Zvese nezve Zvakawanikwa naAristotle, inozivikanwawo sababa vehuzivi uye chikamu chemasaenzi akakosha munhoroondo yese, mashoma mashoma akaenzaniswa nese ruzivo nezve Aristotle kuti tinokupa iwe pano.
Aristotle aiva ani?
Aristotle aive mwana akakura ari pasi pesimba rababa vake semushandi mumuzinda, akazvarwa muna 384 BC. C. muguta rekare reMakedhonia, ratinoziva nhasi seGirisi.
Vabereki vake vakafa naye paakanga achiri mudiki, ndokusaka akazochengetwa nemuchengeti wake Proxenus weAtarneo, uyo vamwe vanofungidzira kuti angadai ari hama yemumwe wevabereki vake uye akaita sarudzo yekumuendesa kuAthens. , zvose izvi nokuda kwokuti adzidziswe munzvimbo yakanga iri nzvimbo youchenjeri nezivo muGirisi yose panguva iyoyo.
Aristotle akadzidza paAcademy yeAthens, iyo yaionekwa seimwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha pakudzidza uzivi, sainzi nehunyanzvi, yakavambwa muna 387 BC. C. naPlato uyo akanga ari mudzidzi waSocrates uye akavawo mudzidzisi waAristotle.
Nguva yake pachikoro yakamupa ruzivo rwakawanda, nepo akakwanisa kudzidzisa nevazivi vakanakisisa venguva iyoyo, vose vadzidzi nevadzidzisi. Aristotle ndiye aive mutsindo weiyo Mipiro yeGalileo Galilei, kunyange zvazvo iyi yakanga isingabvumirani zvikuru nouzivi hweMakedhonia.
Zvisinei, akauya kuzotanga ukama hwapedyo zvikuru nevanhu vanoverengeka vechikoro chacho, pakati pavo paiva nomumwe murume akagoverana neMacedonia mutsauko waakanga anawo pamusoro pouzivi hwakaiswa mavari nomudzidzisi wake nomuvambi Plantón.
Zvikurukuru izvi ndizvo zvakaita kuti Aristotle adzore pfungwa, zvichimubvumira kuva muzivi akanakisisa munhau, sezvo iye, asingagutsikani nedzidziso dzaanowana, akasarudza kuumba uzivi hwake amene.
Pashure porufu rwomudzidzisi wake, iye, kufanana navamwe vadzidzi vakawanda, akasiya Atene ndokuenda kuguta reAso, rinozivikanwa nhasi seTurkey, kwaakasangana naPythias, uyo akanga ari hama yepedyo yaHermias, shamwari yekare yeMacedonia anopedzisira ava mudzimai wake wokutanga uye amai vedangwe rake.
Shamwari yake ichangofa, Aristotle akaenda kuguta riri panzvimbo yava kunzi Island of Lebos, kwaakasangana neshamwari yake yekare Theophrastus uye pamwe chete vakadzidziswa biology, kunyanya iyo yemhuka. terrestrial (zoology) uye zvipenyu zvomumvura.
Akakumbirwa zvakasimba namambo wenzvimbo yakanga iri taundi raakaberekerwa panguva iyoyo, kuti adzidzise mhuri youmambo uye ave mudzidzisi wevaya vaizozivikanwa nerimwe zuva somumwe wemagavhuna akanakisisa muGirisi yose nedzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika. , zvisinei, muzivi wacho akashuva zvakawanda zvikuru, nenzira yakadaro zvokuti akatanga dzidziso yake amene mukugadzwa uko iye amene akavamba, kunozivikanwa seLyceum.
Iyi campus yakasvika pakuzivikanwa nekukasira, zvisinei, yaive nezvimwe zvakafanana nezvimwe zvikoro zvenguva iyoyo, sekuti vaidzidzisa makirasi nemasemina mavaive vasingabhadhare, vaizviita kuti chero ari muguta agone. enda kunodzidza pane imwe nguva zvisinei nekushaikwa kwemari yekubhadhara makirasi.
