Ziva kuti madzimambo eRoma aive ani

Epic ingave yakashandiswa neRoma yekare kweanoda kusvika mazana mashanu emakore, kusvika pakaparara Humambo hwekuMadokero muzana ramakore rechishanu AD, inoramba iri imwe yenguva dzinonakidza uye dzakadzidzwa munhoroondo yevanhu, kunyanya kuvatungamiriri vayo vakaoma. Ngatisvike pakuziva nhoroondo yezvisinganzwisisike uye eccentric madzimambo eRoma. 

MADZIMAMBO EVAROMA

Ndiani vaiva Madzimambo eRoma?

Roma yakawedzera kuita guta guru raitonga vanhu vanodarika mamiriyoni makumi matanhatu muEurope, Africa neAsia, humambo hunesimba hune marudzi akasiyana-siyana emadzimambo ane simba munhoroondo yayo yose, mumwe nemumwe aine hunhu, zvitaera zvekutonga uye hunhu hwakanyanya.

Zvakanyanya, zvekuti nhoroondo yevatongi veRoma ine zvese: rudo, kuponda, kutsiva, kutya uye makaro, godo uye kudada, kunyangwe kubata kwekupenga. Imwe neimwe yenyaya yake inofamba kubva murunyararo nebudiriro kuenda kukutya nehudzvanyiriri, kunyanya muzana ramakore rekutanga.

Asi nei zana remakore rokutanga rakanga riine nyonganyonga zvakadaro? Mhinduro iri nyore, chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru mutemo wenhaka. Kwenguva yakawanda yenguva ino, nhamba dzechiremera hadzina kusarudzwa pamusana pekugona kana kutendeseka, asi nekuda kwekuti vakazvarwa mumhuri yakarurama.

Ndosaka magumo ehumambo naMambo weRoma wega wega aive asina chokwadi, sezvo vazhinji vaive vasina hunyanzvi hwechinzvimbo ichocho. Kumutungamiriri mukuru ari wose, saAugusto, Kraudhio, uye Vespasian, kwakanga kune mudzvinyiriri akaita saCaligula, Nero, kana kuti Domitian. Pakupera kwenguva iyi ndipo apo Roma yakatora kutevedzana ichi mumaoko ayo, ichisarudza vanhu vavaiona sevane musoro, vakangwara, vakatendeseka, uye vane pfungwa dzakanaka.

Humambo hune simba uhwu hwakatanga kuburikidza nechisimba uye hwaivimba nechisimba. Kazhinji, Madzimambo eRoma aigona kurarama chete kana vanhu vavo vaidavira kuti vaigona kupfuura vose. Kana uto rakanga risingagutsikani, mambo akanga ari munyatwa, asi kana kusagutsikana kwacho kwakapararira, zvirokwazvo akanga apedzwa.

Hondo yevagari vemo yakanga yaunza Kesari pachigaro, aimbova nesimba uye asina mugari wenhaka, anotora Augustus, ndiye akatanga kuita nhevedzano yenhaka, asi akanga asiri iye wokupedzisira. Somuenzaniso, Kraudhiyo akarasa mwanakomana wake pachake achida Nero.

Nechigaro cheumambo chinopa simba risingatauriki uye mitemo yenhaka inogara yakazaruka kuti idudzirwe, zviri nyore kufunga kuti nhengo dzemhuri yehumambo dzicharwira nzvimbo, vachishandisa nzira dzakanyanyisa kana zvakakodzera kuti vawane mhedzisiro inovabatsira.

MADZIMAMBO EVAROMA

Pavakazogara pachigaro, pakanga pasisina nzira iri nyore yekubuda nayo, pasisina sarudzo, pasina miganhu yematemu, kana pamudyandigere. Raiva basa rehupenyu hwese, saka kana mambo aipenga, akaipa kana ane ngozi, mhinduro chete yaive yekupfupisa hupenyu ihwohwo uye munhu wese aiziva, saka paranoia yakatonga.

Kune vakawanda, kuzvipira kwaidiwa kuti vawane chinzvimbo chepamusoro kwakanga kwakakura: Tibherio aifanira kuramba mukadzi waaida nokuda kwewaasina, Caligula akaona vakawanda vemhuri yake vachiurayiwa kana kuti kudzingwa, Claudius akatengeswa ndokuiswa muchetura nevakadzi. .

Kunyange zvazvo mibayiro yesimba yakanga yakakura, izvo hazvirambiki, vazhinji havana kufara nazvo mushure mekunge vaigamuchira, ndizvo zvakaita varume vakaita saTitus, Galba kana Vitellius, avo vasina kumbova nenguva yekuedza zvipfeko zveumambo vasati vafa. Chaizvoizvo muzana remakore rokutanga, zvematongerwe enyika zvinogona kuva nengozi zvikuru kune utano.

Upenyu hwakanga hwakaita sei kuMadzimambo eRoma?

Panhongonya yenzanga yeRoma paive namambo nemapoka evafundisi, kunyangwe vainakidzwa nehupfumi hunoshamisa, simba uye rombo rakanaka, mabhenefiti aya akauya nemutengo. Savatungamiriri veRoma, masimba masimba ane ngozi akanga asingadzivisiki.

Upenyu hwake hwakakomberedzwa neumbozha semutongi akakwana weRoma uye umambo hukuru hwaainahwo, hwakamuita chipfuro chekunyanya kuda chinzvimbo. Mambo nemhuri yake vairarama nenzira yaitarisirwa kuvanhu voukoshi hwakadaro, vachigara mudzimba dzakanakisisa, vachidya zvokudya zvakaisvonaka, uye vakapfeka zvipfeko zvakaisvonaka bedzi.

Upenyu hwaiva hwomutambarakede, hwakanyanyisa uye hwaifadza, hama dzamambo dzaigona kupedza mazuva adzo dzichinakidzwa nokutandara kwadzaifarira, zvakadai semumhanzi, nhetembo, kuvhima uye mijaho yemabhiza, pasina zvisungo zvakakura.

Kunyange zvakadaro, hwakanga husiri hupenyu hwakareruka, vaive vakakomberedzwa nemanomano anogara aripo, kunyanya sezvo kutsivana kweVatongi veRoma kwaisava kugarwa nhaka, chigaro chaigona kupfuudza kuhama, vana vokurera kana kunyange vatongi vaidiwa, asi chero mugari wenhaka aifanira kutenderwa. zvisati zvaitika neSeneti.

Izvi zvakakonzera kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika mudzimba dzehumambo, sezvo vangangove vagari venhaka nemhuri dzavo nguva dzose vaifanira kuisa mazita avo patafura, kuwana vanobatana, kuita zvavanoda, uye kumhanyira chigaro.

MADZIMAMBO EVAROMA

Naizvozvo, Madzimambo eRoma aifanira kuramba akatarira vavengi vavo, avo vaibatanidza mitezo yemhuri yavo vamene, uye kupa ngwariro huru kumapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika mukati meSeneti. Muzviitiko zvakawanda kuchengetedza chinzvimbo chake kunoda kupandukira, kudzosera kumashure uye kunyange kuponda. Uhu hwaive hupenyu hwekunetsekana, umo chete vakasimba uye vakatsunga ndivo vaigona kurarama.

vafundisi

Pazasi peVatongi veRoma nehama dzavo, tinowana vafundisi. Izwi rokuti Patricio Inobva muchiLatin madzibaba, zvinoreva vabereki. Mhuri dzemadzibaba dzaitonga Roma nehumambo hwayo, sezvo vaive vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika, vechitendero nevechiuto vehushe.

