Muchikamu chino tichakupa ruzivo rwese rwakadzama nezve izvo impressionism muSpain, iyo yaireva kunzanga uye nevanyori vakasiyana-siyana vaiimiririra. Pamwe nehunhu hwayo uye nei yaive yakakosha panguva iyoyo nanhasi. Ramba uchiverenga chinyorwa uye uwane zvese!
Impressionism muSpain
Iri sangano rinoitika muSpain pakati peboka revapendi, asi impressionism muSpain inoitika zvine simba uye ine rusarura kupfuura dzidziso, sezvo impressionism muSpain inotsanangurwa nekuwedzera kwesimba uye kurohwa shamhu uye kwete seFrench iyo yakavakirwa pamusoro. sitiroko inonzwisisika uye ine nuanced.
MuSpain, impressionism yaive yakavakirwa pakubata chinguva mukufamba kwemahara kwenguva, pane kureba. Nenzira iyi pakanga paine kugadziriswa kumatambudziko ekuvhenekesa kuburikidza neruvara uye yakanga isingabvi pakugadziriswa kwenzvimbo yemhepo. Asi, chiedza chakatorwa nemotokari yechromaticism.
Nenzira iyi, Impressionism muSpain yakaita mupiro mukuru kwazvo kuImpressionism muFrance, sezvo manzwi egrey aive chinhu chakakosha kune mamwe emabasa akaitwa nevapendi Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (1599-1660), Bartolomé Esteban. Murillo (1618-1682), Francisco de Zurbarán (1598-1664), naFrancisco de Goya (1746-1828), akamutsa kufarira kukuru pakati pevaoni veImpressionist pendi muSpain.
Ipapo vakakonzera kutekeshera kukuru muvazhinji vevapendi veFrance, pakati pavo muvendi akaberekerwa kuFrance Édouard Manet (1832-1883) anomira pachena, uyo akanga ari mumwe wevanyori vesangano reImpressionist akauya kuzoratidza kuti Impressionism muSpain yakanga iri mukati. zera regoridhe raanosarudza kushanyira Spain mugore ra1865 kenguva chete muhupenyu hwake uye kudzidza zvekutanga-ruoko zvese nezve impressionism muSpain.
Mhedzisiro huru iyo Impressionism yakapa kuSpain yakakonzera shanduko huru yevapendi veSpanish kuti vabude vaive vachishandisa nzira, nzira uye matekiniki eImpressionism muSpain, asi pakanga pasina kushandiswa kune yakanyanya kutaura, nekuti nekushandisa yakasununguka brushstrokes haina kuiswa mumapoka. sesimba rekufungidzira muSpain sezvo yaivepo mukugadzirwa kweSpanish pendi.
Asi zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti impressionism kuSpain yakaita kuti vapendi vashandise zvinopenya uye chromatic mhedzisiro mumabasa akasiyana eunyanzvi aive chinhu chitsva mu impressionism muSpain, asi fungidziro yegeneric yakapihwa pakati pevanoona nevepost-impressionists. Kuti vapendi vakawanda vakarongwa nenzira iyi muchikamu chokupedzisira chezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.
Vazhinji vevapendi ava vakashanduka kuita impressionism muSpain kubva muboka rainzi realism, iro raive nezita rainetsa panguva iyoyo. Kunyangwe impressionism yainziwo muSpain sevanovheneka, izvo zvaive zvisina kujeka. Kunyanya pakati pevapendi vaive vevaValencian.
Kuti vakasarudza kutumidza zita revaValencian luminist, pakati pevapendi Joaquín Sorolla (1863-1923), Teodoro Andreu (1870-1935) vakamira. Kunewo vamwe vanyori veImpressionist muSpain vakamira, vakadai saDarío de Regoyos (1857-1913), Ignacio Pinazo (1849-1916), Aureliano Beruete (1845-1912).
impressionism
Impressionism yaiva sangano rakaitika munyika yeunyanzvi uye yakatsanangurwa seti yemifananidzo ye impressionist yakazvarwa kubva mumashoko anogumbura nemuongorori wemifananidzo Louis Leroy, pamberi pemufananidzo une musoro unoti "The Rising Sun" wakaitwa nemuvengi Claude Monet.
Izvi zvakaunzwa pasalon yevaimbi vakazvimiririra muParis kubva Kubvumbi 15 kusvika Chivabvu 15, 1874, boka iri remaartist rakagadzirwa nevapendi Camille Pissarro, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Paul Cézanne, Alfred Sisley Berthe Morisot.
Iwo makuru maficha anotsanangura Impressionism muSpain neFrance akareruka, ruvara, brashistrokes uye plenairism, izvo zvinoita kuti zviome zvakanyanya kutambanudza kunyange kune epurasitiki art senge zvivakwa uye kuveza. Nenzira iyi zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti kufungidzira muSpain neFrance nenzira yakasimba kunogona kuitika chete mukupenda, kutora mifananidzo uye cinema.