Akaroora kechipiri aine mudiwa wake mushure mekufa kwemukadzi wake, zvinonzi nemukadzi uyu akabata vana vakati wandei, zvisinei, anonyanya kuzivikanwa aive Nicomaco uyo baba vake vakati kufemerwa kwake kunyora akateedzana gumi. mabhuku ezvetsika uye kunaka.
Paakaona hupenyu hwake huri mungozi nekuda kwekukakavadzana kwevanhu kwakakonzerwa nekufa kwemutongi panguva iyoyo, akaenda nemhuri yake kune chimwe chitsuwa cheGreece, kwaakafira gore rakatevera nekuda kwechirwere chakakomba chisingazivikanwi kusvikira. ikozvino.
Aristotle akadzidzei?
Uyu ndiwo mumwe wemibvunzo yakajairika pamusoro pekudzidziswa kwake, sezvo zvakakosha kuziva kuti ndezvipi zvidzidzo zvaakatsaurira hupenyu hwake uye ruzivo, zvisinei, tinofanira kusimbisa kuti murume uyu haana kudzidziswa mubazi rimwe resainzi chero ipi zvayo. ukuru hwekunzwisisa kwake kwakaenda kure zvekuti akakwanisa kudzidzira zvidzidzo zvakaita sefizikisi, nyeredzi, biology, zvematongerwo enyika nemamwe mapazi mazhinji.
Akanga ari murume anoda kuziva zvikuru, mudi wezivo akatendeka, pfungwa dzake dzakavakirwa pakukosha kwedzidzo kuitira kuti vanhu vagone kuwana mano okunzvera nokubvunza chinhu chiri chose, kwete bedzi mukutsvaka zivo asiwo nokuda kwezvokwadi yakakwana. chero bedzi zvine musoro.
Aristotle akawana chii?
ari Zvakawanikwa naAristotle kunyange nhasi vanoramba vachipa chimwe chinhu chokutaura pamusoro pacho, nzira dzavo dzokuedza dzichiri kushandiswa uye kunyange zvazvo zvimwe zvipo zvakadzika munhau, pasina mubvunzo, murume uyu akanga ari pesvedzero inokosha yokufambira mberi munguva yake uye kuwedzera kwezivo mune zvakawanda. nzvimbo dzekufunda.
Aristotelian logic
Uzivi uhwu hwakavakirwa pachokwadi chekuti nharo dzinoitwa pane chaiyo musoro, ongororo, kudzidza kana mamiriro ezvinhu anobva pafungidziro inogona kuratidzwa neimwe nzira. Semuyenzaniso; kana kupomerwa kurova kwakavakirwa paumbowo hwemuviri hwakadai sezvapupu kana vhidhiyo, chirevo chacho chinofanira kunge chiri chechokwadi.
Muzvidzidzo zvakaita sehuzivi, pfungwa, dzidziso yebhaibheri uye mamwe matavi edzidzo, pfungwa yekuona uye kugona kuonga hazvibatsiri ivo pachavo, sezvo zvichidikanwa kuona zvakanyanya kupfuura izvo pfungwa dzakajairika dzinogona kusiyanisa, izvi zvinoreva kuti chokwadi uye chikonzero. kuhwanda kuseri kwezvinoratidzika kuva zvechokwadi, ndosaka tichifanira kuva nevavariro mukutarisana nenhamo uye kufunga zvakanaka tisati tataura.
Zvematongerwo enyika zveAristotle
Kuna Aristotle, mutungamiri anoita basa rakakosha zvikuru muhutungamiriri hwenyika, sezvo ari iye munhu anotungamirira vagari vemo kuti vatevedzere nhevedzano yemirau uye magadzirirwo anoshandira kuvimbisa kugara zvakanaka kwemunhu.
Mazuvano tese tinoziva kuti kuve gavhuna harisi basa riri nyore, havagone kungopfuura nehupenyu vachiraira zvisina tsarukano zvinoenderana nezvavanoda kuraira uye havafe vakakwanisa kufadza vagari vemo, ndosaka nyika dzinofanira kunge dziri mukati. mhosva yemunhu akasimba muzvinangwa zvake uye akadzidziswa kukwanisa kukoshesa masimba emunhu wega wega semunhu akaparadzana uye sechikamu chenharaunda.
Mipiro muBiology
Muzivi akanyura mukati menyika yebiology, akakwanisa kuita kuenzanisa kwakawanda pakati pezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana muhupenyu hwake hwose, kunyanya mhuka, uye izvi ndizvo zvakamubvumira kuti atange izvo zvino zvinozivikanwa sechikamu chezvipenyu. humambo hwezvakasikwa, nokupatsanura mhuka dzine vertebrate nedzisina vertebrate kuita mapoka maviri.
Chinangwa chake chikuru chokuronga marudzi aya chaiva chokutsvaka zvakanakira maumbirwo emhuka imwe neimwe, kutsanangura kuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe cheganda romunhu wacho chaishanda sei uye kuti chimiro chayo chakadii kana chichienzaniswa nechomumwe mhuka.
Nzira dzekudzidzisa
Aristotle akati ndangariro ifungidziro isina kujeka yezvaive, tinorangarira chimwe chinhu chakaitika patinochibatanidza nezvazvino uye mukuita uku pfungwa dzinogadzira mifananidzo kana manzwi ane hukama nenguva yakaitika. Izvi hazviitike netsaona uye ndangariro dzinoshanda muotomatiki modhi, sezvo pfungwa dzedu dzinoshanda nekukurumidza kupfuura isu uye dzinomutsa ndangariro kunyange tisati tadziita.
Zvisineyi, ndangariro dzinotipa mishomanana chete yezvingave chaizvoizvo uye isingaratidzi zvakaitika chaizvo, pfungwa dzinotokwanisa kushandura kana kubvisa ndangariro kana dzichimutsa nguva dzekushushikana kukuru nekunetsana.
Ndicho chikonzero nei zvisiri zvose zvakararama zviri mundangariro, sezvo tisiri kurangarira zvakaitika nguva dzose uye munguva iri yose yatinorarama. Kudai kuvapo kwakavakirwa pakurarama pandangariro, zvaizotitorera nguva inopfuura yeupenyu humwe kuti tidzokere kunhambo dzose dzenhoroondo yedu, uye ikoku kwaisazotibvumira kufambira mberi.
Kukosha Kwetsika
Aristotle aidavira kuti chinhu chinokosha kuti ubudirire kutsungirira, kuti maererano nezvatinojaira kuita, mugumisiro watichawana unofanira kufanana nounhu uye kubatsirwa. Tsika iyi haingori chiitiko chekumanikidzirwa chatinongoita otomatiki, zvinoreva kuzvidzidzisa kuitira kuti iyi ive imwe nhanho yekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvedu.
"Isu ndizvo zvatinogara tichiita. Kunaka, ipapoka, hachisi chiito; Itsika". Aristotle
Iyo cientific nzira
Akadzidzisa kuti chinhu chikuru chaizoshandiswa mukuferefeta kwaive kuona, kuti nzira yakanakisa yekunzwisisa chero pfungwa kana fungidziro ine chokwadi chinobatika uye chinogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nezvidzidzo zvinobatika, kwete chete dzidziso dzinobva pakufunga kusina musoro kwe "chii chingave." kana…”
Akarayirawo kuti tinofanira kuda kuziva, mibvunzo inogona kuguma nefundo inotibatsira kunzwisisa zvakadzama nyaya iri kuongororwa. Migumisiro yose yakawanikwa inofanira kukwanisa kufungidzirwa uye kukurukurwa, kuitira kuti kana mumwe munhu asingabvumirani nemigumisiro, munhu uyu anogona kushandisa nzira yesayenzi kuti aone dzidziso yavo pachavo.
nyika haina mativi mana akaenzana
Kunyange zvazvo akanga asiri iye wokutanga kubata nedzidziso yokuti pasi rakanga rakaurungana, ndiye akanga ari wokutanga kutsinhira zvibvumikiso zvake noufakazi hunobatika uye panguva imwe cheteyo, akakwanisa kupa mufungo mupfupi pamusoro pokuvapo kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi pasi uye panguva imwe cheteyo. iyo magnetic field by kuumbwa kwepakati penyika.
Mipiro kuSainzi
Ichokwadi kuti zvipingamupinyi izvo muzivi aive nazvo nekusava nemidziyo yakakosha yatinayo nhasi yaive yakawanda, zvakatomutadzisa kuita basa rake uye zvakaita kuti akwanise kusvika pamhedziso idzo makore mazhinji gare gare dzakarambwa, zvisinei, izvi. hazvireve here kuti basa rake rave risingabatsiri, zvakapesana, sezvo zvikanganiso izvi zvakangoita kuti dzidziso dzake dzese dzinogona kusimbiswa dziwane kukosha nesimba nekufamba kwemakore.
Aristotle uye Inventions yake
ari Aristotle zvigadzirwa vakashandura kutsvagisa nekudzidzisa kwemapazi esainzi nemagariro, iwo muenzaniso wakajeka wekufunga uye kunzwisisa. Heano maitiro ake akanyanya kukosha:
Hukama pakati pechinhu uye chimiro
Aristotle akaumba tsananguro inopa zvinoreva uye kukosha kumweya, akapikisa kuti muviri hausi chinhu pasina mweya uye izvi ndizvo zvinoratidzira muganhu pakati pevakafa nevapenyu. Mweya mweya mweya, unotipa kuda kuita zviito uye zvakabatana nemuviri unoita kuti ushande wemunhu.
Zvinoratidzwa kuti muviri usina mweya hausi chimwe chinhu kunze kwechikafu chepasi, zvisinei, hazvisati zvave zvichigoneka kusimbisa izvo mweya uri kunze kwemuviri, kune dzakawanda dzidziso uye fungidziro pamusoro peizvi, asi nanhasi hapana nzira dzekusimbisa chimwe cheizvi.
Binomial Classification System
Akaronga nzira yokuisa nayo marudzi akasiana-siana ezvipenyu mumapoka akasiyana-siyana kuitira kuti asavhiringika pamwe chete uye kuti hapana rudzi rune zita rimwe chetero. Kune mamirioni emarudzi akasiyana pasirese, uye kuvhiringika mumazita akajairika kwakajairika nekuda kwekusiyana kwemitauro uye dudziro yekuti zita rine zita kubva kune rimwe lexicon kuenda kune rimwe.
formal logic
Inzira yechimurenga mumapazi mazhinji esainzi, inobatsira kusiyanisa chikonzero kuburikidza nekuenzanisa pfungwa, umo isu tinogona kutora mhedzisiro mbiri kuti tizvienzanise uye nekuwana imwe mhedziso kubva pane izvi zviviri zvakasimbiswa chokwadi.
empiricism
Inozivikanwa sekufamba kwehuzivi uko huchenjeri hunowanikwa kuburikidza neruzivo, kunova ndiko chaiko kunobva izwi iri. Aristotle akanga asiri iye ega muzivi aibata nepfungwa iyi, zvisinei, zviri nyore kumusiyanisa nevamwe vanyori, sezvo pfungwa imwe neimwe yakavakirwa pachiitiko chaicho.
Aristotle aidavira kuti sainzi nemapazi ese eruzivo haaigona kungobuda chero kupi zvako, sezvingaitika nedzidzo yebhaibheri semuenzaniso, aitenda kuti kunze kwechokwadi chese chinofanira kusimbiswa, chinofanirawo kuva nehwaro hwakasimba uye izvo zviri nani Kubva pane zvakaitika. , izvi zvinogona kupa uchapupu hwekuti nei dzidziso yakarurama.