Vanachiremba vakawanda vaiva varidzi veminda vakapfuma vaibva kumhuri dzekare, asi kirasi yacho yakanga yakazaruka kune vashomanana vakasarudzwa vakanga vasimudzirwa nemaune namambo.

Vana vakaberekerwa mumhuri idzi vakawana dzidzo yakadzama, kazhinji kubva kumuperekedzi wepachivande aiita basa rekuvasuma kuzvidzidzo zvinofanira kuitwa nevakuru vakuru, kuitira mabasa avo emangwana. Zvidzidzo zvakaita senhetembo, zvinyorwa, nhoroondo uye geography, dzimwe ngano, uye mitauro mikuru sechiGiriki.

Zvidzidzo zvekutaura uye zvemutemo chaive chikamu chakakosha chedzidzo yakanaka muRoma yekare, sezvo vechidiki vechidiki vazhinji vaienda kumabasa mune zvematongerwo enyika nehurumende, zviri zvinhu zvakakosha kune chero yeaya mabasa. Kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vemapoka emhuri dzevabereki vaitarisirawo vazukuru vavo kuti vabatsire kupfuudzira hupirisita hwekare.

Zvamazvirokwazvo ivo vakanga vane nzvimbo yakaisvonaka bedzi mumamwe mativi, somuenzaniso, mitezo yavo yakanga isina mamwe mabasa ehondo aitarisirwa kuvamwe vagari vemo uye yakanga ine banza rokuva madzimambo.

Asi kuva nesarudzo yechigaro cheumambo kwakakwezva njodzi huru, vaigona kubatanidzwa mumanomano emumuzinda ayo dzimwe nguva aipedzisira aparadza nzvimbo yavo nehupenyu hwavo hwomutambarakede, vaigona kurasikirwa nemusha wavo nyore nyore, minda yavo uye kunyange upenyu hwavo, kana vakanga vari kurashikirwa. side.

Asi kunze kwekurangana nezvematongerwo enyika, mhuri dzehumambo nedzevabereki vaive nemabasa mashoma ehumambo uye vakasiiwa nehupenyu hwakasununguka uye hunofadza, zvichienzaniswa nevamwe vagari veRoma munguva iyoyo yakaoma.

MADZIMAMBO EVAROMA

Ndaza refu yeVatongi veRoma

Madzimambo eRoma anonzi akanga ari vatongi vane simba zvikuru vakamborarama, musanganiswa wakaoma kunzwisisa wevarume vakachenjera, vane rugare, vane zviono, vane utsinye uye vanopenga, avo kweanopfuura mazana mashanu amakore vakatonga humambo hwamarudzi akawanda hwaidokuva nguva dzose kurwisana navo. marudzi akavakidzana kana mapoka anopandukira mukati meumambo hwacho.

Hunhu hwakazara hwesimba ravo hahuna kunyorwa kana kutaurwa mumutemo webumbiro remitemo, izvo zvakakonzera kuti vazhinji vezviverengero izvi vapinde, zvikaita kuti pave nenjodzi. Pamusoro pezvo, kushaikwa kwemitemo yakajeka maererano nekutevedzana kwakakonzera rufu rwechisimba rweruzhinji.

Zvisinei, pakuonekwa sevanhu vose, madzimambo eRoma akashanda somukurumbira waigovera kugadzikana kwakati kuumambo hwaiva nemakondinendi matatu, hunobatanidza nyika dzinopfuura 32 dzemazuva ano, uye musha wevagari vemo vanosvika mamiriyoni makumi matanhatu munyika yose. kureba kwekubudirira kwayo.

Nhoroondo yeRoma musanganiswa weakaunzi yevakaona gare gare yakaunganidzwa, zvimwe zvisaririra zvezvinocherwa mumatongo, uye zvakanyorwa pazviyeuchidzo nemari.

Zvamazvirokwazvo dzakawanda dzenhoroondo dziripo dzazvino uno hadzisati dzichitongova dzakavimbika chose chose, sezvo vakwikwidzi vakurusa vezvamatongerwe enyika vamadzimambo eRoma vaiwanzova mitezo yedare reSeneti, avo sezvingabvira vaivawo avo vakanyora nhau.

Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti nhoroondo dzakawanda dzinokasharara dzomufambiro wamadzimambo eRoma dzingave dzakarerekera divi rimwe kana kuti dzine donzo rakashata, naizvozvo dzinofanira kuraviwa nokungwarira uye neimwe nzira isina kururama.

Nhoroondo inotiudza kuti nhamba yakati wandei yemadzimambo eRoma akatungamira kuwedzera kwenzvimbo, vanhu vane mukurumbira uye vane mukurumbira, vane hondo dzeropa uye nyaya dzinotyisa dzave zvinhu zvengano.

Tinokupa runyoro rweVatongi veRoma vanozivikanwa kusvika zvino, vatungamiriri vane simba uye vane mukurumbira wakashata vakabata humambo hwechiratidzo pasi pesimba ravo nemazana emakore:

MADZIMAMBO EVAROMA

Madzimambo eRoma ezana remakore rekutanga

  • Augustus (Augustus): 31 a. c.-14 d. c.
  • Tiberius (Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus): 14-37 AD c.
  • Caligula (Gayo Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus): 37-41 AD c.
  • Claudius (Tiberius Kiraudhiyo Kesari Agasto Germanicus): 41–54 AD c.
  • Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus): 54-68 AD c.
  • Galba (Servius Sulpicius Galba): 68–69 AD c.
  • Otto (Marcus Salvius Otto): Ndira–Kubvumbi 69 AD
  • Aulus Vitellius (Aulus Vitellius): Chikunguru–Zvita 69 AD
  • Vespasian (Titus Flavius ​​Vespasian):69-79 AD c.
  • Tito (Titus Flavius ​​Vespasian) 79-81 AD c.
  • Domitian (Titus Flavius ​​​​Domitian): 81-96 AD c.
  • tsinga (Nerva Caesar Augustus): 96-98 AD

XNUMXnd Century madzimambo eRoma

  • Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Trayanus): 98-117 AD c.
  • Hadrian (Kesari Trayanus Adrianus Augustus): 117-138 AD c.
  • Antoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boyonius Antoninus): 138-161 AD c.
  • Marcus Aurelius (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus): 161-180 AD c.
  • Lucius Verus (Lucius AureliusVerus): 161-169 AD c.
  • kusununguka (Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus): 177-192 AD c.
  • Pertinax (Publius Helvius Pertinax): Ndira–Kurume 193 AD
  • Didius Julian (Marcus Didius Severus Julianus): March–June 193 AD
  • Septimius Severus (Lucius Septimius Severus): 193-211 AD c.

XNUMXrd century madzimambo eRoma

  • Caracalla (LuCius Septimius Bassianus):198-217 AD c.
  • Geta (Publius Septimius Geta):209-211 AD
  • Macrinus (Marcus Opellius Macrinus):217-218 AD
  • Elagabalus (Varius Avitus Basianus): 218-222 AD
  • Alexander Severus (Severus alexander): 222-235 AD c.
  • Maximin the Thracian (Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus): 235-238 AD c.
  • Gordian I (Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronius Romanus Africanus): Kurume–Kubvumbi 238 AD c.
  • Gordian II (Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronius Romanus Africanus): Kurume–Kubvumbi 238 AD. c.
  • Pupiene (pupienus maximus): Kubvumbi 22 kusvika Chikunguru 29, 238 AD. c.
  • Balbinus (Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus):kubva Kubvumbi 22 kusvika Chikunguru 29, 238 AD. c.
  • Gordian III (Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius):238–244 AD c.
  • Firipi (Marcus Julius Philippus):244–249 AD c.
  • Decius (Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius):249-251 AD c.
  • Hostilian (Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus): 251 AD
  • Gallus (Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus): 251-253 AD c.
  • Emilian (Marcus Aemilus Aemilianus): 253 AD
  • Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus): 253-260 AD c.
  • Gallienus (Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus): 253-268 AD c.
  • Claudius II (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Claudius Augustus​ Gothicus); 268-270 AD
  • quintillus (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus):270 AD
  • Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus): 270-275 AD c.
  • Tacitus (Marcus Claudius Tacitus Augustus):275-276 AD c.
  • Florian (Marcus Annius Florianus Augustus): June-Gunyana AD 276
  • kuedza (Marcus Aurelius Probus): 276-282 AD c.
  • Zvinodhura (Marcus Aurelius Carus): 282-283 AD c.
  • Numeri (Marcus Aurelius Numerian Numeri): 283-284 AD c.
  • Mudiwa (Marcus Aurelius Carinus): 283-285 AD c.
  • Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus):kumabvazuva, 284-305 AD chikamu chekumabvazuva kwehumambo) uye Maximian (286-305 AD chikamu chekumadokero kwehushe)

MADZIMAMBO EVAROMA

XNUMXth Century madzimambo eRoma

  • Constantius I (Flavius ​​Valerius Constantius): kumadokero, 305-306 AD c.
  • Gallery (Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximian): kumabvazuva, 305-311 AD c.
  • Severus (Flavius ​​Valerius Severus): kumadokero, 306-307 AD c.
  • Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius): kumadokero, 306-312 AD c.
  • Constantine I (Flavius ​​Valerius Aurelius Constantine): AD 306–337 akabudirira kubatanidza humambo.
  • Maximino Daya (Gaius Valerius Galerius Maximinus):310-313 AD
  • Licinius (Flavius ​​​​Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius): 308-324 AD c.
  • Constantine I (Flavius ​​Valerius Aurelius Constantine): 324 – 337 AD
  • Constantine II (Flavius ​​Claudius Constantine): 337-340 AD c.
  • Constantius II (Flavius ​​​​Julius Constantius Augustus): 337-361 AD c.
  • Constant I (Constant Flavio Julio):337-350 AD c.
  • Constantius Gallus (Flavius ​​​​Claudius Constantius Gallus): 351–354 AD C
  • Julian (Flavius ​​Claudius Iulianus):361–363 AD c.
  • Jovian (Flavius ​​Claudius Iovianus): 363–364 AD c
  • Valentine I (Flavius ​​Valentinianus): kumadokero, 364-375 AD c.
  • Valent (Flavius ​​​​Julius Valens): kumabvazuva, 364–378 AD c.
  • Gratian (Flavius ​​​​Gracianus Augustus): kumadokero, AD 367-383 uye co-emperor naValentine I.
  • Valentine II (Flavius ​​Valentinianus Junior): AD 375–392 uye akagadzwa korona semwana.
  • Theodosius I (Dominus Noster Flavius ​​​​Theodosius Augustus): kumabvazuva, AD 379–392, gare gare kumabvazuva nekumadokero, AD 392–395
  • Arcadius (Flavius ​​Arcadius Augustus): mambo pamwe chete kumabvazuva, pakati paAD 383 na395 namambo mumwe chete pakati paAD 395 na402
  • Mukuru Clement Maximus (Magnus Maximus): kumadokero, 383–388 AD c.
  • Honorius (Flavius ​​Honorius Augustus): mambo pamwe chete kumadokero, AD 393–395 namambo mumwe chete pakati paAD 395–423.

XNUMXth Century Vatongi veRoma

  • Theodosius II (Flavius ​​Theodosius): kumabvazuva, 408–450 AD c.
  • Constantius III (Flavius ​​Constantius): kumadokero, AD 421, aive mubati pamwe chete.
  • Valentine III (Flavius ​​​​Placidius Valentinianus): kumadokero, 425–455 AD c.
  • Martian (marcianus): Eastern Roma pakati pemakore 450 na457 AD. c.
  • Petronius Maximus (Petronius Maximus): kumadokero, Kurume 17 kusvika Chivabvu 31, AD 455
  • Avito (Dominus Noster Eparchius Avitus Augustus): mambo wekumadokero pakati pe455–456 AD uye Bhishopi wePlacencia, C.)
  • Majorian (Flavius ​​Julius Valerius Maiorianus Augustus): kumadokero, 457–461 AD c.
  • Severus Libyan (Libius Severus): kumadokero, 461–465 AD c.
  • Anthemius (Procopius Anthemius Augustus): kumadokero, munguva iri pakati pa467 na472 AD. c.
  • Olibri (Flavius ​​Anicius Olybrius): mambo wekumadokero, kubva muna Kubvumbi kusvika Mbudzi 472 AD. c.
  • Glicerio (Glycerius): humambo hwekumadokero, 473-474 AD. c.
  • Julius Nepos (Flavius ​​Iulius Nepos Augustus): akatonga kumadokero, pakati pe474–475 AD. c.
  • Romulus Augustulus (Flavius ​​​​Momyllus Romulus Augustulus) - akatonga kumadokero kwehumambo pakati pe475 ne476 AD. c.
  • Leo I: (kumabvazuva, 457–474 AD)
  • Leo II (kumabvazuva, 474 AD)
  • Zeno (Kumabvazuva, AD 474–491, Eastern Rome)

Vatongi veRoma vakanyora nhoroondo 

Sezvaunogona kuona, rudungwe rwevarume vakanga vari pachigaro chakareba sehumambo hukuru hwavaitonga uye kunyange zvazvo vose vachayeukwa munhau yose nokuda kweidi rakapfava rokuva madzimambo, mamwe akanga ari zvamazvirokwazvo aikosha zvikuru munguva dzakare.

Mumwe nemumwe anozivikanwa nekuda kwemaitiro avo ekutungamira humambo hweRoma hwakasiyana-siyana uye hwakakura, varipo mumabhuku uye nyaya sevaratidziri venguva inonakidza uye inonakidza kune avo vanoda nhoroondo. Tichasangana neVatongi veRoma vane mukurumbira, kunyangwe vasiri vese nekuda kwekururama kwavo uye netsitsi:

Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD)

Chaizvoizvo zita rake rainzi Octavio, asi munguva dzehondo dzevagari vemo refu dzakaparadza Roma Republic, maakatora rutivi achikunda mukwikwidzi mumwe pashure pomumwe ndokuva murwi akasimba asingapokanidzwi weumambo hwaikura, akazvidaidza kuti. NyamavhuvhuNhasi aive mambo wekutanga weRoma.

