe hunhu huchamira pachena muzvinokambaira ndehwekuti mapapu avo achayambuka nerudzi rwemukoto unotora zita rekuti mesobronchus, iro rinenge riine bifurcations apo kuchinjana kwegasi kuchaitika.
Circulatory system
Kana iri mwoyo yavo, nemusiyano mukuru pakati pemhuka dzinoyamwisa kana shiri, zvinokambaira zvichangova nemhepo imwe chete. Kazhinji yenguva idzi marudzi akasiyana-siyana anotanga kuparadzaniswa, asi ingori mumarudzi emakarwe eboka iri remhuka iyo ventricle yakazara septate. Mukuwedzera, mumhando iyi mwoyo unenge uine chimiro chakaita gomba chinozotora zita rePaniza gomba.
Ichi chimiro chichabvumira chikamu chakanaka chemoyo kuti chibatane nechikamu chayo chekuruboshwe. Kunze kwebasa iri rakatsanangurwa kare, tinogona kuwana rimwe basa rinobvumira reptile "kudzokorodza" ropa rayo kana mhuka iri pasi pemvura uye isingadi kana kusakwanisa kuuya pamusoro kuti ifeme. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvimiro zvezvinokambaira izvo zvinobatsira zvikuru kwavari.
Kugaya chirongwa
Kana tichitaura nezve gadziriro yekugaya yerudzi urwu rwemhuka, tinogona kutaura kuti yakafanana neiyo yemhuka dzinoyamwisa. Hurongwa uhu hunotanga nemuromo, unogona kunge usina mazino, kozoti gurokuro, dumbu, ura hudiki (hupfupi kwazvo muzvinokambaira zviya zvinodya nyama) uye pakupedzisira ura hukuru huchateuka mu "kunyura". Iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti rudzi urwu rwemhuka, zvinokambaira, hazvitsenge chikafu chazvo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero izvo zvipenyu zvichadya nyama zvine kugadzirwa kwakakura kweasidhi yakawanda mudumbu ravo rekudya.
Asidhi iyi inovabvumira kugaya, ndicho chikonzero ichi chinogona kutora mazuva akati wandei. Chinhu chinonakidza maererano nehunhu hwezvinokambaira ndechekuti mamwe emhando idzi anodya matombo ehukuru hwakasiyana, izvi zvinovatendera kupwanya chikafu kana vari mudumbu. Iyi data mhedzisiro yekuferefeta kwakaitwa kuti tizive kugaya kwayo.
Tinogona zvakare kutaura seimwe yehunhu hwezvinokambaira zvine mazino ane chepfu. Tinogona kutaura semuenzaniso nyoka uye kunyangwe 2 mhando dzedzvinyu dzemhuri yeHelodermatids iri muMexico. Idzi mhando mbiri dzemadzvinyu, dzinoonekwa nekuve muchetura chaiwo, dzichapa mamwe matete anozivikanwa nezita rekuti Durvernoy. Vane migero miviri kuti vakwanise kugadzira chinhu chine muchetura chinotadzisa mhuka yacho kufamba. Aya mazino ane venous akakamurwa kuva marudzi akati wandei, anoti:
Iwo aglyphic Mazino: ayo anoratidzirwa nekusave negwara. Zvadaro kune mazino opisthoglyphic, ayo ari kuseri kwemuromo, ane nzira iyo chepfu inopfuura. Mazino episthoglyphic, anowanikwa, semhando yekupedzisira yemazino, kumashure kwemuromo, inewo nzira iyo chepfu inopfuura. Mazino eprotoroglyphic ari munzvimbo yepamberi uye ane chiteshi. Chekupedzisira asi chisiri chidiki isu tinowana iwo solenoglyphic mazino, mazino aya anongowanikwa munyoka. Mazino aya anozoonekwa nekuve neconductor yemukati, ivo vanewo kugona kuenda mberi nekumashure, vanoonekwa sehupfu.
Kutya system
Tinofanira kufunga kuti, kunyange zvazvo muchitarisiko tsinga dzerudzi urwu dzakafanana nedzetsinga dzemhuka dzinoyamwisa, dzezvinokambaira dzinowanzova dzechinyakare. Muenzaniso weizvi ihuropi hwezvinokambaira, izvi hazvizounzi chero convolutions, ndizvo zvinodaidzwa iwo magrooves akajairwa ehuropi. Izvi zvichashanda kuwedzera pamusoro pasina kukudza mahemispheres maviri, iyi yakanyanya kukudziridzwa sezvakaita optic lobes yayo.
Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaratidza hunhu hwakanyanya mukati mehunhu hwezvinokambaira, izvo ndezvokuti rudzi urwu rune ziso rechitatu, iro richava chiedza receptor. Iyi receptor inotaurirana nepineal gland, iyo ichave iri muuropi hwechikara.
