Nhunzi imhuka inosvota yatingawana mudzimba dzedu. Hupenyu hwayo hupfupi, zvisinei, zvisinei kuti inobereka nekukurumidza. Pano tichaona kuti nhunzi dzinoberekana sei, kushanduka kwadzo, hupenyu uye nezvimwe. Usarega kuiverenga!
Mutero
Phylum arthropods kana hunde yemhuka inoumba zvinopfuura makumi manomwe neshanu muzana emarudzi emhuka, anoonekwa nekuve invertebrate metazoans of bilateral symmetry, inoratidzwa nekuva nekunze kana exoskeleton uye nekupa muviri wakakamurwa kuita nhevedzano yezvikamu zvemetameric zvakarongwa chimwe mushure mechimwe. .
Mukati me arthropods tinowana karudzi kanonzi Tupukanana tune muviri wakapatsanurwa zvakajeka kuita musoro, thorax nedumbu, mapeya matatu emakumbo uye kazhinji ane mapapiro. Kune boka diki rema pterygogens ane mapapiro uye pane kurongeka kana boka reDiptera.
Nhunzi iboka remarudzi ari muhurongwa hweDiptera anowanikwa pasi rose. Pakati pavo tinogona kutaura nhunzi yemba (Musca domestica), nhunzi yemichero (Ceratitis capitata) uye vhiniga nhunzi (Drosophila melanogaster).
Morphology
Diptera inosiyaniswa kubva kune zvimwe zvipembenene nekungova nemapapiro maviri ekutanga chete akagadzirwa zvakanaka, sezvo yechipiri yakaderedzwa kusvika kudiki, inenge isingaonekwe zvigutsa zvinoshanda semaoko e rocker. Inosanganisira nhamba huru yezvipenyu zvinogadzirwa zvakanyanya nenhunzi neumhutu.
Mapapiro acho ane membranous uye tsinga dzawo dzinosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nerudzi. Maoko e rocker inhengo dze claviform dzinoshanda sesensory receptors, inokwanisa kuita reflexively kukurudzira kufamba kwemapapiro uye kudzora mamiriro panguva yekubhururuka.
Vane masensor chaiwo anovabvumira kuti vamise nzvimbo yakanakisa yekukandira mazai avo, kuitira kuti varambe vaine kudya kwakakwana uye kuvimbisa kukura kwavo kusvika vapedza kushanduka kwavo.
Midziyo yaro yemuromo inonanzva - kusveta, nekuda kwekudzoreredzwa kwezvidimbu zvakapinza, kunyanya zvemandibles uye maxillae, muromo wezasi uchinge wakapfava uye wakatambanudzwa pamagumo ayo. Nekuda kwekuumbwa kweantennae, iwo mabrachycerans ane antennae anoumbwa chete nemakondo matatu. Muviri wayo mupfupi uye mukobvu uye makumbo ayo kazhinji haana kureba zvakanyanya.
Mitezo yepfungwa inoumbwa nemasero anonzwa e ectodermal chimiro anowanzo kuperekedzwa nebvudzi kana sirika. Vibration receptor nhengo dzakafanana nezvipembenene uye dzinonzi scolopophores. Mitezo yekuona inoumbwa necornea yakavanzwa ne pigment cell, masero ose eretinal anoenderera mberi nenzira yetsinga dzega dzega dzinoumba optic kana ocular nerve.
Nhengo dzekunhuhwirira pamwe nekuravira dziri paantennae nepamhanza dzemukanwa. Iyo sisitimu yetsinga ndeyemhando ye ganglionic uye inonyanya kuumbwa nemubatanidzwa we akati wandei ganglionic complexes anonzi supraesophageal, subesophageal uye periesophageal. Chirwere chekudya chinofamba nemuviri waro wose kubva kumucheto wepamberi, apo inozarura yakakomberedzwa nemiromo, kusvika kumucheto wekupedzisira, iyo inopera kuburikidza ne anus muchikamu chekupedzisira chemuviri.
The circulatory system inogara isina kukwana uye inoita lacunar system inonzi hemocele, inopa dorsal uye tubular-shaped moyo uye chikamu chayo nhevedzano yetsinga, yakawanda kana shoma matavi, inotakura ropa kuenda kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemuviri, inogara ichipera. gaps uye pasina kuumba mune chero mamiriro capillary network.