Aive mwanakomana wekurerwa naJulius Caesar akawana chigaro chemutungamiri weRoma mushure mekukunda hondo yakaipisisa naMarco Antonio naCleopatra, ari iye akatonga humambo hukuru hweRoma pakati pe27 a. C. uye 14d. c.

Augustus Caesar akava mutungamiriri ane mutsa, achipinza nguva yokusimba, yaizivikanwa sePax Romana, iyo yaakachengeta kupfurikidza nokudzora kwakasimba kwechiuto pamusoro penharaunda.

Kuwedzera pakutaura nokukunda nyika muEurope neAsia Minor, Augustus akawedzera migwagwa nemigwagwa mikuru zvichiita kuti umambo hwacho hurambe hwakabatana, akavaka migero yemvura, uye akapa zvidimbu zvisingaverengeki zvezvivakwa uye zvivezwa. Akatotumidza mwedzi mushure make, kwete mumwe kunze kwaAugust! Anoonekwa semumwe wevatongi veRoma vakanakisa.

Tiberius (14-37 AD)

Mutungamiriri ane mbiri yakashata Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus ndiye akatsiva Augustus, achitonga Roma kubva muna AD 14 kusvika 37. Achitorwa semumwe wevakuru vemauto akakosha ehumambo, akagamuchirwa naAugustus mushure mekuroora Livia Drusilla, amai vake.

Mukati memakore ake ekutonga akaverengerwa semurume anosiririsa uye asingafariri, akatora chinzvimbo chaMambo uye murume wemwanasikana waAugustus, kumanikidzwa, zvichiita kuti Roma newanano yavo isafare kwazvo.

Pakuvamba muutungamiriri hwake aizivikanwa nokuda kwezvipo zvake somutungamiriri wehondo uye mutarisiri anoshingaira, asi mumakore akatevera, zvinonzi pashure porufu rwomwanakomana wake, akava mudzvinyiriri ane utsinye neane hasha, achibata zvisina kufanira uye achiponda vazhinji veboka. vateveri vake.

Akaenda kuchitsuwa cheCapri, mune imwe nzira yekuzvidzinga, vamwe vanoti akararama hupenyu hunoshamisa uye hwakasurukirwa hwehupombwe, kunyange vamwe vachifunga kuti kwaiva makuhwa akaparadzirwa nevavengi. Tiberius akafa muna Kurume 37 AD akataura kuti Humambo hwake hutonge Caligula naTiberius Twin.

Caligula (37 - 41 AD)

Gaius Caesar kana Caligula anorangarirwa samambo ane hudzvinyiriri, mumwe weakanyanya kuchinjika uye ane ngozi pakati peVatongi veRoma, ane hupenyu hwekunyanyisa uye hupenzi. Akawana simba rakazara muhushe hweRoma paakangobvisa Tiberius Twin.

Asi akatonga kwemakore mana chete, nguva pfupi yakatora AD 37-41, apo akaurayiwa zvine hutsinye. Zvisinei, akanga atosiya nyaya dzemacabre dzakakwana kuti dzizadze bhuku renhoroondo.

Uyu hunhu aizviti ane masimba anoshamisa, achizvienzanisa nehumwari, izvo zvakamupa simba rekuuraya, hutsinye uye zviito zverusununguko, zvakapinza Roma mukutya kukuru nekusagadzikana.

Caligula aizivikanwa nekusagadzikana kwake, kuzvidzora, uye kuseka, achizivisa mapurojekiti akadai sekuvaka zambuko rinoyangarara rakareba mamaira matatu kuyambuka Bay yemazuva ano yeNaples kuti agone kuchovha pariri, kugura zvidhori, uye kutsiva chikamu chisipo. kana kuzvigadza mumiririri webhiza rake.

Anonzi ndiye akapenga zvikuru paMadzimambo ose eRoma, akauraya vanhu vakawanda asingasaruri uye akatuma uto rake kuti riite zvinhu zvisina musoro. Asi, hatizivi kana mhosva dzake dzakawedzeredzwa nemanyuko ekare kana kuti aive murume aitambudzwa aiparadzira kutya muUmambo hweRoma.

Claudius (41 - 54 AD)

Claudius, uyo aitarisirwa pasi nevakawanda, akanzi mutsivi waCaligula pakuda kwevarindi vehumambo, zvisinei, mamwe masosi anoratidza kuti zvinogoneka kuti akabatanidzwa mukurangana kwakagumisa hupenyu hwaCaligula uye akaronga zvese kuti akwire pachigaro.

Chero nzira ipi yaakashandisa kuwana simba, kutonga kwake kwakabudirira zvinoshamisa pakati peVatongi veRoma kusvika panguva ino, kunyange zvazvo akanga ane zvirwere zvakawanda kubva pakuberekwa, kusanganisira kuoma mitezo uye pfari, izvo zvakaita kuti vakawanda vafunge kuti haaigona kuva Mambo. .

Mhuri yake yakamuviga, asi pachivande Claudius akave mudzidzi anoshamisa, aine ruzivo munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzakaita senhoroondo nezvematongerwo enyika, izvo zvaizoita kuti ave mutungamiri akanaka pakati pa 41 na 54 AD.

Zvakauya sechishamiso kumunhu wese, ane njere uye akangwara, akabudirira kutungamirira imwe yezvakakosha zvehondo zvemuzana remakore rokutanga, kukunda kweGreat Britain. Yakakodzera kuyemurwa uye kukudzwa ine arch yekukunda paVia Flaminia inotungamira kubva kuRoma kuenda kuArimiuma, pakudzoka kwake.

Nguva yake muhurumende yaiva nguva yebudiriro, budiriro nekukura munzvimbo dzose, airemekedzwa neuto rake uye aidiwa navanhu vomuguta, izvo akawana nzvimbo yakafanira munhau.

Claudius akawana kurangana kwakasiyana panguva yekutonga kwake uye maseneta mazhinji akaurayiwa. Asi kurangana kwakagumisa hupenyu hwake kwakabva kudenderedzwa rake repedyo uye kunyangwe pasina chokwadi nezvekuzivikanwa kwake, mhosva inowira pamuranda Locusta; muravi, Haloto; chiremba wake, Xenophon kana Agrippina, mudzimai wake uye amai vaNero, vakagamuchira mwanakomana uye mutsivi waClaudius.

Nero (54 - 68 AD)

Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus akakwira chigaro aine makore gumi nemanomwe chete, aizivikanwa nekufarira kwake zvehunyanzvi uye zvivakwa, achiraira chiverengero chezvivakwa zvakanakisa uye zvivezwa.

Akadzikisa mitero uye akarayira kuti mitambo yevanhu vose iitwe makore mashanu oga oga, zvisinei kuti yakanga iri yenguva pfupi, nokukurumidza zvinhu zvakatanga kuipa uye akatanga kuuraya munhu upi noupi asingabvumirani naye, kunyange amai vake.

Apo chikamu chikuru cheRoma chakatsva, vamwe vakafungidzira kuti ndiye akatanga moto, kunyanya paakarayira muzinda mutsva wemaeka zana kuti uvakwe panzvimbo yawo, une chifananidzo chake, chakareba mamita angasvika zana, pakati chaipo. Chimiro chakanyanyisa chainzi Colossus waNero.

Nero akanga ari Mambo wechishanu weRoma, mwanakomana wokurera uye mugari wenhaka yaMambo Kraudhiyo, uyo akave nemukurumbira nokuda kwounzenza hwake, kunyanyisa kwomunhu oga, kupiswa kweRoma, uye kutambudzwa kwamaKristu. Asi kunze kweizvozvo, akatarisa basa rake pane diplomacy, kutengeserana uye kusimbisa tsika muhushe hukuru.

Mambo uyu ndiye akanga ari nyajambwa wekupidigura hurumende kwakarongwa nemagavhuna akati wandei, izvo zviri pachena kuti zvakamumanikidza kuzviuraya. Zvisinei, dzimwe nyaya dzekare zvikonzero zvekurukurirano uye kusabvumirana, sezvo zvakaoma kuona kuti idzi nyaya dzisinganzwisisiki ndedzechokwadi sei.

Galba (68 - 69 AD)

Galba, mumutauro weLatin Servio Galba César Augusto, ane zita rekutanga ainzi Servio Sulpicius Galba, akaberekwa muna Zvita 24 wegore 3 Kristu asati auya uye aive mutungamiriri mukuru weHumambo hweRoma kwemwedzi minomwe, akarangarirwa nekururama kwake mukutonga, Asi neboka ravapi vamazano vane utsinye uye vakaipa.

Galba akanga ari mwanakomana womumiriri Gaius Sulpicius Galba naMummia Achaica, avo, sezvaunogona kufungidzira, akaberekerwa uye akakurira mumhuri ine pfuma huru nedzinza rekare, iro rakafarikanya nyasha dzamadzimambo, zvikurukuru Augusto naTibherio.

Akatanga basa rake achiri mudiki uye akagadzwa kuva consul, gavhuna weGermania, uye proconsul weAfrica. Akabatanidzwa uye akakurudzira kumukira uye kupandukira Nero, achitenda kuti mambo akanga achironga kuuraya kwake, akabvuma kukokwa kubva kuna Gaius Julius Vindex, gavhuna weLugdunensis muGaul, kuti atungamirire kumukira.

Akabva atora rimwe uto idzva uye akawana vateveri vakawanda mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda dzoumambo hwacho, akakurudzira varindi vamambo, Varindi vomuMuzinda waMambo vaiva nomukurumbira wakaipa kuti vasiye basa uye vatengese Nero kuti vawane mubayiro mukuru. Nenhamba huru yevabatsiri, vakakwanisa kubvisa Nero uyo, munaJune 68, akazviuraya.

Achiperekedzwa naOtto, gavhuna weLusitania, Galba akafora achienda kuRoma uye akaziviswa kuva mambo neSeneti. Munguva yake pfupi akanga asiri mambo aizivikanwa zvikuru, sezvaaiedza kuderedza kushandisa kwaNero kwakanyanyisa, akarayira kuurayiwa kwemauto akanga atorwa neaichimbova mambo, pamwe chete neaya evashori vakasiyana-siyana.

Hukama hwake hwakaipa nemauto hwakakonzera kusawirirana nekumukirana, achitengeswa nemumwe wevaimutsigira, akapondwa muRoman Forum muna Ndira 15, 69 AD naCamurius, musoja weLegio XV Primigenia. Mazuva akatevera ndiani aizomubvisa musimba, Pisón, akapondwa.

Otto (Ndira - Kubvumbi 69 AD)

Marcos Otón César Augusto, aizivikanwa saOtón, akazvarwa mugore ra32 AD. C, akanga ari mambo akanga achitonga kwemwedzi mishomanene, kubva muna Ndira kusvika muna Kubvumbi 69, gore iro umambo hwacho hwakanga hune madzimambo mana.

Aive chikamu chedenderedzwa raNero uye aizivikanwawo nehutsinye uye hutsinye, zvisinei, hushamwari ihwohwo hwakapera apo mambo akasarudza kuita kuti mudzimai wake ade.

Akadzingwa sagavhuna wepurovhinzi yeLusitania, akaramba ari pakati nepakati kwemakore gumi, achichengetedza chigumbu chake kuna Nero kwenguva yakakodzera, uye muna AD 68 mukana wakauya.

Akanga ari mubatsiri weGalba uye Nero akadzingwa kuti azviuraye. Asi paakarega kumutumidza kuti mugari wenhaka yake pachigaro, akamupandukira ndokupa mauto chiokomuhomwe kuti amukire uye amuuraye. Paakanga ava musimba akasarudza kugumisa chimurenga muGermany uye akatanga hondo dzakatevedzana. Pashure pezvimwe zvisarudzo zvakaipa, akasarudza kuzviuraya mutende rake.

Aulus Vitellius (Chikunguru - Zvita 69 AD)

Aulus Vitellius Germanicus akaberekwa muna AD 15. C. uye akanga ari wokupedzisira wavatsivi vatatu vaNero, mugore rimwe chetero. Vitellius akatonga Hushe hweRoma kubva munaKubvumbi 17 kusvika Zvita 22, 69 AD, mushure mekufa kwaOtto.

Aive mwanakomana wezvematongerwo enyika Lucius Vitellius, aive consul katatu uye mwanakomana wake Aulus akatevera mumakwara ake achive consul muna 48 AD. C. uye mutongi weAfrica muna 61. Mambo mutsva, Galba, akamugadza kuti ave gavhuna wehurumende yeLower Germany muna 68.

Mauto eGermany haana kunzwira tsitsi Galba uye izvi zvakabatsira zvikuru kuna Vitellius, uyo akazvibata asina hanya uye ane rupo, zvokuti munaJanuary 69 varume vake vakamutumidza kuti mambo uye mauto eUpper Germany, pamwe chete nechikamu chikuru chevatungamiri kubva. Spain, Gaul neGreat Britain vakasarudza kubatana nedivi rake.

Akatungamirira mauto ake kuItaly, asi Galba akanga aurayiwa uye mauto aVitellius akarwisana nemauto emutsivi wake, Otto, kuBedriacum. Mauto emutungamiriri panguva iyoyo nemutongi Otto akakundwa uye akatora hupenyu hwake musi wa16 Kubvumbi.

Vitellius akazivikanwa nedare reSeneti uye asingazezi akatsiva Murindi weMuzinda waMambo nemauto ake, asi haana chaakaita kuti akunde mauto aOtto nevaya vaibva kune dzimwe nzvimbo munharaunda yake sevabatsiri, izvo zvakaita kuti asangane nekumukira uye nechisimba. Muna December wegore rimwe chetero akapondwa nechisimba mukurwiswa neuto raVespasian paRoma.

Vespasian (69 - 79 AD)

Titus Flavius ​​​​Vespasian aive mutungamiri wedzinza reFlavian uye akatonga Humambo hweRoma kubva muna AD 69 kusvika 79, achishanda nesimba kuti adzorere Roma pakubwinya kwayo kwekare mushure mekutonga kwaNero kwakashata nekusagadzikana mumwedzi yakatevera kufa kwake.

