Fungi Hunhu, Mhando uye Kubereka

Fungi inoratidzirwa nekusabva kune imwechete tateguru, nekuda kweizvi, nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti ivo chibereko chekushanduka-shanduka. Aya ndiwo zvisikwa zvipenyu zveeukaryotic, zvisina chlorophyll, zvinoberekana nepabonde kana asexual spores. Anenge 98.000 marudzi efungi anozivikanwa kusvika zvino. Pano iwe uchaziva Hunhu hweFungi, marudzi avo uye nzira yavo yekubereka.

Hunhu hwefungi

howa

Fungi vari kurarama eukaryotic specimens ari chikamu cheumambo hweFungi, iyo inosanganisira mbiriso, mold uye howa. Muchikamu chekare, vakaiswa muumambo hwemiti, zvisinei, mune zvidzidzo zvinotevera uye tsanangudzo dzehumwe hunhu hwavo hwakavasiyanisa, vakaiswa mune humwe umambo hwakasiyana uye hwakananga, humambo hweFungi, huchisiyanisa nemiriwo.

Fungi haina chlorophyll nekuda kweichi chikonzero chavo brownish chena coloration, vane masero ane nuclei, anogona kunge ari unicellular uye multicellular organisms. Kana iine ma<em>multicellular kana kuti ma<em>multicellular, anowanikwa muzvisikwa muchimiro chawo chezvinomera, achigadzira hyphae.Kana ma<em>hyphae aya achikura, anoita matavi akabatana anonzi mycelia.

Vanoberekana kuburikidza nespores, ivo vanoumbwa nesero madziro akaumbwa nechitin uye zvakare mune mamwe fungi ine cellulose. Vanopatsanurana kuita asexual spores anonzi conidiospores uye pabonde spores kana zygospores uye ascospores. Aya mavara espores uye biological kutenderera kwefungi zvinosarudza kune taxonomic kupatsanurwa kwefungi, kunyangwe akawanda marudzi achiri asina kirasi yakatsanangurwa.

Zviratidzo

Vasati varongedzerwa sechikamu cheumambo hwezvirimwa, nekuda kwehunhu hwavo, vebotanist nyanzvi mune mycology vakavaisa mukati mehumwe humambo, humambo hweFungi. Izvo zvinosiyanisa fungi kubva kune zvinomera, sezvo ivo vari heterotrophic organisms (vanogadzira chikafu chavo pachavo), maseru avo emadziro anoumbwa nebiopolymer inonzi chitin uye ivo havana cellulose. Parizvino, anopfuura 144.000 marudzi efungi akatsanangurwa, kusanganisira mbiriso, molds uye howa.

Fungi inogona kuva unicellular kana multicellular, iyo yekupedzisira pavanenge vari mune yavo yezvinomera inoumba mycelia, iyo inoumbwa nehyphae. Iyo hyphae inoumbwa nemasero akati wandei uye ine maumbirwo akareba; masero anoumba hyphae rimwe nerimwe ane zvakakosha masero ekushanda kweiyo yose hyphae.

Hunhu hwefungi

Howa hunogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzakatenderedza pasi penyika, dzine maumbirwo akasiyana uye mharidzo. Mukuwedzera, howa hunozivikanwa zvikuru hwakaita sehowa, hune chivharo chine makwapa ane muviri muchena wakareba, anongori mafomu umo howa hunoonekwa nokuti kunyange howa dzisingaonekwi dziriko. Nyanzvi dzeMycologists dzinofungidzira kuti 5% yefungi yepasi yakaonekwa kusvika pari zvino, zvinoreva kuti miriyoni imwe nehafu yemhando dzefungal dzisingazivikanwe.

Kubereka kwavo kunogona kuve kwepabonde uye kwesexual, izvi sporulate zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze ekupararira uye kuunganidza nharaunda dzakatenderedza, ivo vanoramba vakarara mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka. Iyo inonzi fungi yechokwadi, yakadai sehowa uye macromycetes, inoumba muviri wezvibereko uyo vazhinji vedu tinoziva uye tinoupa zita refungi, idzi dzinogona kudyiwa kana dzine chepfu. Kunyange zvazvo vasina macroscopic maitiro ehowa, mbiriso uye molds zvakare fungi.

Kwakabva Howa

Kwemakore anopfuura bhiriyoni, fungi dzakasiyana kubva kune dzimwe humambo, asi dzakafanana nezvirimwa mukushaikwa kwemaitiro ekufambisa uye mamwe maumbirwo emuviri, asi haana chlorophyll. Ivo zvakare vakafanana nevanyori mune yavo biochemical makeup. Fungi zvipenyu zvine nucleus yechokwadi kana eukaryotes, saka vanoumba bazi razvino rakashanduka maererano neprokaryotic organisms yehumambo hweMonera.

Taxonomic Classification

Humambo hweFungi hunobatanidza marudzi anopfuura 98.000 emhando dzefungi. Iyo Basidiomycota neAscomycota phyla ndiwo mafungi akaongororwa zvakanyanya muumambo uhwu uye anonzi "fungidziro yechokwadi". Izvi zvinoitika zvakapihwa kuti kune mazhinji marudzi zvinogoneka chete kudzidza nhanho yavo yepabonde mumunda, uye nekuda kweichi fungidziro zhinji dzakatsanangurwa dzakawanikwa nekugona kudzidza maitiro avo ekubereka: asexual kana anamorphic uye zvepabonde kana teleomorphic.

Kusvikira ikozvino, vashanu vanomiririra phyla yeumambo hweFungi vakatsanangurwa, izvi imhaka yekuti taxonomic classification yeumambo hweFungi ichiri kuongororwa nekuda kwekuti kune huwandu hwezvipenyu pasina kuiswa. Zvinoenderana nezvidzidzo zvephylogenetic, fungi inoiswa mumapoka makuru mashanu:

Chytridiomycetes

Iri boka refungi rinosanganisira zvipenyu zvisingaoneki zveFungi, zvine masero ekubereka anonzi zoospores kana flagellate gametes.

Glomeromycetes

Aya fungi anoratidzirwa nekugadzira mycorrhizae inosanganiswa nezvirimwa, uye zvakare ine glomerospores.

Zygomycetes

Muboka iri refungi rinowanzozivikanwa sezviumbwa, zveboka iri rinenge 1.000 mhando dzakadzidzwa. Mishonga yeboka iri refungi inonzi zygospores.

ascomycetes

Iri boka refungi mukati measci iyo inobereka zvimiro, ine ascospores.

basidomycetes

Aya mafungu ane basidiospores uye muviri unobereka michero mune howa zvimiro.

Hunhu hwefungi

Chytridiomycota kana Chytridiomycetes Boka

Fungi dziri chikamu cheCytridiomycota kana Chytridiomycetes boka ifungi ine morphological chimiro chakareruka, inogara munzvimbo dzinogara mumvura dzakadai semazariro, hova, nyanza nenzvimbo dzemugungwa dzavanofamba. Chimiro chayo chekubereka kana spores, inonzi zoospore uye ine flagellum imwe chete. Iyo fungi yeboka iri inogona kuramba isingashande kwenguva yakareba kana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza ari akaipa.

Iyo fungi yeboka reCytridiomycota maparasite ezvimwe zvipenyu zveplanktonic zvinowanikwa mumvura, zvinogona kuwanikwa muzvirimwa zvemhuri dzebhotani Curcumitaceae neSolanaceae, dzinowanikwa padyo nevhu rakafashama, kunyangwe zvakajairika kuvawana mumitumbi ye mvura yakachena uye munyu

Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi dzemycologists, boka iri refungi chikamu chinokosha chezvokudya zvekugara mumvura. Muchimiro chavo chenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka vanopa chikafu sezvo chiri chikafu chezooplankton. Saizvozvovo, ivo vanodzora mhuka dzadzo dzechisikigo, nekuora organic zvinhu, parasitizing mhuka uye zvimwe zvirimwa.

Glomeromycota kana Glomeromycetes Boka

Iri boka refungi rine hunyanzvi hwekugadzira symbioses nezvirimwa uye umo mhando dzekare uye dzakawanda dzefossil dzinonyorwa. Vanodaidzwa kuti mycorrhizal fungi nekuti vanogadzira mycelium padyo nerhizome yezvirimwa. Mycorrhizae inoburitsa ma enzymes muivhu inobata nezvinhu zvevhu uye inoita kuti ive bioavailable yekutora chirimwa sekudya.

Kubatana kwesymbiotic pakati pemycorrhizal fungi uye zvirimwa kunoitwa pakati pe80% yezvirimwa. Yayo taxonomic peculiarity yeboka iri refungi ndiko kuumbwa kweplurinucleate spores yekuberekana kwepabonde. Mycorrhizal fungi yakakamurwa kuita: arbuscular mycorrhizae uye vesicular mycorrhizae, aya ndiwo macroscopic mafomu e mycelium. Arbular mycorrhizae inogadzira mapazi anonzi arbuscules, uye vesicular mycorrhizae inoumba nodes ine reserve zvinhu.

Hunhu hwefungi

Zygomycota kana Zygomycetes boka

Zviumbwa zvinonyatsozivikanwa zviri muboka iri refungi, mamwe marudzi e1.000 akatsanangurwa, mapeji avo anonzi zygospores. Muboka iri refungi vanowanzokura munzvimbo dzepasi, mukuora zvinhu, semaparasite uye zvakare kugadzira hukama hwesymbiotic. Muenzaniso weZygomycota fungi ndiyo chingwa fungus.

Dzinoberekana pabonde uye pabonde, asi nzira inonyanyozivikanwa yekubereka ndeye asexual uye inoitika apo haploid hyphae inoswedera kune imwe neimwe kusvikira yasangana kuitira kuti kusanganiswa kwema cytoplasms kuitike uye naizvozvo kusanganiswa kwenyuclei, mukusanganiswa uku kunoitika zygospore, inova chimiro chekubereka cheboka.

Zygospores inopikisa zvakanyanya kumamiriro ezvinhu akaipa, inoramba yakarara kusvikira mamiriro ekunze akanakira ivo, zygospores inomera uye sporangium kana vegetative hypha inogadzirwa. Rudzi urwu rwefungi rinoshandiswa kugadzira chikafu chakaita se tofu uye tempeh, kugadzira mushonga wekutindivadza, nyama nyoro, dhayi dzechikafu uye zvakare madoro emaindasitiri.

Ascomycota kana Ascomycetes Boka

Zvizhinji zvefungi inotsanangurwa kubva kuumambo hweFungi chikamu cheboka iri re phylum kana Ascomycota, muboka iri kune nhamba yakawanda yezvipembenene zvepathogenic kune mhuka nemiti. Muenzaniso weAscomycota fungi imbiriso. Iyo morphology ye mycelium yefungi inoumba boka iri inobvumira filamentous fungi kuti iungane pamwe chete, izvi zvinoitika kuburikidza ne septa, izvo zvikamu zvinowanzoitika muhyphae. Mbeu dzavo dzekubereka dzakapfava (ascospores) uye dzakabatanidzwa mumasaga anonzi asci.

Iyo fungi yeboka iri inoshandiswa kune chikafu, zvekurapa uye zvekurima maindasitiri. Semuenzaniso, mbiriso inoshandiswa kugadzira chingwa chikamu cheboka iri refungi, zita rayo resainzi ndiro Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yaishandiswa kukurumidzisa kuviriswa kwefurawa pakugadzira chingwa.

Kune rimwe divi, mamwe mbiriso anoburitsa hutachiona uye pathologies yemhando yekurapa, senge fungi ye genus. Candida spp. Iyo filamentous fungi semhando yerudzi fusarium spp., zvakakosha zvekurima nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwavanoita muzvirimwa zvekurima. Mamwe marudzi ejenasi fusarium spp., gadzira mycotoxins mukugadzira zviyo uye kukonzera kurasikirwa, sezvo fungi idzi dzichikuvadza hutano hwevanhu nemhuka. Muchetura unogadzirwa nefungi idzi fumonisin, trichothecenes uye zearalenone.

Basidiomycota kana Basidomycetes Boka

Iri ndiro rechipiri boka rakadzidzwa zvakanyanya refungi, kusvika nhasi 32.000 marudzi akatsanangurwa. Iri boka refungi rine mamorphology akasiyana izvo zvinotungamira mukuaisa mumapoka akasiyana efungi, ayo mushure mekuita zvidzidzo zvegenotype anotamiswa kuboka reBasidiomycota. Muboka iri refungi, fungi ine setae inowanikwa, iyo inoputika inoumba mumuviri we fruiting unonzi basidium.

Aya fungi anoumba symbiotic kushamwaridzana netumbuyu, hukama uhwu hunovabvumira kuve mauto kana kuputsa zvinhu zvemakomponi chaiwo. Basidomycetes inogona kuonekwa pahunde yemiti yakadonha inoora mumasango, kunyanya kana ari hunde dzemiti dzakapfuma mu lignocellulose. Muzviitiko izvi, fungi idzi dzinoburitsa hydrolytic enzymes kuburikidza nemycelium yavo, izvo zvinokonzeresa mapolymers anoshatisa huni hwehunde.

Sezvinongoita mamwe fungi eboka rebasidomycetes ane muchetura, anodyiwa, anonyatso shandiswa seimwe gastronomic imwe nzira, nekuda kweiyo micronutrients yavanopa, sehowa. Saizvozvo, mamwe basidomycete fungi anoshandiswa kurapa zvirwere munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi.

Hunhu hwefungi

Kuberekwa kweFungi

Fungi dzine marudzi maviri ekuberekana: zvepabonde neasina. Nzira yekubereka nayo pabonde ndiyo yakajairika, inokonzera kusiyana kwemajini, kuti uwane rudzi urwu rwekubereka unofanirwa kuwana munhu anoenderana. Fungi dzinoberekana zvisina kufanira dzinobvumira zvakatipoteredza kuti zviite koloni. Mhando mbiri dzekubereka dzine zvakanakira nekuipira zvipenyu.

Kubereka pabonde

Idzi rudzi rwekubereka zvinoenderana nehukama huripo pakati peiyo hyphae yeiyo Homothallic organism, kana ari padyo Heterothallic munhu wemhando imwe chete kana genetically kuvhara kuitira kuti hyphae izivikanwe. Kuyambuka kwefungi kunogadziriswa nekuenderana, iyo inotsamira zvakanyanya kune genetics uye kemikari zvinhu zvinobatsira kuswedera kweiyo hypha inoenderana.

Fungi dzinobereka pabonde uye dziri Homothallic fungi dzinogona kuumba, kubva kune imwechete thallus kana mycelium, murume kana mukadzi zvimiro. Kune rimwe divi, zvipenyu zveHeterothallic zvinogonawo kugadzira zvimiro zvechirume kana zvechikadzi, kana zvese zvimiro pane imwechete thallus. Kugadzira zvese zviri zviviri zvimiro pane imwechete thallus, inofanirwa kuve nemumwe munhu anoenderana.

Kuita zvepabonde

Fungi dzinoberekana zvisina kufanira kana kuti zvinomera, nzira iyi yekuberekesa inoitika munhamba huru yemhando dzefungal, pane imwe nguva muhupenyu hwavo. Rudzi urwu rwekubereka runobvumira kukonzeresa kukura kwefungal mycelium, izvo zvinoguma nekukoniwa kweimwe substrate, iyo inotova nemajeni anoratidzwa kuti ararame.

Pamusoro pemhando mbiri dzakajairika dzekuberekesa fungal, asexual sporulation inoitikawo, inova kuumbwa kwespores ne mitosis (mitospores) uye mazhinji mafilamentous fungi anogona kupatsanura kuitira kuti zvidimbu zvambotaurwa zviumbe vanhu vakakwana, izvi zvinowanzoitika muzvisikwa zve. phylum Basidiomycota.

Ndinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze zvakawanda pamusoro pezvisikwa mune zvinotevera zvinyorwa:


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