Iyo integument inoumba exoskeleton uye inoumbwa nekuumbwa kwecuticular yakavanzwa nemasero epidermis, pano iwe unogona kuwana mavara akasiyana-siyana anoisa ruvara rwemuviri, ari mu epidermis kana kunyange mumatishu ari pasi.
Ivo vanopa metamorphosis yakakwana uye nyuchi dzadzo dzine podous uye dzisina musoro nekuti hadzina maziso neantennae. Pakati pebrachycera pane asiliids, orthorrhaphs inomiririrwa nenhunzi huru dzine miviri ine mvere yakadai se Asilus Crabroniformis, ane makonye anodya anowanikwa pasi pematombo kana kuvigwa. MaTabanids ane muviri wakakora uye wakabatana, kunyangwe varume vachidya mukume wechirimwa, vakadzi vacho vane hematophagous, zvipembenene zvemhuka dzakasiyana siyana dzinosanganisira murume, tabanus common or Tabanus bovinus Inonzi ectoparasite yemombe dzemumba.
MaCyclorrhaphs maMúscidas, mhuri yakakura iyo inosanganisira zhinji dzenhunzi dzine saprophagous, coprophagous, uye mune dzimwe nguva manyoka anodya anowanikwa kwese kwese.
Nhunzi dzinoberekana sei?
Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, mushure meongororo yakaitwa nemusayendisiti Francesco Redi, dzidziso yekuti nhunzi yakangoberekana kubva munyama yakaora inogona kurambwa, uye zvaigoneka kuratidza kuti nhunzi yacho yakabva kune imwe yagara iripo.
Kuberekesa kunoitwa pavakura, murume anotonga mukadzi achibudisa ruzha kana kuti rwiyo runobudiswa nekudedera kwemasaha ayo anopa kunzwika kwenhunzi. Nekune rimwe divi, mukadzi anofungidzira kana rwiyo uye hwema hwaanoburitsa kuburikidza nemapheromones achifarira kwaari, kana asingade, anoramba achifamba, zvikasadaro anoramba akanyarara kuti murume atange kukopa. nguva inenge maminitsi gumi.
Nhunzi idzi dzinenge dziine mukadzi mumwe chete uye dzinosangana kamwe chete uye dzinogona kutevedzana kunyange dziri mumhepo dzichibhururuka uye dzinogona kukandira mazai akawanda (mazana) mumazai mumwechete. Murume anochengeta nhengo dzake dzepabonde dzakavanzwa, dzinongoonekwa chete panguva yekusangana pabonde, mukadzi ane segmented telescopic ovipositor iyo inoputika kana ikandira mazai.
Panguva yokuita bonde, murume anopinza nhengo dzake dzokubereka nadzo mu<em>telescopic ovipositor yemukadzi uye inobudisa urume hunozobatanidza mazai.
Kubereka kwemukadzi kunosiyana zvishoma pakati pemarudzi mune mamwe maumbirwo ayo akapfava semuhunzi kana kuti anowanzoita kuoma semuchero nhunzi iyi musiyano weanatomical unechekuita nehunhu hunowanikwa nemhuka idzi pakuisa mazai adzo, Fruit. nhunzi dzinofanira kubaya matehwe emichero kana kuti nyundo kuti dziise mabatiro adzo munyama, uye nhunzi dzinowanzoisa zvinhu zvadzo munzvimbo yakasarudzirwa chinangwa ichocho. Ipapo mukadzi anofanira kuwana nzvimbo yakakodzera yekukandira mazai uye anogona kuita maitiro ekuchinja.
Fly life cycle
Nhunzi inopinda nepakati pezvikamu zvina zvinobvumira kuitika kwemetamorphosis kunzwisiswa sezai, gonye, pupa kusvika yasvika pazera revakuru, nhanho iyo inogona kubereka, iyi biological cycle inogona kupa misiyano miduku zvichienderana nemhando muhuwandu hwemazai uye saizi. Nguva yehupenyu hwayo ipfupi, asi ichasiyana nemwaka wegore, nguva yaro inofungidzirwa kubva pa7 kusvika kumazuva gumi kana makumi matatu. Mumwaka inopisa vanoberekana nokukurumidza.
Egg
Kana yangosangana, nhunzi hadzi inofanira kuwana nzvimbo yokukandira mazai ayo.Nzvimbo yacho inobva parudzi.Nhunzi inokandira mazai ayo munzvimbo dzine rima uye dzine mwando muzvinhu zvinorarama panguva yokuora, uye muchero unobhururuka. , sezita rayo rinoratidza kuti inoiisa mumichero Inogona kuisa mazai e150 muchikwata chimwe nechimwe uye ine chitarisiko chezviyo zvemupunga.
Mazai anowanzo kuve akapfuma mu yolk, kukura hakuna kunanga, zvichiita kuti pave nematanho makuru akasiyana-siyana. Mazai acho kazhinji anochochonya mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekudzingwa.
Larvae
Panguva ino inopa chimiro chehonye mapofu uye inodya panzvimbo yavakachochonywa, makonye enhunzi anowanzo kudya pakuora kwezvinhu zvehupenyu uye izvo zvemuchero nhunzi dzinodya pa pulp yemuchero. Basa rayo guru nderekuzvidyisa zvakanyanya sezvainokwanisa uye nokudaro kuvimbisa budiriro inodiwa. Vanodurura ganda ravo kakawanda, panguva yavo yekupedzisira molt vanotsvaga nzvimbo ine rima kuti vape.
Pupa
Kana gonye rikadyiswa zvakakwana kuti ritange kuita encapsulation. Paanopinda muchikamu ichi, mapere anotanga kuratidza chimiro sehonye, akaputirwa muganda rakaoma, rakasvibira, rinowanzoita tsvuku kana tsvuku, apa vane nguva inofungidzirwa yemazuva matatu kusvika matanhatu, panguva iyo vanoita. usadye uye usafamba..
Mukuita uku, metamorphosis iri kutarisirwa pakupera kwechiitiko, gonye rine makumbo nemapapiro uye nhunzi yakakura inobuda, maitiro akafanana neaya mashavishavi. Nguva ye metamorphosis ichaenderana nekupisa mukupisa iyo nzira inokurumidza kupfuura munzvimbo dzinotonhora
Hukuru
Panguva ino, nhunzi yakura inenge yagadzirira kusvirana mazuva matatu yabva pamhuno, ichidzokorora kutenderera kunowanzova kupfupi.
Nhunzi dzinozvarwa sei?
Zvizhinji zvezvipembenene izvi zvinonzi oviparous, zvinoreva kuti vanowana nzvimbo yakachengeteka nemamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera ekuisa uye kuchengetedza mazai kuitira kuti asvike pakubudirira. Pane boka rinenge riri ovoviviparous, izvi zvinoreva kuti hadzi inozvichengeta mumuviri wayo kusvika panguva yekukandira, panobuda makonye.
Nhunzi inorarama kwenguva yakareba sei?
Nguva yehupenyu hwenhunzi inosiyana zvakanyanya, ichaenderana nezvinhu zvakati serudzi, mararamiro uye zvakatipoteredza, sezvo mamiriro ekunze uye chikafu chiri nani, vanogona kurarama mamwe mazuva mashoma, tinotaura nezve 7 kusvika gumi. mazuva uye akawanda mazuva makumi matatu. Munguva pfupi iyo inogona kunge iri panyika, mhuka iyi ichabereka nenzira inotyisa uye inokandira zviuru zvemazai ayo anoshanduka kuva nhunzi uye zvichingodaro mukufamba kusingagumi, nhunzi ine kuchinjika kukuru kune zvese zvinogoneka zvakatipoteredza uye yakabvumira kuti. kuzadza nyika.
fly curiosities
Hadzisi nhunzi dzose dzinogumbura sezvatinofunga kuti kune marudzi anoita basa rinokosha zvikuru mumhoteredzo yezvipenyu, ticharatidza marudzi akati wandei enhunzi dzinobatsira zvikuru kumunhu uye dzinobatsira mukuenzanisa kwechisikigo kwemhoteredzo yedu yezvipenyu.
Mikume
Semashavishavi nenyuchi, kune nhunzi dzinotakura mukume. Kudya kwavo kunobva pane nekita yemaruva, ivo vane basa rekufambisa mukume kubva kune rimwe ruva kuenda kune rimwe, nokudaro zvichibatsira kuburitsa mitsva yezvirimwa uyezve michero kana maruva zvavanogadzira. Muboka iri tinogona kuwana mhuri yeCalliphoridae (nhunzi dzebhuruu negirini)
zvikara
Sezvinoratidzwa nezita radzo, nhunzi dzinodya idzi dzinodya zvimwe zvipembenene kana dandemutande rinokuvadza vanhu, zvichibatsira neimwe nzira kudzora tumbuyu muboka iri tinogona kuratidza masyrphid (mhuri yeSyrphidae) uye nhunzi chena inotaridzika kutetepa yakada kufanana ne nyuchi kana nyuchi.
Inobatsira MuEcosystem Balance
Nhunzi kana yagayiwa Inopa uye inopa chikafu kune dzimwe mhuka, munhunzi mune mhuka dzine njodzi huru nekuti dzinotapurira zvirwere zvakanyanya sehope nenagana inogadzirwa netrypanosomes, nekuita sechikafu chedzimwe mhuka semhungu, matodo, matatya , dzimwe hove neshiri zvinobatsira mukuyerera kweecosystem zvichibvumira kudzora kwakasikwa kwezvipembenene.
Zvinhu zvinokonzera kubereka kweimba inobhururuka
Nhunzi dzekuberekesa dzadzo dziri kutsvaga nzvimbo dzine rima uye dzinopa imwe mwando kuitira kuti dzisangane nezvinodiwa pakushanduka kwadzo. Nguva zhinji tinopa zvipembenene izvi mukana wekushandisa dzimba dzedu senzvimbo yekuberekesa.
Nzvimbo dzakaratidzwa mudzimba dzedu dzinogona kuvharwa madhini, mabhegi emarara akazaruka ane marara echikafu, mapoto ane miti yemichero inzvimbo dzinotariswa nehadzi kuitira kuti makonye akure nekudyisa.
Mamiriro ekunze anopisa anounza kupararira kukuru kwenhunzi, mamiriro ekunze aya ari kuvanakira sezvo nzira yekubereka ichikurumidzirwa mumamiriro ekunze aya, zvichiita kuti mhuka iyi iwedzere mudzimba dzedu.
Tingadzivirira sei kupararira kwenhunzi kumba
Imba yedu inogona kuva nzvimbo inoberekera nhunzi, kuchengeta tsika dzakanaka dzokuchenesa kuchatibvumira kuzvidzivirira pakupararira kwechipembenene ichi, tinofanira kuchengeta nzvimbo yacho yakachena uye yakatsvinda, kudzivisa kuunganidzwa kwemarara nemarara ezvokudya, bviro huru yezvipembenene. kupararira kwayo pamwe nekurasa inorganic yakadai semidziyo yepurasitiki, zvinwiwa zvinyoro.
Hutsanana hwakakosha zvikuru, gonye renhunzi rinokura nekusimba mumagaba edu emarara, tsvina yechikafu isina kuputirwa nemazvo, michero yakaibva nemiriwo isina firiji inobatsira kukurumidzira kuberekana kwayo nekuvapa nzvimbo dzakakodzera dzekuparadzira. Kubata kwakafanira michero nemiriwo kunokurudzirwa sezvo zviri mufiriji, zvichideredza kupera kwayo, kuchengeta masaga emarara akavharwa uye achidurura mudziyo nguva nenguva.
Chengeta mops dzakachena uye dzakaoma dzisina zvinwiwa zvekudya unogona kushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene yehunyanzvi kubatsira kubvisa, ngatirege kusiya chikafu chakavharwa zvakaipisisa chinogona kukanganisa hutano.
Kuchenesa madhiraini nemasiweji kunokurudzirwa kudzivirira kuwanda kwemakonye munzvimbo idzi. Zviri mumaoko edu kuti musha wedu hauna nhunzi nekuramba wakasimba kurwisa mhuka iyi inogona kupinda mumba mako.Zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa mishonga yekudzinga mudzimba sevhiniga, infusions yemiti inonhuhwirira.
Usabva usina kutanga waverenga zvinyorwa zvinotevera:
Nzira yekudzinga Nhunzi Zvinobudirira?