Excretory system
Zvinokambaira, pamwe nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemhuka, dzinenge dziine itsvo mbiri dzinoita weti uye kusefa chepfu yese kubva mairi. Mhuka idzi dzinenge dziine dundira iro rinochengeta weti yobva yaibvisa kuburikidza neinonzi "cloaca". Asi pane zvisizvo mumhando iyi, iyo isina bladder, asi panzvimbo yekuchengetedza urini, ivo vachaibvisa zvakananga kuburikidza ne "cloaca". Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvishoma zvinozivikanwa maitiro ezvinokambaira uye ndiyo nyaya yezvidzidzo zvakawanda.
Nekuda kwemaitiro avo ekugadzira weti, zvave zvichionekwa sekuti izvo zvinokambaira zvemumvura zvichaburitsa yakawanda ammonia pane yakajairika. Asi izvi zvichaderedzwa nekuda kwemvura yavanonwa kanenge nguva dzose, saka kuunganidza kwayo hakuna chepfu kune iyi mhando yemhando sezvo ichibva yangobviswa. Asi kana zvasvika kune zvinokambaira zvepanyika, zvisina kuwana mvura zvishoma, zvine kugona kushandura ammonia kuita inozivikanwa seuric acid isingade kuderedzwa. Ndicho chikonzero nei weti muzvinokambaira zvepanyika yakanyanya denser, pasty uye chena muruvara.
Zvokudya
Humwe hunhu hwezvinokambaira hwatinga taura nezverudzi urwu rwemhuka ndehwekuti dzingave mhuka dzesango kana kuti dzinodya nyama. Kana zviri zvinokambaira zvinodya nyama, zvine mazino akapinza kwazvo, muenzaniso weizvi mazino emakarwe, tinowanawo mazino ane chepfu enyoka kana kunyange muromo wakavharika sewekamba. Tinowana dzimwe mhuka dzinokambaira dzerudzi urwu rwemhuka dzinodya nyama, uko kudya kwadzo kunobva pazvipembenene, zvakadai semapfunde uye chigwere.
Nekune rumwe rutivi, tine zvinokambaira zviri zvemhando yeherbivorous, izvo zvinongodya zvakasiyana siyana zvemichero, miriwo nemishonga. Rudzi urwu rwemhando dzemhuka dzinokambaira dzinoonekwa nekusava nemazino anooneka, asi izvi hazvirevi kuti hadzina hukasha. Shaya dzerudzi urwu dzine simba rinoshamisa. Panguva yekudyisa, inobvarura chose chimedu chekudya chobva chatanga kuchimedza zvachose.Zvemazuva ose kuti mhuka yerudzi urwu inodya dombo kuti ibatsire pakugaya.
Zvimwe zvinhu
Muzvinyorwa zvatakambofumura kare, takatsanangura maitiro ezvinokambaira zvakajairika, maererano nechimiro chazvo, madyiro azvo, kufema kwadzo, hurongwa hwemwoyo netsinga, pamwe nehumwe hunhu hukuru. Asi zviri muchikamu chino chechinyorwa chatichataura pamusoro pezvinhu zvinonyanya kuda kuziva nezvezvinokambaira, izvi zvinotevera:
Zvinokambaira Zvine Makumbo Mapfupi Kana Kuti Asipo
Kazhinji zvinokambaira zvinenge zviine makumbo mapfupi. Dzimwe mhuka dzerudzi urwu, dzakaita senyoka, hadzina makumbo. Mhando dzezvinokambaira idzi ndidzo dzine kugona kutsvedza pasi. Imwe mhando yezvinokambaira zvine mitezo mirefu inogara mumvura.
Iwo ectothermic mhuka
Aya maitiro ezvinokambaira akasarudzika, sezvo mhuka idzi dziri ectotherms. Neizvi tinoreva kuti havakwanisi kudzikamisa tembiricha yemuviri wavo vari vega, asi zvinoenderana nekupisa kwenzvimbo yavo. Ichi chimiro che ectotherms chakabatana zvakanyanya neanosarudza maitiro. Muenzaniso weizvi ndewekuti zvinokambaira imhando yemhuka dzinofarira kuswera dziri muzuva. Kwenguva refu kwazvo, vanosarudza kugara pamatombo anopisa.
Rudzi urwu rwemhuka rune masikirwo arwo nezvetembiricha yarwo uye sezvo rusingakwanise kudzitonga pacharwo, dzinofanira kuuwana nenzira yatatotsanangura. Asi pavanonzwa kuti tembiricha yemuviri wavo yakwira zvakanyanya, vanosarudza kuti yave nguva yekubuda muzuva. Humwe hunhu hwezvinokambaira ndehwekuti kana dziri kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi pano kutonhora zvakanyanya, zvinokambaira zvinorara.
Vomeronasal kana Jacobson nhengo
Vomeronasal organisation kana sekuzivikanwa kwainoitwa senhengo yeJacobson iyo inoshanda kuona zvimwe zvinhu, senge pheromones. Kunze kweizvi, kuburikidza nemate avo, zvese zvinofadza uye zvinonhuwa zvinoiswa. Apa tinoreva kuti zvese zviri zviviri pfungwa yekuravira nekunhuwa zvinopihwa kuburikidza nemuromo.
Kupisa Kugamuchira Nasal Makomba
Pane boka diki uye rakasarudzwa rezvinokambaira zvinokwanisa kubata tembiricha dzakasiyana, kwazvinozoratidza mutsauko we0.03ºC. Aya makomba achave ari pachiso chechikara, unogona kuwana pakati pe1 nembiri mbiri. Asi pane zvimwe zvisizvo apo anosvika 13 peya dzemakomba anogona kuwanikwa.
Mukati meimwe neimwe yemakomba aya unogona kuwana kaviri kamuri inozopatsanurwa ne membrane.
Kana paine mhuka inova mhuka inodziya-ineropa munzvimbo iri pedyo. Mukamuri yekutanga, mhepo iri mairi ichawedzera uye membrane inoparadzanisa makamuri maviri inokurudzira magumo etsinga. Izvi zvinozivisa reptile nezvekuvapo kweramangwana, kuitira kuti igozoivhima.
Reptile Classification
Zvinokambaira zvinogona kunzi imhuka dzine vertebrates dzinobva muboka refossil reptile amphibians rinozivikanwa se diadectomorphs. Mabviro emarudzi ekutanga ezvinokambaira aya akaitika pakaitika nguva yeCarboniferous, umo maive nekudya kwakasiyana siyana. Mushure mezviitiko izvi, zvinokambaira zvakashanduka kuita zvinokambaira zviripo nhasi. Iwo azvino akaiswa mumapoka matatu, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuvapo kwekuvhurwa kwenguva pfupi. Apa tinoreva kuti vanenge vaine maburi mudehenya ravo kuti vabatsire kuderedza huremu hwavo. Aya marudzi ezvinokambaira ndeaya:
synapids
Mhando yemhando yezvinokambaira iyi ine zvakawanda zvakafanana nedzimwe mhuka uye dzakavatangira. Rudzi urwu rwezvinokambaira ruchapa hwindo rimwechete renguva pfupi, nemusiyano wemamwe anowanikwa muchikamu ichi.
Testudineans kana Anapsids
Mhando dzezvikara izvi ndidzo dzinoita kuti dzive dzinozivikanwa nhasi sekamba. Kusiyana nemamwe marudzi ezvinokambaira, izvi hazvizove nemahwindo echinguvana.
Diapsids
Kupatsanurwa kwezvikara uku kwakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri aya anenge ari; ma<em>archosaur, ayo anoumba boka iri marudzi ose e<em>dinosaur, akanga ari zvose zviri zviviri shiri namakarwe. Boka rechipiri rinofambirana nechikamu ichi nderemalepidosauriomorphs akazvara madzvinyu, nyoka nezvimwe zvinokambaira.
Mhando dzeZvikara uye Mienzaniso
Isu takatotsanangura uye takataura kurongwa kwezvinokambaira zvakapa kushanduka kwezvinokambaira, ndiko kuti, kune zvino zvinokambaira. Aya ndiwo maitiro nhasi isu tine matatu makuru marudzi ezvinokambaira, aya anotevera:
makarwe
Pakati pemhando iyi yezvinokambaira tinogona kuwana makarwe, makarwe, mangwena uye mangwe. Mhuka dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzerudzi urwu ndedzinotevera: The American Crocodile, Mexican Crocodile, American Alligator, Spectacled Caiman uye pakupedzisira Black Alligator.
Squamous kana Squamata
Murudzi urwu rwezvinokambaira tinogona kuwana nyoka, madzvinyu, iguana, mapofu nyoka. Mhando dzakanyanya kukosha dzatinogona kuwana mumhando idzi ndedzinotevera: Komodo Dragon, Marine Iguana, Green Iguana, Common Gecko. Isu tinogona zvakare kuwana iyo Green Tree Python, iyo Bofu Shingles, iyo Yemen Chameleon, iyo Australian Thorny Dhiyabhorosi, pakati pemamwe marudzi.
turtles
Mhando iyi yezvinokambaira ichaenderana neturtles uye mukati merudzi urwu tinogona kuwana zvese zvemvura uye zvepasi. Sezvakaita Moorish Turtle, iyo Russian Turtle, iyo Green Turtle, iyo Loggerhead Turtle, iyo Leatherback Turtle uye yekupedzisira asi isingaite iyo Snapping Turtle.
Kana wanga uchifarira chinyorwa ichi pane Hunhu hweReptiles, ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi nekuverenga pane zvinotevera misoro: