The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa naGian Lorenzo Bernini

Pakati pemakore 1647 na1652, muvezi weItaly, muvezi uye muvezi, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, akagadzira rimwe remabasa ake anozivikanwa zvikuru, "The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa«. Chivezwa ichi chiri mune yakakurumbira Cornaro Chapel yeSanta Maria della Vittoria Church, muRome, Italy. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvishoma nezvake, usazeza kugara uye kudzidza nesu.

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Tsanangudzo uye kuumbwa

"The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" kana "The Transverberation of Saint Teresa", sezvainodanwa munzvimbo dzakawanda, chivezwa chemarble chakagadzirwa nemuvezi weItaly, muvaki uye muvezi, Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Kuti azviite, Bernini aifanira kugadzira chapel muChechi yeSanta Maria Della Vittoria ine nzvimbo inoyevedza ine mativi matatu.

Santa Maria della Vittoria ibhesilica yakavakwa muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX kuitira kurangarira kukunda kwaMambo Ferdinand II muHondo yeWhite Mountain. Kuzadzikiswa kwe "The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" kunotangira pakati pezana rino ramakore, apo Cardinal Federico Cornaro akaraira kubva kuBernini kuti iiswe panzvimbo yaizoenda guva rake.

Nyanzvi yacho yakabvuma nokuda kwomukurumbira nesimba izvo murume wacho nemhuri yake vaiva nazvo murudzi rwacho. Chapel yakatumidzwa zita rimwe chetero, Cornaro, iri muRome, Italy. Kuvakwa kwechapel panguva iyoyo kwaive kududzirwa kwakanakisa kweatari nembiru umo chivezwa chinoyevedza chaive pakati.

Kugadziriswa kwenzvimbo kwakaitirwa kumanikidza muoni kuti atarise zvakananga pachivezwa, icho chaipa mufananidzo wehukuru hwepamusoro. Iro pacharo, basa iri rakanakisa mufananidzo wakagadzirwa nemarble, kungoputika kwemavara, simbi uye ruzivo.

Pamativi ese epakati pekutarisa, tinowana mabhakoni maviri ane zvivezwa zvekadhinari uye dzimwe nhengo dzechechi. Mumwe nemumwe anoonekwa semucherechedzi wechiitiko chinoratidzwa uye ivo vane basa rekumiririra kuzvipira kwavo kuzere kune zvavakaona. Ndokusaka ichionekwa seimwe yeakanakisa hunyanzvi hweRoman High Baroque.

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Iine hwindo diki riri pamusoro peSanta Teresa, kuburikidza neiyo mwenje inosefa zvine hunyoro, ine maranzi egoridhe akagadzirwa nebhuronzi ane basa rekuiisa pasi pasi. Dome rayo rine kutsva kwedenga rakagadzirwa nehunyanzvi hwe trompe l'oeil, rizere nemakerubhi uye nechiedza chinoburuka Mweya Mutsvene sechinyakare muchitendero cheCatholic, muchimiro chenjiva.

Kunyangwe vazhinji vasingazvizive, nhamba huru dzeseti dzakabva pane chiitiko chakatsanangurwa naSaint Teresa waJesu muzvinyorwa zvake zvehupenyu, zvine musoro wekuti "Bhuku reHupenyu". Inotaura kuti ngirozi inobaya sei mwoyo womununi weKarimeri nerubatsiro rwemuseve wegoridhe.

Nehurefu hunenge hwemamita 3,50, chiitiko chinotora nguva iyo ngirozi yakadai inonamira museve maari, ichitora chitarisiko chinokatyamadza chiri pachiso chake chinoratidza manzwiro ake, musanganiswa wepamusoro pakati pemarwadzo nekunakidzwa. Mutsvene anogona kuonekwa akazendamira pagore rine utsinye achinangisa kutarisisa kwake kushama kwetsoka dzake uye nekupeta kwenguo dzake.

Iwo mapete anofukidza muviri wake wese anokwevera ngwariro nekuti haaenderane zvizere nechimiro chake, achitowedzera pfungwa yekusafunga kuzere. Tinogona kuzvitsanangura sekutaura kwakasimba uko, pamwe chete nekukanganisika kwezviumbwa zviviri izvi, zvinonyatso ratidza kuti chimiro chebaroque.

Pamusoro pekutipa hunyanzvi mumunda wezvivezwa, Bernini aive achitarisira kugadzira iyo yese yekuvaka uye yemifananidzo ensemble yehukuru hwechokwadi uye zvisinganzwisisike, sezvo iye aitove iye akapenda chapel. Aive nehunyanzvi hwekusika hunoshamisa zvekuti mabhokisi etheater ari pamativi, aya anobva muruzivo rwake kuti amupe icho chikamu chemitambo.