Kunyangwe zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti impressionism muSpain neFrance yaizokura kubva pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX, uye yaizove yakanyatsozivikanwa nekutora chiedza mumabasa eunyanzvi, kunyanya mumifananidzo, pasina kutsvaga kudiwa kwekuwana. chiedza chezvaakaratidza mumufananidzo. Ichi chaive chinhu chakakosha mukuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwazozivikanwa sepost-impressionism uye avant-gardes.
Kutanga kweImpressionism muSpain
Bato remifananidzo rinozivikanwa seImpressionism rakazvarwa muEuropean kondinendi uye rakabuda muFrance uye Impressionism inoitika zvakasiyana muSpain uye, seyese maitiro ehunyanzvi, ichapesvedzera nyika zhinji dzeEurope, nyika imwe neimwe iine hunhu hwayo sezvo vazhinji maartist ari kupa maitiro ekufungidzira. muSpain izvo zvisiri izvo mune dzimwe nyika.
Bato reImpressionism muSpain rakatanga apo maartist akati wandei akabatana muboka rinozivikanwa seBarbizon, pamberi pevanyori veImpressionist movement kuti varatidze hunyanzvi hwavo kunze. Izvo zvaive zvikonzero zvakasiyana kwazvo kubva kune zvinyorwa uye kushoropodza kwaiitwa nevatsoropodzi vemifananidzo.
Nechikonzero ichi, kukosha kukuru kwakapihwa icho chainzi Chikoro cheBarbizon, sezvo chaive chisiri chikoro asi maartist akati wandei akauya pamwechete nekuti vaive nezvido zvakafanana uye, nekubvumirana pane akati wandei nharaunda, izvi zvakafarira kuungana kwavo pamwe chete kuti vatakure. vakaita mabasa ehunyanzvi pamwe chete nevamwe maartist vakaenda kuchikoro cheBarbizon vachigadzira boka remaartist rakazozivikanwa seImpressionism movement muSpain.
Hunhu Hukuru hweImpressionism muSpain
Vapendi vainzwisisa hunyanzvi hwekufungidzira muSpain, vakanzwisisa kuti chokwadi chaive chave kuitika uye mabasa evanyori ndizvo zvinhu zvinoita sezviri uye kwete maitiro avanofanira kunge ari. Kune maartist mazhinji akavhura maonero avo enguva uye akarekodha kuti nguva yependi inofanirwa kurekodhwa nekumhanya nenzira iyi zvinhu zvikuru uye maitiro eImpressionism muSpain ndeaya:
Chiedza sechinhu chakakosha kufarira
Vanyori vezvidhori vakagadzira mifananidzo yavo pachinhu chinokosha chechiedza chaiva chidzidzo chaibva pamifananidzo, sezvo vakawanda vevanyori vemifananidzo vakanzwisisa kuti mavara haasi chinhu chezvinhu asi kuti mugumisiro wokuroverana kwechiedza. .
Chiedza chisati chadzidzwa sechiratidzo chehumwari uye ruzivo mune zveGothic art, nenzira imwecheteyo chiedza chaidzidzwa sechinhu chepurasitiki kuti chiwane vhoriyamu mune zvakasikwa uye zvisingatarisirwi zvinomiririra zveRenaissance uye classicism.
Sezvo maartist aive akavakirwa pa impressionism aivimba nechiedza sepakati pechido uye nenzira iyi vakaisa pfungwa pakumiririra akasiyana mhedzisiro iyo chiedza chakapa kubasa, ndicho chikonzero chiedza chikadzidzwa sechiitiko mukuita. Kunyange zvazvo iri kupindirana nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinowanikwa mumufananidzo.
Ese aya matekiniki, marongero uye maitiro anoshandiswa neakasiyana maartist akaita Impressionism muSpain ive chiitiko chehunyanzvi.
Kuumbwa kutsva uye maonero
Vatendi vanoverengeka vakazvitsaurira pakudzidza kwemakona mumabasa akasiyana-siyana eunyanzvi, vaigara vachitsvaga maonero akanaka uye mapuranga akanakisisa kuitira kuti muoni aone basa reunyanzvi kubva kumativi akasiyana-siyana.
Kubva panguva iyoyo kutora mafoto kwakaramba kwakananga uye kwakasarudzika kubva panguva yeRenaissance, asi makona matsva nemaitiro akange atotanga kuchinja. Ndicho chikonzero nei maartist aive akavakirwa pane impressionism vakasarudza kuputsa nemakanoni akatemerwa nesangano reunyanzvi nekuona iwo makuru mafuremu ebasa reunyanzvi uye vakasarudza kuita zvisingatarisirwe mafuremu emabasa eunyanzvi.
Kusiiwa kwemufananidzo chaiwo
MuAcademy, mufananidzo wakakwana waifanirwa kuitwa kuti uenderane nemaitiro ehunyanzvi pakugadzira basa reunyanzvi, asi maartist aive akavakirwa pakuona muSpain pachinzvimbo chekushandisa mutsara wakatsanangurwa uye chaiwo uye maartistist akaratidzira mutsara mu. mavhoriyamu achipenda zvakananga izvo zvakaburitsa ruzivo rwakakura uye kugona muaya maartist.
Nepo vamwe maartist vakaramba vachishandisa mitsara yakaita seToulouse-Lautrec kana Edgar Degas, asi kwete sekutsanangurwa kwazvinofanira kunge kuri mumatanho ekudhirowa asi neruzha rushoma rwaive neongororo yakawanda uye zvakawanda zvinoonekwa pamusoro.
Kuvharika kwemavara pane canvas
Mumaitiro ekufungidzira muSpain maartist akavakirwa pane impressionism havana kusungirwa kusanganisa mavara avo pane palette. Ndicho chikonzero nei vazhinji vaimbi vakasarudza kuzvisunungura kubva padanho iri uye vakabuda kunodhirowa pachena vachitsvaga mhando itsva dzechiedza chebasa ravaiita, sezvo vaive vadzidza ruzivo rutsva nezve optical theory.
Ndicho chikonzero nei vanyori vakanga vakavakirwa padzidziso yevanyanduri vakatanga kuvhenganisa mavara pajira rimwe chetero kuti vawane ruvara chairwo mubasa rokunyora.
Iyi nzira yakawanikwa kuburikidza nenzira mbiri, yekutanga yaive yekusanganisa rumwe ruvara pamusoro peimwe uye yechipiri yaive yekushandisa mavara ekutanga imwe iri padyo neimwe kuitira kuti kana ichionekwa iri kure, kutenheka kwavaiita kwaibva. maonero eruvara rwavaida.mumifananidzo.
Brush sitiroko, brashi sitiroko uye madotsi
Chimwe chezvinangwa mukufungidzira kweSpain chaiva chekusimudzira mavara nekukurumidza sezvinobvira pabasa reunyanzvi kuitira kuti vatore kushanda kwechiedza chaizobudiswa pamufananidzo.
Ndicho chikonzero nei maImpressionist artists aifarira kushandisa mabhurashi akananga, uye nguva zhinji vaiita mabasa eunyanzvi ane tsiroko dzakakora kana nemabhurashi kuti ape kupera kuri nani uye kuti chiedza chine simba guru pabasa reunyanzvi. Vakashandisawo kupindirana kuti vakwanise kugadzira misa nevhoriyamu yakawanda mupendi.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sx6a6y6-puw&t=109s
Kusavepo kwekupedzisa uye kudzvanywa kwezvinyorwa mukufarira iyo yese
Mumifananidzo, zviitiko zvechiedza zvaive zvemamiriro uye zvipfupi, ndosaka vaSpanish Impressionist painters vaida kudzvanyirira izvo zvaiyemurwa zvakanyanya munguva dzakapfuura kuti zvishandiswe nechinangwa chekufarira kutariswa kwese kwenzvimbo yekuvaka. .
MuImpressionism muSpain, vapendi vaitarisisa kutsvaga kuti pendi yacho yaive nemagumo akanaka uye chaiwo, asi mitsetse yakasiiwa yakavhurika uye isina kupera, nepo maumbirwo acho akaregwa kuti ave porous uye kana paine mitsara mupendi, iwo akaongororwa kana. yasiiwa isina kubatana..
Psychology inobatanidzwawo zvishoma mune izvi, sezvo kana uchiona basa uropi hwemuoni hunotanga kunyoresa zvose izvi uye izvo zvaanokwanisa kuona zvichave mufananidzo wakagadziriswa wemufananidzo, chero bedzi basa richitariswa rose. .
Nyaya dzenguva dzose kana dzisina basa
Muzvirongwa zvisati zvaitika zvekufungidzira uye mamwe mafambiro ehunyanzvi akamuka, zviri mukati zvaizomiririrwa zvaifanira kunge zviri nguva dzine zvikonzero uye zvaipa kukosha kune basa rehunyanzvi. Kubva pakudhirowa mukadzi asina kupfeka anofanira kuenzana kana kuti nani pane Venus. Haafanire kungova mukadziwo zvake. Rufu harugone kuva chinhu chehugamba kana chinodarika uye nzvimbo dzakaitwa semataurirwo edzimwe nguva kana dzimwe nyika.
Nepo maImpressionist maartist ekuSpain akasiya zvese izvi zvidhori zvemifananidzo ndokutanga kuona chokwadi chavaive nacho pamberi pavo nekuchipenda, sezvo pakupenda mukadzi asina kupfeka aingova mukadzi asina kupfeka uye hapana chimwe.
Muenzaniso wakajeka zvikuru weichi hunhu hweImpressionism muSpain ndeapo Olympia yakapendwa mumufananidzo apo nyanzvi yakafuridzirwa nemufananidzo unozivikanwa zvikuru waVenus weUrbino, wakaitwa naTitian muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Zvakaitwa nenyanzvi yeImpressionist kwaiva kuchinja. hunhu hweVenus kune hwemukadzi pfambi.
Mumaguta akagadziridzwa kuratidza chimiro cheindasitiri, uko kufananidzirwa kwevanhu, zvitima zvepasi pevhu, motokari nemigwagwa mikuru zvakaitwa. Pamusoro pehumwe hunhu hwakadai semapati, chikafu, hupenyu hwebohemian, paki, kudzokorora, gomba reorchestra, mijaho yemabhiza, mabheti, boulevard ...
Nyangwe zvazvo zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti izvi zvakaitwa kwete kukudza madingindira aya, asi kuti kusimbaradza kukosha kwemutauro wakashandiswa kuunza muoni basa reunyanzvi rakajeka pasina chikonzero chekugadzira mufananidzo wakanaka, sezvo dingindira risina kudaro. yakakosha asi kuimiririra nenzira yakanaka.
Vakuru Vamiriri veImpressionism muSpain
Sezvambotaurwa kare, impressionism muSpain yakagadzirwa neboka revanyori vakabvumirana nemafungiro akasiyana-siyana uye vaida kugadzira mifananidzo pamarudzi akasiyana-siyana aivapo, iyo munyori wemifananidzo Carlos de Haes akazvipira kudzidzisa maitiro ake ekupenda. mumatunhu kune akati wandei maartist pakati anomira pachena:
Mufananidzo weImpressionist Carlos de Haes (1826-1898)
Iye muBelgian akaberekerwa muguta reBrussels muna Ndira 27, 1826 uye akafira kuSpain muguta reMadrid musi waChikumi 17, 1898. Muhupenyu aive mupendi wekuSpain aive anobva kuBelgian uye akazvipira kune iyo nyika. kupenda uye aive nhengo yeboka re impressionism muSpain.
Akazvipira kugadzira mifananidzo muchimiro chechokwadi uye akavimbisa kugovera ruzivo rwake rwekupenda nevamwe vanyori mune inodaidzwa kuti Landscape Chair paEscuela Superior de la Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando muMadrid kubvira 1857.
Akanga ari wekutanga wehama nomwe dzakaberekerwa mumhuri yevane mari nevatengesi. Asi mumhuri yake maiva nezvinetso zvemari, vakasarudza kutamira kuSpain mugore ra1835, vachiuya kuzogara muguta reMalaga muguta iri Carlos de Haes akatanga kudhirowa makirasi nomudzidzisi wake mupendi Luis de la Cruz y Ríos (1776) - 1853).
Pakazosvika gore ra1850 aive nemudzidzisi wechipiri ainzi Joseph Quinaux (1822-1895), mupendi weBelgian, panguva iyoyo akashanyira nyika dzinoverengeka dzakavakidzana dzeMalaga ndokutanga kupenda nzvimbo dzake dzekutanga, mugore ra1855 Carlos de Haes akabatanidzwa. iyo Antwerp Salon ine akasiyana pendi.
Gare gare anoshamwaridzana naJuan Federico Muntadas, aimbonyora nhetembo naye Carlos Haes, anoita mufananidzo waakadana. "Maonero ari padyo neMonasterio de Piedra muAragón" Ipapo basa iroro reunyanzvi rakahwina mubairo nemenduru yendarama pashoo yakaitwa mugore ra1858.
Mugore ra1857 akahwina nzvimbo yekudzidzisa kirasi yekugadzira nzvimbo paChikoro Chepamusoro cheAcademy of Fine Arts yeSan Fernando, kubva panguva iyoyo akazvipira kugara muguta reMadrid. Kwapera gore akahwina mubairo paSpanish National Exhibition. Kwegore ra1860 anosarudzwa semudzidzisi wekutanga weAcademy kwaanoshanda achidzidzisa.
Pakati pemakore 1871 na1876, akazvitsaurira kupa makirasi kune vakasiyana siyana maartist panzendo mumhepo, zvichikonzera Impressionism kuSpain. Tenzi uyu akauya kuzosimudzira mishandirapamwe kuchamhembe kweSpain kugadzira akawanda mapendi epamusoro peEurope uye nyika yeBasque.
Zvino chiono chake cheImpressionism muSpain chakapararira kunyika dzinoverengeka, kusanganisira French Basque Country, Brittany, Normandy neFriesland, uye kuchamhembe kweHolland. Zviitiko zvose izvi izvo munyori wemifananidzo Carlos de Haes akanga amuita kuti afungisise pamusoro pezvinooneka muSpain, achiita mifananidzo inobva pamagariro echisikigo inova rondedzero yake huru yekupenda kwekunze kweSpanish.
The impressionist pendi anofa pazera remakore makumi matanhatu nemaviri, nemabayo, achisiya vaviri vaurayi mukuda kwake kuti vasarudze pamusoro pezvinhu zvake zvose uye mifananidzo, iyo yakarongerwa kuti kamuri yakatsaurirwa kune impressionism muSpain iitwe muMuseum of Modern Museum ichangobva kuvhurwa. Art kubvira mupendi Carlos Haes aive nezviuru zvina zvemifananidzo uye zvinyorwa kune chikwereti chake, mazhinji acho akasvika kuMalaga Museum, iyo Jaime Morera Museum uye pakupedzisira Prado Museum.
Aurelian Beruete (1845-1912)
Akazvarwa muguta reMadrid munaGunyana 27, 1845 uye akafira muguta reIbid muna Ndira 5, 1912, muhupenyu aizivikanwa seane njere, aivewo penda nependi yenzvimbo uye wezvematongerwo enyika wekuSpain akapedza kudzidza kuYunivhesiti yeMadrid. muna 1867 aine zita rekuti Doctor of Law.
Semupendi akadzidziswa paAcademy of Fine Arts yaizivikanwa zvikuru yeSan Fernando muMadrid, ari mudzidzi wependi Carlos Haes akanga ari chikamu cheboka reImpressionism muSpain sezvo mamiriro ake ezvinhu semunhu wemari akamubvumira kuti azvitsaurire. Iye pachake zvizere pakupenda, pakati pemabasa ake ekutanga pamusoro penyika pane inozivikanwa pendi yekutandarira yeOrbajosa, umo muvezi wekuSpain anodhirowa akagadzirazve imba yekufungidzira naGaldós mubhuku rake rinonzi Doña Perfecta.
Manyorerwo ebasa rake akavakirwa pakuona kwechiSpanish, ari mudzidzi uye shamwari yemupendi Carlos Haes, munyori wemifananidzo Aureliano Beruete anogadzira pendi yakasununguka uye anoita mabasa akati wandei apo anoratidza nzvimbo dzakawanda dzaanotora mumabhuku ake, pakati pezviya zvinomira. kunze kwenzvimbo dzecastile Mabhurashi aakapa akapesvedzera zvakanyanya kutarisisa muSpain sezvo mabasa ake akapa nzira yekuvhura mifananidzo ine chiedza chakawanda.
Pakati pemabasa akatanhamara emupendi weSpanish uyu akabatanidza Impressionism muSpain, mabasa El Tajo (Toledo), mafuta pacanvas, 57 x 85 cm, akasainwa, 1905, Pradera de San Isidro (La casa del matsi), mafuta pacanvas. , 62 x 103 cm, yakasainwa, 1909 uye Autumn Landscape (Madrid), mafuta pa canvas, 66 x 95 cm, yakasainwa, 1910.
Anselmo Guinea Ugalde (1854-1906)
Painter akaberekerwa muguta reBilbao muna Kubvumbi 1, 1854 uye akafira muguta rimwe chetero muna Chikumi 10, 1906, muhupenyu aive muralist, watercolorist uye pendi aive we impressionism kuSpain, akaita basa rakakosha kwazvo. muSpain sezvakaita mabasa eunyanzvi akapendwa muraibhurari yeBidebarrieta, Foral Palace, Chávarri palace uye semupendi wegirazi ane mavara muIbaigane palace.
Akatanga kuraira kwake muguta reMadrid kwaakapinda makirasi aProfessor Federico Madrazo uyezve muna 1876 akadzokera kumusha kwake kunodzidzisa kirasi yekudhirowa paChikoro cheArt and Crafts, achibata zvakafanana kusvika pakufa kwake. Mugore ra1890 akaenda kuParis ndokusangana nesangano reFrench Impressionism iro rakatora musambo uya ndokupinda muboka reImpressionism artists muSpain.Mabasa ake makuru ndeaya:
- Kuzvimiririra (CP) 1875.
- Aurresku-watercolor- (Álava Museum of Fine Arts)
- Juan Zuria achipika kudzivirira rusununguko rweBizkaia (Guernica Assembly House) 1882.
- Iyo Tarantella (Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts) 1884.
- Fisherwoman (cp) 1888.
- Iyo nzira (cp) 1892.
- VaAsturian (cp) c. 1896.
- Christian (Foral Palace. Bilbao) 1897.
- Mhinduro (MNAC) 1898.
- Allegory yeBizkaia (yakasvibiswa girazi hwindo muPalacio Foral de Bilbao) 1900.
- Bhiriji muRome (Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts) 1904.
- Memories of Capri.
- Kuroora kwaFarao.
Adolf Guiard (1860-1916)
Anoonekwa semumwe wevanonyanya kuratidza maartistism muSpain, akazvarwa muguta reBilbao muna Kubvumbi 10, 1860 uye akafa musi waKurume 8, 1916, anonziwo iye akaunza Spanish impressionism munyika yeBasque.
Mutambi uyu akazvarirwa mumhuri yakakura kwazvo nekuti ane vamwe vana 14, ari mwanakomana wemuFrench mufananidzo anonzi Alphonse Guiard uye amai vacho vaive Juliana Larrauri. Muimbi uyu akatanga zvidzidzo zvake zvekupenda nependi Antonio Lecuona mu studio yake yeBilbao paCalle de La Cruz.
Sezvo nguva yakapfuura, muimbi akasarudza kuenda kunogara muguta reBarcelona, uye akazotamira kuParis. Kwaanosarudza kugara kubva muna 1878. Ndiye muongorori wekutanga uye mupendi ari kuzoshandura ndima yake kubva kuSpain kuti aende kuParis panzvimbo yeRoma sezvakaita vanyori vese veSpain kuti vadzidzise sevanyori vezvenyanzvi.
Aine unyanzvi hukuru hwomutauro wechiFrench, munyori wemifananidzo Adolfo Guiard akanga atova nezvakawanda zvinobatanidzwa kumufananidzo wakaitwa muParis kupfuura muRoma. Nekuda kwechimwe chezvikonzero chakaita kuti aende kuParis. Ikoko akanga achidzidza paColarossi Academy. Mumakore iwayo mupendi akanga atova nemukurumbira zvikuru uye akabudisa bhuku rinozivikanwa se "La vie moderne" basa iri rine maitiro ekufungidzira muSpain uye raitungamirirwa naEdmond Renoir, uyo aiva munun'una wependi.
Pakati pa1886 na1887, mupendi ane mukurumbira akasarudza kudzokera kunyika yake ndokuzarura situdiyo kuti azvipire kudzidzisa vamwe vadzidzi unyanzvi hwokupenda nzvimbo uye simba rechiedza mumabasa ounyanzvi, sezvo ari mativi eimpressionism muSpain. Ichi chichava chidzidzo chekutanga muSpain kudzidzisa maitiro eSpanish Impressionism.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pendandi Adolfo Guiard, anogadza pokugara muguta Bakio, sezvo ane chido kupenda panze. Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo yacho inoitwa nechekumashure nekuti zvaanofarira kupenda vanhu vari kuita basa mumunda. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, anoita mabasa munzvimbo yakasvibirira nevanhu vanoshanda, mifananidzo yake izere nechiedza, chimwe chezviratidzo zveImpressionism muSpain.
Vazhinji vatsoropodzi vehunyanzvi vakaratidza maonero avo nezve pendi yaAdolfo Guiard, pakati payo Unamuno anomira pachena, uyo akauya kuzosimbisa kuti mugore ra1918, iyo pendi yakagadzirwa nemupendi inodzorwa neiyo silhouette yenhamba, kubvira Chii chinomira pachena. mumifananidzo yake diki-diki pane pendi uye mwenje, izvo zvakakosha zveSpanish Impressionism. Mabasa akanyanya kukosha emupendi ndeaya anotevera:
- Yevimbiso (Chipikirwa) (Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts).
- Mugari mudiki ane red carnation (Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts).
- Iyo cho (Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts).
- Kukohwa (Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts).
- Mugari wemuBakio (Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts).
- Vakadzi murwizi.
- The Axpe estuary (Bilbain Society).
- Pamateru (Bilbaina Society).
- Vavhimi paNorth Station (Bilbaina Society).
Jose Salis Camino (1863-1927)
Painter José Salís Camino akaberekerwa muguta reSantoña muna Zvita 1, 1863 uye akafa muna Zvita 30, 1927, ndiye mumwe wevanyori veSpanish anozivikanwa seakachena weImpressionism muSpain.
Sezvo achiita nhamba huru yemifananidzo inoenderana nemamiriro akasiyana-siyana nokuti madingindira ake anobva pane chokwadi. Hunhu hwake hwakatanhamara ndehwekuti mapendi ake akajeka, anopenya uye mabhurashi ake anokurumidza asi ane chokwadi, maitiro eImpressionism kuSpain.
Uyu muimbi akatanhamara akawana mukana wekudzidzisa muguta reMadrid paChikoro cheRoyal Academy yeFine Arts yeSan Fernando, pamwe chete nemumwe muimbi ane mukurumbira weImpressionism kubva kuSpain, Carlos Haes.
Muna 1885 anosarudza kuenda kunogara kuguta reBrussels kunopedzisa kudzidziswa kwake nemupendi Antoine Van Hamme. Ipapo anosarudza kuenda kunyika dzinoverengeka, kusanganisira Paris, Rome, United Kingdom uye North Africa. Zvadaro kudzokera kuSpain. Uye dzidza maitiro eKuvhenekerwa kwaJoaquín Sorolla nebasa raJoaquim Mir, zvakakosha zveImpressionism muSpain.
Mushure mekufa kwake, munyori wemifananidzo José Salina akaonekwa semumwe wevakanyanya vanyori venguva yake uye chirevo mukushandiswa kwemaitiro eImpressionist muSpain.
Dario Regoyos (1857-1913)
Iye muvendi anoshandisa matekiniki ekufungidzira muSpain. Akazvarwa muguta reRibadesella, muna Mbudzi 1, 1857 uye akafa muna Gumiguru 29, 1913, ari mumwe wevanyori vakuru veSpanish vane maitiro ekupedzisira ekuona.
Mupendi akatanga kupenda pamwe chete nababa vake Darío Regoyos Morenillo, injinjini uye mugadziri wezvivakwa, chizvarwa cheValladolid, aifarira zvekupenda. Iyi inotangira kuRoyal Academy yeFine Arts yeSan Fernando. Asi baba vake vanofa uye mupendi Darío Regoyos anonyoresa mukufamba kwenzvimbo yakapihwa napurofesa uye ini ndinopenda Carlo ndomumwe wevanonyanya kukurudzira Impressionism muSpain.
Muna 1879 anosarudza kuenda kuBrussels achiperekedzwa neshamwari dzake Isaac Albéniz naEnrique Fernández Arbós, sezvo vaizogamuchira Royal Conservatory yeBrussels mubayiro ne "Distinction" uye "Excellence", muguta reBrussels anosangana naJoseph Quinaux. Uye anova mudzidzi wake kuti adzidze nezvehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano.
Nekufamba kwenguva, muvezi Darío Regoyos aionekwa nevatsoropodzi uye maartist kuti inyanzvi yechiedza uye kunhuhwirira kwairehwa nemifananidzo yenguva iyoyo, sezvo akaburitsa hunyanzvi hwakawanda hwakadzidzwa kubva mukufungidzira kuSpain neizvi akakwanisa kusiya hunyanzvi hwekuita. pointllism uye kunyura mune iyo impressionism yaive ichiita nzira panguva iyoyo.
Paridzi parizvino ane mifananidzo yakati wandei mumamyuziyamu akasiyana mukondinendi yeEurope, pakati peiyo mamuseum anotevera anomira pachena: Bilbao Fine Arts Museum, iyo MNAC muBarcelona uye Carmen Thyssen Museum muMalaga.
Danho remifananidzo remupendi Darío Regoyos rinogona kupfupikiswa muzvirevo zvemupendi mumwe chete akauya kuzosimbisa zvinotevera mumagazini yeFrench Mercure de France muna 1905.
"Dai ndaizotanga hupenyu hwangu zvakare, ndaizoshandisa palette yechiedza zvakare, isina pasi, isina dema, uye ndaizongoita nzvimbo, ndichizvipa zvachose kune maonero andakagamuchira kubva kune zvakasikwa."
Darío de Regoyos, Ongororo pane zvazvino maitiro muunyanzvi hwepurasitiki
Nenzira iyi muimbi akakwanisa kutora hunyanzvi hwekufungidzira muSpain mune zvakawanda zvemifananidzo yake. Kunyangwe mazhinji emabasa ake anozotungamira inzvimbo uye zvisikwa, asi kusuma manhamba emunhu kuti ape kubata kwehupenyu kubasa.
Francisco Gimeno (1858-1927)
Mupendi anonzi Francisco Gimeno Arasa akaberekerwa muguta reTortosa muna Kukadzi 4, 1858 uye akafira muBarcelona musi waMbudzi 22, 1927. Akazvipira kuita mifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana uye aiva mumwe wevamiririri veImpressionism kuSpain. Aida kudhirowa. uye kupenda mabasa ake aive neruvara uye kupenya, maaive akatanhamara aive mumifananidzo uye kuzvimiririra, anewo mabasa mazhinji aakapenda nzvimbo achishandisa hunyanzvi hwekuona kuSpain.
Parizvino kune akawanda mabasa emupendi mumamyuziyamu akasiyana siyana, pakati peaya anotevera akabuda: National Art Museum yeCatalonia (Barcelona), Prado National Museum muMadrid, Montserrat Museum uye Víctor Balaguer Museum Library.
Ramon Casas (1866-1932)
Uyu mupendi akaberekerwa muguta reBarcelona muna Ndira 04, 1866 uye akafa muna Kukadzi 29, 1932, aive akakurumbira uye ane mukurumbira mupendi weSpanish akaita mabasa akati wandei nemifananidzo yevakuru veSpain, pakati peiyo nhamba dzezvematongerwo enyika, tsika. , chikamu chepfungwa uye chehupfumi chevanhu veSpain.
Kunyangwe akashandawo semugadziri wemifananidzo panguva iyoyo, basa rake raizivikanwa seCatalan modernism. Pendi wechidiki anosarudza kusiya chikoro ndokuenda kunodzidza kupenda naJuan Vicens Cots. Achiri mudiki, muna 1881 akatanga magazini inonzi L'Avenç. Gumiguru 09. Makore akatevera akazvitsaurira pakufamba uye kupenda asati adzokera kuSpain.
Mugore ra1890, mupendi akaita mucherechedzo wemabasa ake eunyanzvi apo mabasa ake aizowanikwa pakati penzira iri pakati pemataera edzidzo uye kufungidzira muSpain. Kunyange zvazvo gare gare maitiro ake akamira seyemazuva ano maitiro akanga asati anyatsogadzirwa
Mugore ra1900 mukurumbira wake waikura uye komiti yeParis yakasarudza maviri emabasa ake ainyanya kukosha, aive mapikicha maviri, yekutanga yaive mufananidzo waEric Satie uye mumwe wehanzvadzi yaCasas, kwaakahwina mubairo unozivikanwa saEl Garrote VII. . Kunyangwe chimiro chake chakapfuura nemaitiro mazhinji, aive mumiriri weImpressionism muSpain kwenguva yakareba.
Santiago Rusiñol Prats (1861-1931)
Mupendi ane mukurumbira wekuSpain Santiago Rusiñol y Prats akaberekerwa muguta reBarcelona, Spain, muna Kukadzi 25, 1861 uye akafira muMunicipality yeAranjuez musi waChikumi 13, 1931. Aive munhu akazvipira kuita basa iri. mabasa mazhinji eunyanzvi, anosanganisira muimbi weSpanish, munyori uye munyori wemitambo mumutauro weCatalan.
Akazvarirwa mumhuri yakatsaurirwa kumabasa ekugadzira machira. Panguva iyo mukoma wake akazvipira kudzidza zvematongerwo enyika uye bhizinesi, muimbi akatanga kudzidza kupenda paBarcelona watercolor centre ndokuva mudzidzi waTomás Moragas.