Akatarisa pakudzoreredza chirango uye kurongeka muumambo, pamwe nehupfumi hwahwo, nekuchinja kwake kwemari. Inogona kusimbiswa kuti yakanga iri hutungamiri hwakabudirira, hwakawana kubatanidzwa kweHumambo hweRoma, kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye chirongwa chikuru chekuvaka.

Anotsanangurwa semurume ane hunhu uye ane hunhu, ane hupenyu hwakareruka, akaisa mari yakawanda mukuvandudza hupenyu hweveruzhinji, kugadzira migwagwa, nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji, zvimbuzi, kudzorera capitol nekuvaka zvivakwa zvine mukurumbira seTemberi yeRunyararo uye inokwirisa. Colosseum.

Nevavariro imwe cheteyo yokudzikamisa, akazvipira amene kuzvinhu zvehondo uye basa rake rokutanga rakanga riri rokudzorera chirango kumauto pashure pezviitiko zva 68 na 69. Vespasian akakudziridza chimiro chakakasharara, chimiro chemavambo anozvininipisa chaaida kurangarira .

Anorangarirwa nokuda kwechiito chake chikuru chebasa uye kureruka kwehupenyu hwake hwezuva nezuva, izvo zvaive zvechokwadi muenzaniso weiyo aristocracy yemazuva ano. Asi izvo hazvina kukanganisa hunyengeri hwake uye chishuvo chake, akatanga bato rine simba pakutanga uye mazhinji ekugadzwa kwake kwekutanga kunokonzerwa nekusarudzika kana chishuwo chekupa mubairo wekare.

Mitemo yekutonga kwake yaive nehungwaru uye yakarongeka, isina hukama kana hukama nehutungamiriri hwevatongi vekare kana vakazouya vakaita saTrajan kana Hadrian. Zvisinei, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti Vespasian akadzivisa kuparara kwoUmambo hweRoma nokugumisa hondo yevagari vemo, saka pax kana kuti rugare rwevagari vemo chimwe chezvimiro zvikuru zveutongi hwake.

Akafa nekuda kwekuzvimba kweura pazera re69. Mushure mekufa kwake akabva angopihwa humwari.

Trajan (98 - 117 AD)

Mambo Trajan akachinja zvikuru nyika yeRoma, achiwedzera zvikuru miganhu yayo munzvimbo dzokumabvazuva dzeDacia, Arabia, uye Armenia. Panguva yerufu rwake, umambo hwacho hwakanga hwakakura zvikuru kupfuura hwahwakanga hwamboita.

Kune rumwe rutivi, akarongawo chirongwa chakakosha chekuvaka, achisiya mutsara wemabasa akakodzera kusvika nhasi, semuenzaniso, Forum yeTrajan, Musika weTrajan uye Column yeTrajan.

Hadrian (117 - 138 AD)

Hutongi hwaHadrian hwaive nenguva yekugadzikana nerunyararo, umambo hwake hwaimuremekedza nekumuda, zvekuti akatumidzwa zita remadunhurirwa rekuti mambo wevanhu. Akashanyira matunhu ose eRoma achiedza kubatana neveruzhinji, achifamba nekugara nemauto ake ehondo.

Aive mutauriri wezvigure, achidzvinyirira kumukira kwemaJuda kwa130-136 AD nekubvisa mauto munzvimbo zhinji dzine dambudziko, kusanganisira Iraq.

Akanga ari mutungamiri mukuru uye achayeukwa nokuda kwekubudirira kwakawanda uye nemabasa akadai sekuvaka kweHadrian's Wall, muganhu unoratidza humambo hweRoma kuchamhembe kweEngland, akatungamirirawo kuvakwa kwePantheon neTemberi yeVenus uye. Roma.

Asati anzi mutsivi waTrajan saMambo weRoma, Hadrian akapedza nguva ari muAthens izvo zvakakurudzira kufarira kwake tsika dzechiGiriki. Pashure pokuva mambo muna 117, Hadrian akatsigira zvirongwa zvebasa ravose muAtene ndokupa vaGiriki vamiriri vakaenzana muRoma.

Marcus Aurelius (161 - 180 AD)

Marcus Aurelius akabva kumhuri ine mukurumbira yeRoma, sekuru vake vababa vake vaishanda kaviri semumiriri, uye mbuya vake amai vamai vake mugari wenhaka kune imwe yepfuma huru yeRoma. Marcus akaroora muzukuru wake Annia Galeria Faustina, mwanasikana waEmperor Antoninus Pius, uye vaive nevana vangangoita gumi nevaviri, kusanganisira Commodus, Marcus Aurelius akatsiva.

Achimiririra uye akafuridzirwa nepfungwa ye "Platonic King" kubva mugwaro rePlato's Republic, Marcus Aurelius aidavira kuti mutungamiri wechokwadi anofanira kuisa zvaanoda pamberi pevanhu vake.

Kunyange zvazvo kupindira kwake kwaive kwakakosha kudzivirira nharaunda yeRoma muMarcomannic Wars, akanga ari murume ane rugare uye aigara Stoic Philosophy. Mumakore ake akazotevera, akagadzira nhevedzano yezvinyorwa zvinonzi Kufungisisa, achitsanangura zvidzidzo zvokuva akachenjera uye anokudzwa.

Mazuva ano Marcus Aurelius anozivikanwa sewekupedzisira we madzimambo mashanu akanaka uye kutonga kwake seGolden Age yeUmambo hweRoma. Akasarudza somutsivi wake mwanakomana wake mumwe chete akanga asara, Commodus.

Commodus (177-192 AD)

Achitorwa semunhu anopokana uye akaipa mukupesana kukuru nababa vake vaive nerunyararo Marcus Aurelius, mambo uyu akaenda munhoroondo saMambo weRoma ane hutsinye. Akapambwa uye akasununguka, akazvigadzira seGladiator ane simba rose aifarira kuuraya nekuda kwemutambo, achitevedzera Hercules nekupfeka ganda reshumba.

Zvisinei akasarudza nemaune hondo nevakwikwidzi vakanga vasina simba uye vasina dziviriro, achiziva kuti aizokunda, anozvitutumadza uye eccentric akaenda kusvika pakuchinja zita rake kuti Hercules uye akaedza kutumidzwa zita ramwari mupenyu.

Hunhu hwake husina hanya hwakatungamira Roma mukuparara kwemari nehondo yevagari vemo, zvichikonzera kuita kweketani kwakazoita kuti Humambo hwese huparare.

Septimius Severus (193 - 211 AD)

Murume wemauto, Septimius aive muvambi wedzinza rekwaSeveran, achitonga kubva muna 193 kusvika 211 AD Aive mukuru wemauto akakosha werudzi rweAfrica, akashandura mauto eRoma, achikwanisa kutora varwi uye kuumba uto rakakura, uko masoja aigamuchira zvakakwirira. mihoro uye kodzero yekuroora.

Nemauto makuru akanga asingamisiki, achiwedzera Hushe hweRoma kusvika pahupamhi hunoshamisa hwemakiromita 5 miriyoni, hukuru hwahwaive hwambove. Akavakawo Arc de Triomphe muRoman Forum uye Septizodium muRoma.

Caracalla (198 - 217 AD)

Akanga ari mutungamiri ane utsinye, asingatenderi uye ane utsinye, mwanakomana wedangwe waSeptimius Severus. Chishuvo chake nekuzvifunga zvakakonzera kukwikwidzana nemunin'ina wake Geta, kukakavara kwakawedzera pakaurayiwa Severus paaiita mushandirapamwe muBritain muna 211.

Caracalla, achangove nemakore makumi maviri nematatu, akangoerekana asimuka kubva panzvimbo yechipiri kuenda panzvimbo yekutanga muhumambo. Vese iye nemunin'ina wake vakagara nhaka chigaro pamwe chete uye kunyangwe mai vavo vakaedza kuunza kuyanana pakati pavo, Caracalla akazouraya Geta, mumaoko aJulia pachake,

Hapana mubvunzo pamusoro pehutsinye hunotyisa hwekuita kwaCaracalla, hazvina kukwana kuti auraye mukoma wake pamberi paamai vake, asi zvakadzima zvese zvekuyeuka kwake kwemari, mifananidzo uye zvimwe zviyeuchidzo. Izvi zvakakwana kuti tiwane rudzi rwomutungamiriri uyo Roma yaifanira kutsigira, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda vachiti pakati pehama mbiri idzi pakanga pasina rumbonera rwechigadzikiso chaizova chine tsika uye chinobvira panguva imwe cheteyo.

Akatonga Roma kweanoda kusvika makore makumi maviri, budiriro yake huru iri yekugezera mahombe muRoma uye Edict 212 waipa vagari veRoma vose vakasununguka muUmambo hweRoma, izvo vamwe vanodavira kuti rakanga riri danho rokusakendenga rokutora mimwe mitero. Akatevera maitiro aAlexander Mukuru uye akaedza kukunda hondo yekurwisana nevaParthian, asi akarasikirwa nehupenyu hwake mukuita.

Caracalla, ane hutongi hwakakonzera kudzikira kwehumambo, aigara achionekwa semumwe wevadzvinyiriri vakateura ropa zvakanyanya munhoroondo yeRoma.

Maximin the Thracian (235 - 238 AD) 

Cayo Julio Vero Maximino anoyeukwa semumwe wevatongi veRoma vane hurema uye vakasimba pane vese nguva, nyaya dzinotaura kuti akange akareba 2.6 metres.

Muhudiki hwake ukuru uye simba rakashata zvakamupa mukana muuto reRoma, achisimuka nekukurumidza nepakati, kusvika azove mambo weRoma muna 235 AD.

Zvakanzi Dare reSeneti reRoma rakanga risingabvumirani nehutsinye hwake hwoutsinye, asi akakurudzira kutya kukuru kuti amupikisa. Mabviro ake aive akapfava, aya edunhu repasi, akange asina kudzidziswa, kunze kwezvaakawana mubasa rake rechiuto, saka, kugona kwake kutonga kwakabvunzwa, achinyora manejimendi ake sekutanga kwedambudziko rezana ramakore rechitatu.

Maximino akatanga ari murwi akapfava wemauto ari mukuraira kwaSeptimius Severus, achigara pachinzvimbo chimwe chete kusvikira Alexander Severus amusimudzira semutungamiri weLegio IV Italica, inoumbwa zvikuru nevatorwa kubva kuPannonia.

Kusemburwa kwakatonga pakati pemauto, nekuda kwemuripo wakaitwa namambo kuna Alamanni uye zvakare nekuti izvi zvakadzivirira kurwisana kwepfuti. Vakapandukira, vakaponda mambo muduku naamai vake, vachigadza Thracian somutongi mutsva.

Varindi vomuMuzinda waMambo vakamukurudzira, uye Dare reSeneti rakanga risisina zvokuita kunze kwokungobvumira mutongo wacho, kunyange zvaipesana nezvaaida. Mumwe murombo, uyo akazova musoja, akasimuka pachigaro chekusagutsikana kwemaseneta. Nekudaro, nekuda kwesimba rake rehutsinye uye kugona kwemauto, akazokunda gakava rairamba riripo nemadzinza eGerman panguva iyoyo, achimuwanira zita guru reGermanicus Maximus.

Munenge mugore ra238, apo Maximinus akanga ari muhondo ine utsinye muPannonia pamusoro pevaDacians nevaSarmatians, boka revaridzi venyika muAfrica, vasingagutsikani nemitero yamambo, vakapandukira uye vakaponda vateresi vavo, kwaiva kumukira kukuru munharaunda yacho. izvo zvakaguma nokuziviswa kwamambo mutsva Sempronian Gordian, uyo akagamuchirwa neseneti nokukurumidza.

Nekudaro, kumukira kwakadzvinyirirwa nagavhuna weNumidia, mwanakomana wamambo mutsva akaurayiwa muhondo uye mutungamiri mutsva akazviuraya. Asi Seneti yeRoma yakashandisa hungwaru chimurenga ichi sechikonzero chekubvisa Maximinus uye kuziva mushakabvu Gordianus.

Vakabva vamhanya kuti vanzwe mashoko erufu rwake kuti vazivise madzimambo maviri matsva, Pupienus naBalbinus, avo vakadzivisa kudzoka kweTracian, vakavharirwa muguta reAquileia. Apo nzara uye kuda zvakatambudza mauto, vakapandukira uye vakaponda Maximinus nemwanakomana wake.

Valerian (253 - 260 AD)

Mambo Valerian akatonga Roma munguva yenhamo yezana ramakore rechitatu. Panguva apo kuvhozhokera kwevatorwa kwakatyisidzira kuchengeteka kweRoma, rakanga riri dambudziko guru uye Valerian akagoverana chigaro choumambo nomwanakomana wake Gallienus mukuedza kudzoreredza kutonga kweumambo.

Akatora rutivi rwokumabvazuva ndokusiira mwanakomana wake kumavirazuva. Munhau anorangarirwa samambo wokutanga akabatwa ndokutorwa musungwa, mamirire ezvinhu akaitika pashure pehondo yeEdessa, achirwisana namambo wePersia Shapur.

Akanga ari muranda uye akanga ari mumamiriro ezvinhu aya kwenguva refu, achishanda sechitsiko chetsoka dzomunhu waMambo Shapur. Zvinonzi munhoroondo dzekare akaurayiwa nevaPezhiya, avo vakamumanikidza kumedza goridhe rine mvura.

Gallienus (260 - 2680 AD)

Mwanakomana waValeriano akatonga nababa vake kubva muna 253 kusvika 260 AD, akatora chigaro chehushe mushure mekufa kwababa vake, mukati menguva kubva muna 260 kusvika 268 AD, pakati pedambudziko rezana remakore rechitatu, apo madzimambo. handina kumbobata simba kwenguva yakareba.

Mufananidzo wake somurume asina simba uye anotya wakamutambudza, kunyange sezvaakarwira kudzivirira Roma pakurwiswa kwakatevedzana. Vanhu veRoma vakapanduka uye chimurenga chakaedza kubvisa Gallienus pachigaro, apo nhevedzano yevatsivi vakaedza kutora nzvimbo yake, yaizivikanwa seThe Thirty Tyrants.

Asi kurangana kusati kwakonzera rufu rwekufungidzira, akawana simba rake, achidzora kurwiswa kutsva kwevaGoth uye kukunda maAlemanni. Aipa vadzorwi vake pfungwa yokukwanisa kuchengeta kurongeka nokudzora, kunyange sezvo kumukira nokumukira muumambo hwose kwakanga kuri nguva dzose.

Mambo uyu aiva neunyanzvi chaizvo achiedza kuchengetedza hutongi hweRoma munguva dzakaoma kudaro, achikunda kupinda nechisimba uye kubvisa hupanduki, zvisinei, haana kumbokwanisa kuibatanidza, kunyanya kusimudzira uye kukurudzira ukuru hwayo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadai setsika, kunze kwe dzimwe nguva dzorugare. Akaurayiwa nemasoja ake.

Constantine Mukuru (306-337 AD)

Constantine Mukuru akaunza chinjo dzinoshamisa kuumambo hwaizochinja nokusingaperi nzira yenhau yahwo. Akarwa panguva yekutonga kwekare kwakaisa vatungamiri vana kuti vatarisire nyika yakakura uye yakaoma, vachizvitora iye oga, mushure mokunge mauto ake azvizivisa.

Muchinjo yaisatarisira, akagamuchira chiKristu sechitendero chikuru chenzanga yeRoma uye akatanga guta idzva rehumambo raitungamirirwa nechiKristu muByzantium raizova nezita rake, Constantinople. Chiito ichi chaizoparadzanisa humambo hweRoma zvachose.

Mukuwedzera, akachinja uye akavandudza dare, mitemo uye nzira iyo mauto akaumbwa uye akarongeka. Akashambadzira mimwe mirau inovandudza hupenyu muhumambo neimwe nzira, heino mimwe:

  • Vateresi vaiita zvakaipa uye kutsamwira mari yaiunganidzwa vairangwa nokutongerwa rufu.
  • Kupambwa kwevasikana kwairambidzwa.
  • Kubatwa kuri nani kwaipiwa kuvasungwa, vaisafanira kuramba vari murima guru panguva yekutongwa kwavo, zvichivapa kodzero yokuona chiedza.
  • Kurovererwa kwakatsiviwa nekurembera sechirango cherufu.
  • Yakabvisa mitambo yeGladiator.
  • Kupembererwa kweIsita kwakanga kusisarambidzwe uye kwaigona kuitwa pachena.

MADZIMAMBO EVAROMA

Constantine II (337-340 AD)

Mwanakomana waConstantine Mukuru akatonga pakati paAD 306 na337, akagamuchira zita raKesari kubva kuna baba vake muna March 317. Pakafa Constantine Mukuru muna 337, Constantine II nevanun’una vake, Constans naConstantius II, vakakamura umambo hweRoma. humambo pakati pavo uye mumwe nemumwe akatora zita rekuti Augustus.

Constantine II akava mutongi weBritain, Gaul neSpain, aigara achichengetwa nomunun’una wake, asi paakasvika pazera, Constantine II akati Italy neAfrica, mukuvamba kwa340, akapinda muItaly asingatarisiri.

Asi pakupinda muAquileia, Constantine II akasangana nevakuru vemauto aConstans uye akaurayiwa muhondo. Munun’una wake akatora nyika idzo dzaaitonga.

Constantius Gallus (351 - 354 AD)

Gallus, akaberekerwa muEtruria, akanga ari mutongi wamaruwa okumabvazuva oUmambo hweRoma, ane zita rokuremekedza raKesari, pakati paAD 351 na354. Nhoroondo dzekare dzeiyi nhambo dzinoratidzira kuti kutonga kwaGallus muAntiokia kwakanga kuri kwoudzvinyiriri.

Mwanakomana waJulius Constantius uye munun’una waConstantine Mukuru, akagamuchira dzidzo yechiKristu yakasimba. Constantius II akamudaidza kuti Caesar muSirmium muna 351, uye akarongawo kuti Gallus aroore hanzvadzi yake Constance.

Asi kuomesera kwaakaita uye kurerwa ari oga kwakamuita kuti ave akaoma, asina ungwaru uye ane hasha. Akagadza hurongwa hwakakwana hwevasori pakati pevaaitonga uye akauraya vanhu vakati wandei achipomerwa mhosva yekupandukira. Pamusoro pezvo, akadzvinyirira uye akakunda kumukira muPalestine neIsauria, achibvisawo vaPersia kubva munzvimbo dzake.

Vari pasi pake vakatumira kazhinji kazhinji zvisina kunaka uye mune zvimwe zviitiko mishumo yenhema kuna Constantius, uyo akakumbira kuvapo kwaGallus muConstantinople, kubvisa maropafadzo ake, kumubvisa masimba ake, uye pakupedzisira kumuuraya.

Constantius II (337 - 361 AD)

Flavius ​​Julius Constantius akaberekwa muna 317, mwanakomana waConstantine Mukuru uye mambo kubva 337 kusvika 361 AD. Pakutanga akagovana masimba nevakoma vake vaviri, Constantine II naConstans I, asi aive ega mutongi kubva 353 kusvika 361.

MADZIMAMBO EVAROMA

Mushure mekufa kwemukoma wavo Constantine II mukuedza kwake kutorera Constantine I umambo hwake, mukoma nomunun’una vakasiiwa kuti vatonge Hushe hweRoma hukuru, zvisinei, muna 350 AD Constantine akapondwa naMagnentius.

Constantius II haana kugamuchira mupambi uye vakanetsana muhondo dzinoverengeka dzesimba, vasati vakunda zvinonyadzisa Magnentius asati azviuraya uye mwanakomana waConstantine Mukuru akasiiwa ari ega regent.

Mambo uyu akaita mauto akawanda akabudirira zvikuru, asi haana kufira muhondo, akarwara ndokufa zvakaguma mugore ra361 ndokugadza muzukuru wake mumwe chete nomukwikwidzi, Julian somutsivi wechigaro choumambo.

Romulus Augustus (475 - 476 AD)

Romulus Augustus aizivikanwa munhoroondo yevatongi veRoma yekumadokero seiye akavhara kutenderera kwevatungamiri uku. Kunyange zvazvo aionekwa semupambi uye chidhori, haana kuzivikanwa semutongi ari pamutemo naMambo wekuMabvazuva.

Romulus aive mwanakomana wemukuru wehushe hwekumadokero, Orestes. Zita rake rekutanga rainzi Augustus, asi rakazoshandurwa kuita diki nekuti aive achiri mwana apo baba vake, mushure mekudzinga Mambo weWestern Julius Nepos kubva kuItaly, vakamusimudza kuchigaro cheushe musi wa31 Gumiguru, 475.

Orestes akatonga Italy kwerinenge gore achimiririra mwanakomana wake, asi pakupedzisira mauto ake nemubatanidzwa waHeruli, Scyri, naTorcilingios vakapandukira ndokuwana mutungamiri murwi weGerman Odoacer. Mauto aOdoacer akatora uye akauraya Orestes musi waNyamavhuvhu 28, 476.

Romulus, zvisinei, akaponeswa nekuda kwehuduku hwake, akabatwa naOdoacer uye dzimwe nhoroondo dzinoratidza kuti akaenda kuCampania, nzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba kweItaly. Hazvizivikanwi kuti upenyu hwake hwaizova hwakaita sei mumakore aizotevera, asi zvinonzi akararama kusvikira kutonga kwaTheodoric (493-526 AD).

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