Maitiro ake anopesvedzerwa neakasiyana masosi anosanganisira ane tarenda Michelangelo Buonarroti, Hellenistic art, naturalism, pakati pemamwe mafungu uye tsika dzekufamba. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, anorumbidzwa nezita remusiki weimwe yezvakanakisa zvakavezwa zveMazuvano Ese Age uye mumwe wevatangiri veBaroque.

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Nhoroondo Yebasa

Musi waZvita 7, 1598, guta riri kumaodzanyemba kweItaly rinonzi Naples rinoona kuzvarwa kwemugari wenhaka yeramangwana kune sculptural audacity yaMichelangelo, nyanzvi uye mutungamiri mukuru weBaroque architectural model, Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Kunyangwe tarenda rake raive rekuzvarwa zvachose, akave zvaakanga ari kuvonga kuna baba vake, muvezi kubva munzvimbo yeMannerist.

Pietro Bernini aive nebasa rekumudzidzisa rudiments yezvivezwa muwekishopu yake. Mukuwedzera, akanga ariwo mutariri wekumuisa kune dzimwe nhengo dzepamusoro-soro dzemagariro evanhu kuitira kuti agone kushandisa tarenda rake kubva achiri muduku zvikuru.

Kunyangwe mukati memabasa ake ekutanga "Aeneas, Anchises and Ascanius" uye "The Abduction of Proserpina", iyo yekuzorora iripo neyekupedzisira Renaissance uye kutorwa kwefungidziro nyowani nyowani yezvivezwa, umo mutambo wakanyanya, hukuru uye kushandiswa. zve scenographic effects vaive ma protagonists.

Nokufamba kwemakore, Bernini anova wechidiki uye muna 1629 Papa Urban VIII akamugadza semugadziri mukuru weSt. Peter's Basilica. Kubva panguva iyoyo kusvika pakufa kwake, akatamba basa remushandi asinganeti kuvakuru vepamusoro, kunze kwekunge vatumwa naInnocent X, aifarira mamwe maartist kupfuura iye.

Pakati pemabasa ese aakaitira San Pedro, iyo yakakosha Baldachin iri paatari huru yeboka rezvivezwa rinonakidza rinonzi "Madzibaba eChechi" rinomira pachena. Izvi, zvinoonekwa kuburikidza neakasiyana makoramu eBaldachin, zvinopa mhedzisiro nesimba rinoshamisa remitambo nenzira yaidiwa nemunyori kubva pakutanga.

Zvisinei neizvi, hazvionekwe semupiro wayo wakanakisa munhoroondo yese yebasilica, asi pachinzvimbo chayo chine mukurumbira, nhevedzano yakakura yemakoramu inoumba chinhu chinozvimiririra uye inotenderedza mativi ayo ese, pamberi petemberi. . Kubva pakusikwa kwayo, iyi yakakura sikweya ine elliptical floor plan yakagamuchira rumbidzo isingaperi nekuda kwekuenderana kwayo scenographic mhedzisiro.

Nekuda kwemabasa ake mashoma, asi akakosha evashandi vepachivande uye nekubatana kwavakamupa kwemakore mazhinji, basa rinopfuura ratiri kutaura nezvaro rakazvarwa uye iro rinomiririra nemoyo wese maitiro ake echivezwa, "The Ecstasy of Santa Teresa. " .

Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakawanda vasingazvitendi, kunyange nanhasi zvakaoma kufunga nezvekugona kwesimba rinoshamisa uye simba guru, mukuitwa kwezviyereso zvakadzikira kunoitwa nemabatirwo akanaka kudaro emarble. .

Yakasvika pakuonekwa semuunganidzwa wehunyanzvi hwehutatu hukuru hunyanzvi: zvivakwa, zvivezwa uye pendi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nechimiro chayo sechinhu chemaitiro ekushongedza chapel uye yakasarudzika chiaroscuro mhedzisiro. Ndicho chikonzero, mazana emakore gare gare, achiri kunzi semuenzaniso usingaenzaniswi weBaroque sculpture.

Basa rose rakanga riri pasi pekutariswa kwaBernini uye rakapedzwa pakati pe1647 ne1652, kunyanya panguva yechikamu chakanaka chepapa yepapa uyo akanga asina iye semuongorori wake waaida, Innocent X. Munguva iyoyo, Bernini akanga adzingwa. kubva izvo zvaive zvakabatana zvakananga nekatsi dzakanyanyisa dzehupapa hwekare, iyo yeUrban VIII.

Nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, akanyimwa zvakanyanya kutsigirwa kwehupontifical. Pamusoro pezvo, pane chokwadi chekuti Pope Innocent aifarira mukwikwidzi wake wehunyanzvi, anoyemurika zvakaenzana Alessandro Algardi. Nokudaro, Bernini akanga ane nguva yakakwana yekusununguka yekusangana nevashandirwi vega.

Mumwe wavo aive Kadhinari naPatriaki Federico Cornaro, vakasarudza Chechi yeSanta Maria della Vittoria yeDiscalced Carmelites sekereke yaakavigwa mairi. Cornaro aive aine zviuru zvezvikonzero zvekudzivisa kuvigwa munharaunda yake yeVenice, ndosaka akasarudza nzvimbo yakadai.

Uye ndezvekuti mushure mekugadzwa kwake sekadhinari naUrbano, apo baba vake vakatamba basa reDoge (mumiriri mukuru weChechi yeKaturike muguta reVenice), pakanga pane mhirizhonga yakasiyana-siyana muguta raaigara zvichikonzera kurwisana pakati pemhuri. simba guru.

Venetian, mushure mekufunga kukuru, vakasarudza chechi yekuruboshwe yechechi, umo mufananidzo we "The Ecstasy of Paul" wakambowanikwa, wakatsiviwa nekufamba kwemakore nemufananidzo waSaint Teresa waJesu, nun, mystic, muvambi weOrder of Discalced Carmelites uye munyori wechiSpanish, panguva imwechete iyo akatambura nekunakidzwa kwakakonzerwa nemuseve wekerubhi.

Mumakore angangoita 1652 basa rakapedzwa nemari yakawandisa yakaiswa zviuru gumi nezviviri escudos, mari yenguva yanhasi uye parizvino iri kutenderedza zviuru zana nemakumi maviri emadhora. Sekureva kwemunyori wezvematongerwo enyika weSpain, mutori wenhau uye munyori, Luis María Anson, Saint Teresa, kuti asvike padanho rekunakidzwa, akapesvedzerwa nemudetembi asinganzwisisike uye wechitendero Mutsvene John weMuchinjikwa. Ngano chete.

Analysis

Kunyange zvazvo panguva ino tichaongorora zvinoreva basa, hatigoni kuongorora nyaya yacho pasina kutsanangura nhoroondo yenguva iyo yakasikwa. "The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" yakapihwa hupenyu zvakare uye isingasviki pane munguva yeCounter-Reformation yeChechi yeKatorike.

Izvi zvinorevei?” Zvinoreva kuti akazvarwa panguva iyo Chechi yakanga ine dambudziko guru nokuda kwokusvika kweChiprotestant Reformation. Somugumisiro, chiKristu cheEurope chakakamukana uye kwaiva nehondo dzisingaverengeki uye kurwisana, kunyanya munharaunda dzeFrance neSpain.

Zvishoma nezvishoma, Chechi yeKaturike yakanga ichirasikirwa nesimba munzvimbo dzakasiana-siana mayaitungamirira, uye yakanga ine dikanwo yokukurumidzira yokuita tsinhiro yokuratidzira simba rayo. Mushure memisangano yakawanda yeinozivikanwa seKanzuru yeTrent muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, murairo wepamusoro wakagumisa kuti iyi fungidziro yaizova kuburikidza nehunyanzvi.

Izvozvo zvine musoro panguva iyoyo, sezvo ruzhinji rwevanhu vokuMadokero vakanga vasingagoni kuverenga nokunyora uye vaifanira kuororwa nokuona kwavo uye nemabasa okushamisira. Kuburikidza ne “The Ecstasy of Santa Teresa” zvibodzwa zvikuru zviviri zvaizozadzikiswa.

Chekutanga ndechekuti vakaratidzwa mavara emuenzaniso ayo vatendi vakatendeka vaifanira kushuvira nekuzvipira kuti vave ivo, nepo pamwe chete nechimwe chinangwa chedidactic vakadzidziswa Passion yaSaint Teresa. Yakanga iri nzira yakajeka yekurovedza kwake mukutonga kweboka.

Chechipiri ndechokuti vaigona kuratidza kuti vaiva nemari yakawanda zvikuru uye kuti runako rwakanga rwusiri chinhu choumbozha kwavari, asi chinhuwo zvacho chinodiwa. Chechi yakanga yakapfuma uye ine simba, ine mbiri yekupwanya avo vaitsunga kuvapikisa. Zvese izvi zvingave mune imwe nzira kana imwe yakabatwa mune baroque art.

Kana iri yekuongorora seyakadaro, sculptural ensemble inomiririra chiitiko chisinganzwisisike chinozivikanwa se "transverberation", mufaro wepamweya unoenda kupfuura corporeal, uye kuti Bernini aiziva nzira yekuzvitaura nenzira yakasarudzika. Nenzira iyi, kufara kweMutsvene kwaigona kunzwisiswa zvishoma kune vanhuwo zvavo.

Sezvambotaurwa pakutanga, zvaive zvichibva pane zvinyorwa zvake, asi zvakatorwa kuti zvivezwa hazvisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwechinyorwa cheBaroque, zvose nokuda kwechirevo chayo chepropagandist uye nokuda kwekuona kwemanzwiro echitendero Haina chero rudzi rwepabonde. connotation , ingori chiratidzo cherudo, kurwadziwa uye mufaro panguva imwe chete.

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