Muna 1889, muvendi akasarudza kuenda kuParis kwaaigara nevapendi Ramón Casas naIgnacio Zuloaga. Panguva iyoyo akazvipira pakudzidza nekugadzira mabasa ekunze. Panguva iyoyo anodzidza nzira dzeFrench Impressionism uye anoshandisa nuances itsva mune inonzi Spanish Impressionism.
Ari kuSpain, akatanga musangano wake wekudzidzisa nekugadzira mabasa eunyanzvi anozivikanwa seSitges. Nekufamba kwenguva, akatanga musangano wemumyuziyamu waakabhabhatidza Cau Ferrat ndokutanga kuenda kuguta reBarcelona ndokutanga kuita misangano yekutandara panzvimbo yakakurumbira yeEls Quatre Gats. Sezvo nzvimbo yake yemagariro yakakwirira uye hupfumi hwake hunomubvumira kurarama zvakanaka. Pane iyo saiti anotanga kuchinjana mazano nezve Impressionism muSpain.
Muna 1908, mupendi akahwina menduru inozivikanwa seNational Exhibition of Fine Arts, sezvo akafurirwa nehunyanzvi hweImpressionism muSpain uye dingindira renzvimbo. Zvese mumadhorobha nekumaruwa. Akazvipirawo kuita mabasa ehunyanzvi ekuzvimiririra uye mifananidzo. Pamwe chete nezvinyorwa zvekufananidzira zvichibva pane zvitsva zvinokurudzira zvemazuva ano.
Zvakakosha kuratidza kuti pakutanga kwebasa remupendi aingobva pakupenda mapikicha ega uye mifananidzo yevanhu uye pakupera kwechikamu chake ainyanya kufunga nezvekupenda nzvimbo, kunyanya pamamiriro chaiwo akaita senzvimbo dzeAranjuez. uye purazi rinoshandisa nzira dzekufungidzira.
Musi waChikumi 13, 2006, mutero wakabhadharwa kumupendi makore makumi manomwe nemashanu mushure mekufa kwake mumaguta eAranjuez neSitges aine zviitiko zvakawanda zvetsika zvinoratidzira akati wandei emabasa ake akatarisana nekugadzira nyika nemaitiro eImpressionist muSpain.
Martin Rico (1833-1908)
Painter Martín Rico akaberekerwa muMunicipality yeEscorial munaNovember 12, 1833 uye akafa muna Kubvumbi 13, 1908. Mumwe wevanyori vekuSpain ainyanya kupenda aitarisa nezvemamiriro ekunze, akadzidziswa muchikoro chainzi barbizon muFrance. iyo yaive nehupenyu hwayo pakati pe1830s ne1870s.
Akazvarirwa mumhuri yevanyori uye akatanga zvidzidzo zvake paSan Fernando Chikoro cheFine Arts, aive mudzidzi wemudzidzisi uye mupendi Jenaro Pérez Villaamil.
Pamwe chete nemukoma wake, vakashanda pamwe chete munzvimbo yedhirowa uye muvezi, vachisvika pachinzvimbo chemukuru wenyanzvi weSpanish neAmerican Illustration.
Mugore ra1854 atova neruzivo rwakati kuti pamusoro pekuzadzikiswa kwemifananidzo yekunze uye maitiro ake anobva pakushandiswa kwemaitiro eImpressionism muSpain. Panguva imwecheteyo, seti yenzendo dzakatanga mukondinendi yese yeEurope, pakati peiyo nyika dzinotevera dzakabuda: Paris, Switzerland, England neItaly.
Mugore ra1907 anofunga kuburitsa bhuku rinorondedzera zvese ndangariro dzake dzaakadana kuti "Recuerdos de mi vida" yakatsaurirwa kune imwe yeshamwari dzake dzepamoyo, mupendi uye muvezi wenzvimbo Aureliano de Beruete, zvakare mupendi uye mumwe wevanyori vakuru ve. impressionism muSpain. Pakati pemabasa makuru emunyori anosanganisira:
- Mabhangi eAzañón (1858), Prado Museum.
- Sierra del Guadarrama (1869). NewarkMuseum.
- Zuva reZhizha paSeine (1870-1875), Museo Carmen Thyssen Málaga
- Muromo weBidasoa (c. 1865) Prado Museum.
- Ladies Tower (1871-72), Prado Museum.
- Iyo Riva degli Schiavoni muVenice (1873), Prado Museum.
- Kupinda kuGrand Canal (1877) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy yeFine Arts.
- Chivanze cheImba yeImba yeVenice, 1883, Banco Santander Foundation.
- Alcalá de Guadaira (h. 1890), Prado Museum.
- Maonero eVenice (h. 1900), Prado Museum.
- Canal muVenice (1906), Brooklyn Museum yeArt.
- Self-portrait (1908) Paris, Michel Rico muunganidzwa.
- San Lorenzo River ine bell tower San Giorgio dei Greci, Venice (1900), Museo Carmen Thyssen Málaga
- Varimi (1862), Museo Carmen Thyssen Málaga
- Maonero eSanctuary yeCovadonga (1856), Museum of Fine Arts yeAsturias.
Kana iwe wawana chinyorwa ichi cheImpressionism muSpain chakakosha, ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire anotevera malink: